Myopic anisometropia is a specific type of refractive error characterized by asymmetrical development of both eyes, defined as: myopic equivalent spherical difference between the two eyes >1D. At present, the etiology of anisometropia myopia is unknown, which is closely related to age, growth and development and myopia, and genetic and environmental factors may be involved in the occurrence and development of the disease. The main structural basis of myopic anisometropia is the difference in the axial length of the binocular eye, especially the difference in the depth of the vitreous cavity, suggesting that the anisometropia is mainly caused by the imbalance of growth and development in the posterior segment. In addition to the complications associated with myopia, severe anisometropia could also disrupt binocular vision, leading to problems such as strabismus, amblyopia, and visual fatigue. Understanding the ocular structural characteristics of anisometropia myopia is conducive to the exploration of etiology and pathogenesis. The study of disease development and prognosis is of great significance for prevention, control and treatment. Therefore, this article reviews the research progress of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, ocular biological characteristics, and visual function of myopic anisometropia.

Objective: Fengqing County, in Yunnan Province, is a typical low latitude and high-altitude area, with a high incidence of pterygium. Fengqing is a designated assistance county for Sun Yat-sen University. An in-depth analysis of the clinical characteristics of typical eye diseases in this area is beneficial for providing theoretical basis for the formulation of medical precision poverty alleviation policies and exploration of practical experience. Methods: Patients admitted to the Ophthalmology Department of the People's Hospital of Fengqing from January to December 2023, were selected as the research subjects. Patients who were mainly diagnosed with pterygium and underwent surgical treatments were screened. Medical record data were collected through the electronic medical record system, and chi square test was used for difference comparison. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In 2023, the total number of ophthalmic hospitalizations was 1413 (1137 people), with 234 eyes (207 people) mainly diagnosed with pterygium and undergoing surgical treatments. Among them, female patients were significantly higher than male patients (6.67:1, p<0.001). Patients undergoing surgeries were concentrated in the age group of 46-55 years old (36.71%), and the proportion of elderly patients (≥ 76 years old) was less (2.90%); Dysfunction of the meibomian gland is related to the occurrence of pterygium. Conclusion: The majority of pterygium patients in Fengqing are female, while the proportion of elderly patients receiving surgical treatment is low, which may be related to the local natural, economic, and social environment. Poverty alleviation units and county-level hospitals should attach importance to diversified publicity and education of eye diseases, establish a "new three-level diagnosis and treatment platform" based on the Internet, and play a leading role of the county medical community.

Objective: Fengqing County, in Yunnan Province, is a typical low latitude and high-altitude area, with a high incidence of pterygium. Fengqing is a designated assistance county for Sun Yat-sen University. An in-depth analysis of the clinical characteristics of typical eye diseases in this area is beneficial for providing theoretical basis for the formulation of medical precision poverty alleviation policies and exploration of practical experience. Methods: Patients admitted to the Ophthalmology Department of the People's Hospital of Fengqing from January to December 2023, were selected as the research subjects. Patients who were mainly diagnosed with pterygium and underwent surgical treatments were screened. Medical record data were collected through the electronic medical record system, and chi square test was used for difference comparison. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In 2023, the total number of ophthalmic hospitalizations was 1413 (1137 people), with 234 eyes (207 people) mainly diagnosed with pterygium and undergoing surgical treatments. Among them, female patients were significantly higher than male patients (6.67:1, p<0.001). Patients undergoing surgeries were concentrated in the age group of 46-55 years old (36.71%), and the proportion of elderly patients (≥ 76 years old) was less (2.90%); Dysfunction of the meibomian gland is related to the occurrence of pterygium. Conclusion: The majority of pterygium patients in Fengqing are female, while the proportion of elderly patients receiving surgical treatment is low, which may be related to the local natural, economic, and social environment. Poverty alleviation units and county-level hospitals should attach importance to diversified publicity and education of eye diseases, establish a "new three-level diagnosis and treatment platform" based on the Internet, and play a leading role of the county medical community.

The widespread application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the medical field has provided new opportunities to explore the relationship between eye and whole body health. This article reviews the application of ophthalmic AI in cardiovascular health, neurological health and aging. In terms of cardiovascular health, AI can predict cardiovascular disease risk factors and future cardiovascular events by analyzing fundus images, and provides a simple and effective risk stratification method. In terms of neurological health, ophthalmic AI shows potential in early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and identification of Parkinson's disease, although the prediction of future events remains challenging. For multiple sclerosis, ophthalmic AI has shown good results in diagnosing and predicting the progression of disability. In kidney health, ophthalmic AI technology can predict kidney function-related parameters and detect kidney disease events by analyzing retinal images, demonstrating its potential in improving kidney disease screening methods and reducing medical burdens. In the aging process, AI can use eye images to predict biological age. Parameters such as retinal age difference and lens age provide biological aging indicators, providing a new perspective for understanding the relationship between aging and eye health.

Corneal refractive surgery is the mainstream of refractive surgery at present. With the development of femtosecond and laser surgery, the surgery has become safer and more accurate, with less corneal trauma and shorter postoperative recovery time. In recent years, biomechanics research has developed rapidly, and its clinical application has gradually increased. Cornea not only has refractive properties, but also has typical biological soft tissue mechanical properties. Corneal mechanical properties not only participate in the maintenance of corneal morphology, but also affect the outcome and prognosis of corneal surgery, especially refractive surgery, and are closely related to the occurrence and development of some corneal diseases. Corneal refractive surgery cuts the cornea according to the patient's diopter, which destroys the integrity of the cornea and inevitably affects the biomechanical stability of the cornea. The changes of corneal biomechanics are related to various factors such as preoperative corneal morphology, selection of different surgical methods and postoperative corneal thickness changes. However, the changes of corneal self-morphology caused by surgery are irreversible. If the postoperative changes of corneal biomechanics are large, it may lead to postoperative corneal dilation, secondary keratoconus and other complications. In order to avoid postoperative iatrogenic corneal dilation and guide personalized surgical choice, it is important to understand the limits of influence of corneal biomechanical properties. This article reviews the research progress of corneal biomechanical properties and changes of corneal refractive surgery.

Corneal refractive surgery is the mainstream of refractive surgery at present. With the development of femtosecond and laser surgery, the surgery has become safer and more accurate, with less corneal trauma and shorter postoperative recovery time. In recent years, biomechanics research has developed rapidly, and its clinical application has gradually increased. Cornea not only has refractive properties, but also has typical biological soft tissue mechanical properties. Corneal mechanical properties not only participate in the maintenance of corneal morphology, but also affect the outcome and prognosis of corneal surgery, especially refractive surgery, and are closely related to the occurrence and development of some corneal diseases. Corneal refractive surgery cuts the cornea according to the patient's diopter, which destroys the integrity of the cornea and inevitably affects the biomechanical stability of the cornea. The changes of corneal biomechanics are related to various factors such as preoperative corneal morphology, selection of different surgical methods and postoperative corneal thickness changes. However, the changes of corneal self-morphology caused by surgery are irreversible. If the postoperative changes of corneal biomechanics are large, it may lead to postoperative corneal dilation, secondary keratoconus and other complications. In order to avoid postoperative iatrogenic corneal dilation and guide personalized surgical choice, it is important to understand the limits of influence of corneal biomechanical properties. This article reviews the research progress of corneal biomechanical properties and changes of corneal refractive surgery.

Objective: To study the differential gene expression during the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into pericytes and endothelial cells, and to identify key molecules and signaling pathways that may regulate this differentiation process. Methods: hiPSCs and hESCs were selected and expanded using mTeSR medium. A "two-step method" was used to induce the differentiation of hiPSCs and hESCs into pericytes and endothelial cells. Pericytes were identified using immunofluorescence staining, while endothelial cells were isolated and identified using flow cytometry. Total RNA samples were extracted on days 0, 4, 7, and 10 of differentiation and subjected to transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). Differential gene expression intensities among groups were compared, and significantly differentially expressed genes were selected for bioinformatics analysis. Results: Both hiPSCs and hESCs successfully differentiated into pericytes and endothelial cells under induction conditions. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that the expression of stem cell marker genes gradually decreased during differentiation, while the expression of pericyte and endothelial cell marker genes gradually increased. A total of 491 differentially expressed genes were detected (164 in hiPSCs, 335 in hESCs, with 8 overlapping genes between the two cell lines). Enrichment results suggested that in vitro induction mainly promoted biological processes related to development and differentiation, while metabolic processes were significantly inhibited. The eight overlapping genes included continuously downregulated genes SLC30A3, LCK, TNFRSF8, PRDM14, and GLB1L3, as well as continuously upregulated genes CLEC18C, CLEC18B, and F2RL2. KEGG pathway analysis indicated significant upregulation of genes related to pluripotency pathways, Wnt signaling, and Hippo signaling, and significant downregulation of genes related to metabolic pathways. Conclusion: Our study identified 8 genes with continuous specific expression changes during the differentiation of hiPSCs and hESCs into pericytes and endothelial cells. These genes may promote differentiation by activating the Wnt signaling pathway and Hippo signaling pathway, suppressing the metabolic pathway, lifting the maintenance of stem cell pluripotency, and affecting the cell cycle and inhibiting cell proliferation.

OBJECTIVE Analysis of influencing factors for observing the influencing effect of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy. METHODS A total of 78 patients (88 eyes) undergoing endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy in the Department of ophthalmology,Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from January 2021 to April 2023 were included. All patients underwent lacrimal duct CT imaging and endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, and were followed up for 6 months to evaluate the efficacy of surgery. RESULTS There was no effect on the efficacy of En-DCR on age, type of dacryocystitis, eye type, history of lacrimal duct surgery, the middle turbinate hypertrophy, intraoperative placement of drainage tubes, duration of surgery, and duration of symptoms (P>0.05). However, nasal septum deviation and inferior turbinate hypertrophy had an effect on the efficacy of En-DCR (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dacryocystitis mostly occurs in middle-aged and elderly women. Nasal septum deviation and inferior turbinate hypertrophy are the influencing factors of surgical effect.

Fungal endophthalmitis is one of the most destructive ocular infections，which is rare in clinic.The diagnosis of uveitis is mainly based on the microbiological examination of intraocular fluid，but the positive rate of smear and culture is low.The early clinical symptoms are similar to uveitis，so it is easy to be misdiagnosed and missed diagnosis，the prognosis of this disease is poor.If the diagnosis and treatment are not timely，the vision may be seriously damaged，and even the eyeball can be removed.A 66-year-old man with bilateral monilial endophthalmitis due to lumbar spine infection was reported.He was first admitted to our hospital for ophthalmology because of tears in both eyes for half a year.On physical examination，he was found to have vitreous inflammatory opacification in his right eye.His first diagnosis was Uveitis in his right eye，the symptoms did not improve after hormone therapy.Because of the recent degeneration of the lumbar intervertebral disc，the DNA-pathogenic microorganism metagenomic detection of the fibrocartilage tissue in the patient：Candida tropicalis，the results of anterior chamber aspiration in the right eye suggested that the infection of Candida tropicalis was gradually aggravated in the left eye after the infection，and the endogenous fungal endophthalmitis in both eyes should be considered，the patients were treated with vitrectomy and Fungicide，and the visual acuity recovered well.Objective：This article reports the case and reviews the related literature，in order to deepen the understanding of this kind of disease for clinicians and provide some ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment in the future.

To summarize the nursing points of a case of pediatric cataract after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with chronic graft-versus-host disease and double lung transplantation, it is suggested that fluid management, early activity and position nursing, comprehensive skin care and personalized dry eye care should be strengthened after surgery to promote the recovery of the child.