泪道阻塞是临床常见的眼科疾病，主要表现为溢泪、反复感染等症状，严重影响患者的生活质量。传统治疗方法主要采用硅胶或金属支架置入术，这些材料虽然能够暂时维持泪道通畅，但由于其不可降解性、容易移位、易形成生物膜导致感染等固有缺陷，往往需要二次手术取出，给患者带来额外的痛苦和经济负担。随着材料科学和生物医学工程的发展，新型支架材料的研发为解决这些问题提供了新的思路。文章聚焦新型材料如可降解材料、3D打印个性化支架、复合材料及表面改性技术等，这些材料可通过材料降解、精准适配或多功能整合提升临床疗效，但在降解速率调控、3D打印精度及成本方面仍面临诸多挑战。此外，这些新技术的长期安全性和有效性还需要更多临床数据的支持，在未来仍需不断探索，开发更精准的降解速率调控方法，优化3D打印流程以提高精度，降低材料制备的成本，探索更高效的复合材料制备技术。同时，要加强基础研究，推动更多创新技术在临床的应用，开发出更安全、更有效的新型泪道支架材料，为泪道阻塞患者提供更优质的治疗方案，推动泪道疾病治疗向精准微创化方向发展。

Lacrimal duct obstruction is a common clinical ophthalmic condition characterized by symptoms such as epiphora and recurrent infections, significantly impairing patients' quality of life. Traditional treatments primarily involve the implantation of silicone or metal stents. While these materials can temporarily maintain lacrimal duct patency, their inherent drawbacks—such as non-degradability, susceptibility to displacement, and tendency to form biofilms leading to infections—often necessitate secondary surgeries for removal, imposing additional physical and financial burdens on patients.Advances in materials science and biomedical engineering have introduced novel stent materials as potential solutions to these challenges. This article focuses on emerging materials such as biodegradable polymers, 3D-printed personalized stents, composite materials, and surface modification technologies. These innovations can enhance clinical outcomes through material degradation, precise customization, or multifunctional integration. However, challenges remain in regulating degradation rates, improving 3D printing precision, and reducing costs.Furthermore, the longterm safety and efficacy of these technologies require more clinical data for validation. Future research should explore more precise degradation rate control methods, optimize 3D printing processes to enhance accuracy, lower material production costs, and develop more efficient composite material fabrication techniques. Concurrently, strengthening fundamental research and promoting the clinical application of innovative technologies will be crucial to developing safer and more effective lacrimal duct stent materials. Such advancements will provide superior treatment options for patients with lacrimal duct obstruction and drive the field toward minimally invasive and precision medicine approaches.

视网膜色素上皮脱离(pigment epithelial detachment, PED)是年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration, AMD)的常见临床体征之一，也是反应患者视力预后的重要生物标志物。随着眼底影像技术的快速发展，PED分型依据从单一视角逐渐转变为多模式影像。眼底荧光素血管造影对PED分型进行了初探，吲哚菁绿血管造影的应用加强了对PED内血管成分的判断，光学相干断层扫描的问世使PED结构和内容物的可视化水平得到提高，多模式影像的应用则兼顾了对PED血管特性及内容物性质的判断，为进一步认识PED的发病机制和病程特征提供了重要支持，促进PED分型体系不断更新。PED现有分型种类繁多，概念之间存在交叉。文章通过回顾国内外关于AMD相关的PED研究现状，对分型系统、多模式影像特征及最新影像进展进行汇总，为PED的标准化诊疗和未来研究方向提供了系统参考，以期推动PED相关临床和研究的深入发展。

Pigment epithelial detachment (PED) is one of the common manifestations of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), posing a significant threat to the patients’ vision. With the rapid advancement of imaging technology, the visualization of PED structure and content has improved considerably. The diagnostic methods and classification systems of PED are also evolving, enabling researchers to further explore its pathogenesis and disease course. However, current PED classification systems are numerous, with overlapping concepts that may cause confusion. This article reviews existing relative literature on AMD-related PED, summarizing the classification systems, multimodal imaging features, and recent imaging advances. The objective of this article is to standardize the diagnosis and guide treatment of PED, to provide systematic reference to the future research, ultimately advancing both clinical and research efforts related to PED.

睑缘炎是一种普遍存在的慢性眼部炎症，主要影响睑缘的皮肤和黏膜。患者常表现为眼部干痒、异物感等刺激症状，以及睑缘充血、肥厚和睫毛反复脱落等。睑缘清洁可以抑制部分眼表细菌生长，也可以去除睑缘油脂、分泌物、角化上皮细胞，清洁眼表环境，对治疗睑缘炎具有较好效果。为确保患者的治疗安全，并指导和规范临床眼科医护人员的操作，由中山大学中山眼科中心牵头，联合全国17所医疗机构进行反复修订，于2023年12月17日在全国团体标准信息平台发布《基于眼睑清洁仪的睑缘清洁操作流程》的团体标准。文章对该团体标准进行深度解读，详细解读睑缘清洁操作的适应证与禁忌证、具体操作的重点、难点与细节等内容，以更好地指导临床医护人员实施规范有效的治疗操作，保证患者治疗效果与确保患者治疗安全。旨在规范和推进基于眼睑清洁仪的睑缘清洁操作流程的精准化发展，更为促进我国眼前段疾病医学和护理精准应用的水平提供重要的标准依据。

Blepharitis is a common chronic eye inflammation that mainly affects the skin and mucosa of the eyelid margin. It is characterized by eye irritation symptoms such as dryness, itching, and foreign body sensation, accompanied by clinical manifestations such as eyelid congestion, thickening, and repeated eyelash loss. It can damage the conjunctival tissue even. Eyelid cleaning can inhibit the growth of some bacteria on the ocular surface, remove eyelid oil, secretions, and keratinized epithelial cells, clean the ocular environment, and have a good effect on treating blepharitis. In order to ensure the safety of patient treatment and guide and standardize the operation of clinical ophthalmic medical staff, led by the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, and jointly revised by 17 medical institutions across the country, the group standard " Operation procedure of eyelid margin cleaning based on eyelid cleaning device" was released on the National Group Standard Information Platform on December 17, 2023. This article provides an in-depth interpretation of the group's standards, detailing the indications and contraindications, key points, difficulties, and details of eyelid cleaning procedures, in order to better guide clinical medical staff in implementing standardized and effective treatment procedures, ensuring patient treatment effectiveness and safety. Aiming to standardize and promote the precise development of eyelid margin cleaning procedures based on eyelid cleaning devices, and provide important standard basis for promoting the level of medical and nursing precision application of anterior segment diseases in China.

目的：探讨思政引领教学法在五年制临床定向医学生眼科学见习中的应用效果。方法：研究于2023年3月在首都医科大学石景山教学医院进行，选取该年度参加见习的37名五年制临床定向医学生为研究对象。研究将见习课程随机分为两组：传统思政教学法组和思政引领教学法组。传统思政教学法组在第一次见习课中采用传统方式，涵盖眼的组织解剖、视神经和视路疾病、眼外肌疾病与弱视、眼外伤等内容；思政引领教学法组则在第二次见习课中采用新的教学方法，涵盖眼表疾病、外眼疾病、眼视光学、视网膜病等内容。见习结束后，通过试卷测试评估学生的眼科理论知识、见习技能及思政应用能力，并采用李克特十级量表评估学生对思政教学的认知及满意度。结果：思政引领教学法组在思政成绩(9.29±0.37 vs. 6.83±0.50)和总成绩(85.14±4.84 vs. 81.86±4.94)上均优于传统思政教学法组(P <0.05)，且在李克特十级量表6个维度的评分中均显著更高(P 均<0.001)；在眼科理论知识和见习技能方面，思政引领教学法组成绩均高于传统思政教学法组，但差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。结论：思政引领教学法能显著提升学生对课程思政的认知、接受度和满意度，是一种有效的医学教育课程思政实践方式。通过将思政元素系统化地融入眼科见习课程，不仅可以增强学生的思政素养，还能提升其职业责任感和服务意识，为培养适应基层医疗需求的高素质医学人才提供了有力支持。

Objective: To explore the application effects of  ideological and political education (IPE)-led teaching methods in ophthalmology clerkship among five-year clinical medicine students with directional training. Methods: The study was conducted in March 2023 in the Shijingshan Teaching Hospital of Capital Medical University. A total of 37 fiveyear clinical medicine students with directional training who participated in the clerkship in that academic year were selected as the research subjects. The clerkship courses were randomly divided into two groups: the traditional IPE teaching method group and the IPE - led teaching method group. The traditional IPE teaching method group adopted the traditional teaching approach in the first internship session, covering topics such as the histological anatomy of the eye, diseases of the optic nerve and visual pathway, extraocular muscle diseases and amblyopia, and ocular trauma. The IPE-led teaching method group employed a new teaching method in the second internship session, covering topics such as ocular surface diseases, external eye diseases, optometry, and retinal diseases. Following the clerkship, students' ophthalmology theoretical knowledge, practical skills, and IPE application abilities were assessed through written examinations, and their perceptions and satisfaction with the IPE teaching were evaluated using a 10-point Likert scale. Results: The IPE - led teaching method group demonstrated significantly higher scores in IPE performance (9.29±0.37 vs. 6.83±0.50) and overall performance (85.14±4.84 vs. 81.86±4.94) compared with the traditional IPE teaching method group (P < 0.05), and significantly higher ratings across all six dimensions of the 10-point Likert scale (all P < 0.001). In terms of ophthalmology theoretical knowledge and clinical skills during the clerkship, the IPE - led teaching method group achieved higher scores than the traditional IPE teaching method group, but the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The IPE-led teaching method significantly enhances cognition, acceptance, and satisfaction among students with IPE. This approach effectively integrates ideological and political elements into medical education. By systematically embedding them into the ophthalmology internship curriculum, it enhances students’ ideological literacy, professional responsibility, and service awareness, thereby supporting the cultivation of high-caliber medical talents equipped for grassroots healthcare.

目的：了解目前眼科住院医师规范化培训前职业认同感现状，并探讨相关影响因素。方法：于2024年7—8月，通过问卷调查法调查64名临床医学眼科住培医师，了解其住院医师规范化培训前的职业认同感现状和影响因素，同时探讨规范化培训对于其职业认同感的影响及作用，通过描述性分析、t检验、单因素方差分析、Pearson相关性分析、多元线性回归分析等方法对相关数据进行分析。结果：规范化培训前，职业认同感评分、职业认知、职业情感、职业承诺、职业行为、职业期望、职业价值观等评分分别为（143.16±12.25）（3.60 ± 0.94）（3.98 ± 0.71）（3.61 ± 1.01）（3.89 ± 0.65）（3.84 ± 0.78）（3.71 ± 0.86）分。规范化培训后，眼科住培医师职业期望评分略有降低，与规范化培训前比较差异有统计学意义 (均P  < 0.01), 其他职业认同度部分条目评分在规范化培训前后比较差异无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）。女生对于眼科医学的职业情感（P = 0.01）及职业价值观高于男生（P = 0.03）。本科时担任学生干部的眼科住培医师职业情感高于非学生干部的学生（P < 0.01）。第一选择为眼科的眼科住培医师的医学职业期望（P  < 0.01）和职业价值观更高（（P = 0.02）。而学历、临床医学志愿选择与职业认同感差异均统计学意义（均P > 0.05）。此外，规范化培训一定程度增强了眼科住培医师的显微操作能力和职业信心。结论：住院医师规范化培训前眼科住培医师的职业认同感较高，但仍有待进一步提高。眼科住培医师的职业认同感与职业看法、培训内容、教学资源等因素密切相关。

Objective: To investigate the current status of professional identity among ophthalmology residents before standardized resident training and to explore the influencing factors. Methods: A survey was conducted from July to August 2024 involving 64 clinical ophthalmology residents. The survey assessed their professional identity before standardized resident training and examined the impact and role of pre-residency training on their professional identity. Descriptive analysis, t-tests, univariate analysis, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data. Results: Before pre-residency training, the scores for overall professional identity, professional cognition, professional emotion, professional commitment, professional behavior, professional expectations, and professional values were (143.16 ± 12.25), (3.60 ± 0.94), (3.98 ± 0.71), (3.61 ± 1.01), (3.89 ± 0.65), (3.84 ± 0.78), and (3.71 ± 0.86), respectively. However, after pre-residency training, the score for professional expectations among ophthalmology residents decreased slightly (P < 0.01), while no significant statistical differences were observed in other items related to professional identity (all P > 0.05). Female residents had higher scores in professional emotion (P = 0.01) and professional values (P = 0.03) than male residents. Ophthalmology residents who had served as student leaders during undergraduate studies had higher scores in professional emotion (P < 0.01). Residents who chose ophthalmology as their first preference had higher scores in professional expectations (P  < 0.01) and professional values (P = 0.02). However, no significant differences were found among educational levels, clinical medicine preferences, and professional identity. In addition, pre-residency training enhanced the residents micro-surgical skills and professional confidence. Conclusions: The professional identity of clinical ophthalmology medical students before standardized resident training is relatively high but still needs improvement. Professional identity is closely related to factors such as professional views, training content, and teaching resources.

在眼科住院医师规范化培训中，医学人文素质的培养对医患沟通能力与职业素养的塑造具有重要价值。医学人文不仅关乎医生的执业能力，更直接影响医疗服务的质量与患者满意度。文章分析了当前眼科住培医师人文素养教育现状及其重要性。在此基础上，提出了培养住培医师的人文素质的方法和途径：1）通过入培前的人文素养专题培训，强化住培医师的医患沟通意识，使其在进入临床实践前就树立正确的人文理念；2）借助医院服务中心的实践活动，让住培医师亲身参与患者服务，从而培养他们的同理心，更好地理解患者的需求与感受；3）开展医学人文读书活动，引导住培医师阅读经典人文著作，深化他们的人文情怀，提升职业素养；4）组织科室人文析议会，针对临床实践中常见的伦理困境进行研讨，帮助住培医师学会在复杂情境中做出合理决策；5）实施思政与医学人文融合的实践，拓展住培医师的人文视野，使其在专业技能提升的同时，不忘人文初心。该文旨在为眼科住培医师的人文素质培养提供理论支持和实践指导。通过这些方法的实施，期望培养出更多具备高人文素养的眼科医疗专业人才。

Strengthening medical humanities education is of vital significance in the standardized training of ophthalmology residents, as it contributes to enhancing their doctor-patient communication skills and professional ethics. This paper examines the current situation and significance of humanities education for ophthalmology residents. On this basis, the paper suggests five concrete methods and approaches for fostering residents' humanistic qualities, such as: (1) strengthening doctor-patient communication awareness through pre-training humanities courses to establish a proper humanistic mindset before clinical practice; (2) developing empathy by participating in hospital service center activities through hands-on patient service experiences; (3) deepening humanistic sentiment and enhancing professional ethics through medical humanities reading activities featuring classical works; (4) discussing clinical ethical dilemmas via departmental humanities analysis meetings to help residents develop decision-making skills in complex scenarios; (5) expanding humanistic horizons through the integration of ideological and political education with medical humanities practice, ensuring professional skill development aligns with humanistic principles. This paper aims to offer theoretical support and practical guidance for the humanities education of ophthalmology residents, with the objective of cultivating more ophthalmology professionals with both clinical excellence and high humanistic caliber.

目的：结合医院小儿眼科常见病种调研国内儿童眼用制剂药物临床试验开展现状，为儿童眼用制剂药物临床试验的发展提供参考。方法：基于国家药物临床试验登记与信息公示平台和医院信息系统，结合郑州市第二人民医院儿童眼科病种，分析儿童眼科药物临床试验开展情况。 结果：医院门诊就诊患者以屈光不正最多（占68.49% ），其次是结膜炎（占11.25%），再次是斜视（占8.60%）。平台共检索到相关临床试验165项，儿科专用药物临床试验25项，其中延缓青少年近视方面试验24个，小儿结膜炎试验1个，其他病种药物临床试验检测结果为0；药物临床试验中以I期和Ⅲ期临床试验为主；延缓青少年近视方面试验已完成试验8项，其他都在进行中。结论：儿童眼科疾病的药物治疗尚有巨大的临床需求未满足，直接关系到了儿童健康权益保障与生命安全维护。当前国内儿童眼用制剂研发呈现企业参与度低、创新动力不足的现状，其核心制约因素在于项目少、难度大、涉及更多的伦理问题。建议通过政产学研协同创新，系统性推进儿童眼用制剂的研发进展，切实解决我国儿童眼病治疗用药难的问题，为儿童视觉健康提供有力保障。

Objective：Combined with the common diseases of pediatric ophthalmology in our hospital, the current situation of clinical trials of ophthalmic preparations for children in China was investigated to provide reference for the development of clinical trials of ophthalmic preparations for children in China. Methods：Based on the national drug clinical trial registration and information publicity platform and hospital information system, combined with the pediatric ophthalmic diseases in our hospital, the development of pediatric ophthalmic drug clinical trials was analyzed. Results：Among the outpatients in our hospital, ametropia was the most common ( 68.49 % ), followed by conjunctivitis ( 11.25 % ) and strabismus ( 8.60 % ). A total of 165 clinical trials and 25 clinical trials of pediatric drugs were retrieved from the platform, including 24 trials on delaying juvenile myopia, 1 trial on pediatric conjunctivitis, and 0 clinical trial on other diseases. Drug clinical trials were mainly phase I and phase III clinical trials. Eight trials have been completed to delay juvenile myopia, and others are in progress. Conclusions：There is still a huge clinical demand for the drug treatment of children 's eye diseases, which is directly related to the protection of children 's health rights and life safety. At present, the research and development of children 's ophthalmic preparations in China presents the current situation of low enterprise participation and insufficient innovation motivation. The core constraints are fewer projects, greater difficulty, and more ethical issues. It is suggested to systematically promote the research and development of ophthalmic preparations for children through the collaborative innovation of government, industry, university and research, so as to effectively solve the problem of difficult medication for children 's eye diseases in China and provide a strong guarantee for children 's visual health.

目的：分析天津市某眼科医院急诊病例疾病谱，为规范疾病诊断流程、合理分配急诊医疗资源提供循证依据。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月~2023年12月在天津市某眼科医院急诊科就诊患者的临床资料，包括一般人口学资料、就诊时间、季节分布及初步诊断等。结果：共纳入26 077例眼科急诊患者，男女比例为1.12∶1，年龄为（36.82±15.44）岁，就诊年龄大多分布在＜14岁（26.74%）及31~40岁（21.03%）；日就诊时间分布中：10:00~12:00（11.06%）、14:00~16:00（10.41%）及20:00~22:00（10.43%）就诊人数较多，05:00~07:00（4.83%）就诊人数较少；4月就诊人数最少（3.87%），8月就诊人数最多（11.61%），夏季就诊人数（31.74%）显著多于其他3个季节；眼科急诊患者最常见的10种初步诊断中结膜炎占比最多（39.58%），其次为干眼症（14.32%）；与2019年相比，2020年和2021年眼科急诊患者前10种初步诊断显著下降（均P<0.001，2020年95%CI为-0.98~-0.68、2021年95%CI为-0.54~-0.11）；与春季相比，其他季节眼科急诊患者前10种初步诊断显著下降（P均<0.001，夏季95%CI为-0.32~-0.08、秋季95%CI为-0.39~-0.14、冬季95%CI为-0.54~-0.30）。其中在结膜炎病例中，与春、夏季相比，冬季结膜炎病例分布呈显著下降趋势（P均<0.001，95%CI分别为-0.08~-0.03]、为-0.08~-0.04）；眼科急诊患者前10种初步诊断性别分布具有统计学意义（P＜0.001）；与14岁以下年龄段相比，其他年龄眼科急诊患者前10种初步诊断均呈下降趋势，（P均<0.001，14~20岁95%CI为-0.88~-0.43、21~30岁95%CI为-1.01~-0.65、31~40岁95%CI为-1.10~-0.82、41~50岁95%CI为-0.97~-0.66、51~60岁95%CI为-1.71~-1.38、61~70岁95%CI为-1.45~-1.08、71~80岁95%CI为-1.36~-0.80、>80岁95%CI为-1.44,-0.22）。结论：眼科急诊患者以儿童和中青年男性为主，14岁以下年龄段人群相比来说有较高风险；日就诊时间分布呈现出“三个高峰一个低谷”的显著特征，就诊高峰时段分别为10:00~12:00、14:00~16:00以及20:00~22:00，就诊低谷出现在05:00~07:00期间；眼科急诊中最常见的诊断主要是那些通常被认为是非紧急的诊断，即结膜炎和干眼症；结膜炎的发病呈现明显的季节性特征，春、夏季为高发期；与2019年相比，2020年和2021年眼科急诊就诊总量显著减少，其中以结膜炎和干眼症的就诊量减少尤为明显，2022年有一定程度的恢复。

Purpose：To analyze the disease spectrum of emergency cases at an ophthalmology hospital in Tianjin, offering evidence-based support for standardizing diagnostic procedures and rationing emergency medical resources. Methods: Reviewed clinical data of patients at the hospital's emergency department from January 2019 to December 2023, covering demographics, visit timings, seasonal distribution, and preliminary diagnoses. Results: A total of 26,077 ophthalmology emergency patients were included, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.12:1 and an average age of 36.82±15.44 years. Most patients were aged <14 years (26.74%) and 31~40 years (21.03%). Daily visits peaked at 10:00~12:00 (11.06%), 14:00~16:00 (10.41%), and 20:00~22:00 (10.43%), and were lowest at 05:00~07:00 (4.83%). April had the fewest visits (3.87%), August the most (11.61%), and summer accounted for the highest quarterly proportion (31.74%). The top 10 preliminary diagnoses were led by conjunctivitis (39.58%) and xerophthalmia (14.32%). Compared to 2019, the top 10 preliminary diagnoses dropped significantly in 2020 and 2021 (both P<0.001), 2020 95%CI[-0.98~-0.68]、2021 95%CI[-0.54~-0.11]. Similarly, these diagnoses were significantly lower in summer, autumn, and winter than in spring (all P<0.001), summer 95%CI[-0.32~-0.08]、autumn 95%CI[-0.39~-0.14]、winter 95%CI[-0.54~-0.30]. In conjunctivitis cases, winter incidence was significantly lower than in spring and summer (both P<0.001). Gender distribution in the top 10 diagnoses was statistically significant (P<0.001), 95%CI[-0.08~-0.03] and [-0.08~-0.04] . Compared to those aged <14, other age groups showed a downward trend in the top 10 preliminary diagnoses (all P<0.001), 14~20 95%CI[-0.88~-0.43]、21~30 95%CI[-1.01~-0.65]、31~40 95%CI[-1.10~-0.82]、41~50 95%CI[-0.97~-0.66]、51~60 95%CI[1.71~-1.38]、61~70 95%CI[-1.45~-1.08]、71~80 95%CI[-1.36~-0.80]、>80 95%CI[-1.44,-0.22].Conclusions: Ophthalmology emergency patients are mainly children and middle-aged men, with those <14 years old at higher risk. Visit times follow a "three-peak-one-valley" pattern. Most diagnoses are non-urgent conditions like conjunctivitis and xerophthalmia. Conjunctivitis shows marked seasonality, peaking in spring and summer. Total ophthalmology emergency visits declined in 2020 and 2021 versus 2019, particularly for conjunctivitis and xerophthalmia, partially recovering in 2022.