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不同剂量康柏西普治疗早产儿视网膜病变的疗效对比

Comparison of the efficacy of different doses of conbercept in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年10月 第37卷 第10期 786-794 发布时间: 收稿时间:2022/11/18 16:23:46 阅读量:4262
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康柏西普不同剂量早产儿视网膜病变玻璃体腔注射康柏西普眼压
conbercept different doses retinopathy of prematurity intravitreal conbercept intraocular pressure
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.10.02
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目的:观察玻璃体腔内注射不同剂量康柏西普治疗早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)的疗效以及术后的眼压变化。方法:前瞻性随机对照研究。将2018年1月1日至2021年6月30日在厦门市妇幼保健院确诊为Ι型阈值前期ROP、阈值期ROP、急进性ROP(aggressive ROP,A-ROP)的患儿纳入研究。随机分为减量组和常量组,分别玻璃体腔注射10 mg/mL康柏西普注射液0.015 mL(含康柏西普0.15 mg)和0.025 mL(含康柏西普0.25 mg)。测量并记录注射前5min、注射后5min、30min、1h、12h及24 h的眼压情况。术后1周开始随访眼底情况。疗效评价分为一次治愈、复发和加重。结果:共49例98眼纳入研究,常量组27例54眼,一次治愈成功率79.6%(43/54),复发率16.7%(9/54),加重率3.7%(2/54);减量组2 2例44眼,一次治愈成功率68.2%(30/44),复发率27.3%(12/44),加重率4.5%(2/44);两组间差异无统计学意义(χ 2=1.672,P=0.196)。治疗前5min两组眼压差异无统计学意义(P=0.494);注药后5 min、1 h、12h两组眼压差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);注药后24 h两组间的眼压差异无统计学意义(P=0.101)。常量组注药前5 min和注药后24 h眼压差异有统计学意义(P=0.03),减量组注药前5 min和注药后24h眼压差异无统计学意义(P=0.84)。结论:减量剂量康柏西普(0.15mg)治疗ROP有效,疗效与常规剂量(0.25 mg)相近,且术后眼压升高幅度较低,更快恢复至术前水平,更安全。
Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of intravitreal injection of various doses of conbercept in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and change of intraocular pressure (IOP) after operation. Methods: It was a prospective randomized controlled study. Children who were diagnosed with pre-threshold ROP, threshold phrase ROP, and aggressive ROP (A-ROP) in Xiamen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2021 were included in the study. The children were randomly divided into a reduction group and a constant group, and received intravitreal injection of10 mg/mL conbercept at 0.015 mL (containing 0.15 mg of conbercept) and 0.025 mL (containing 0.25 mg of conbercept) respectively. IOP was measured and recorded 5 min before injection, 5 min, 30 min, 1 h, 12 h and 24 h after injection. The fundus condition was followed up 1 week after the operation. The efficacy evaluation is divided into one cure, recurrence and exacerbation. Results: A total of 98 eyes of 49 cases were included in thestudy. For 27 cases of 54 eyes in the constant group, the one-time cure success rate was 79.6% (43/54), the recurrence rate was 16.7% (9/54), and the exacerbation rate was 3.7% (2/54). In the reduction group, there were 22 cases (44 eyes). The one-time cure success rate was 68.2% (30/44), the recurrence rate was 27.3% (12/44), and the exacerbation rate was 4.5% (2/44). There was no significant difference between the two groups (χ2=1.672,P=0.196). There was no significant difference in IOP between the 2 groups 5 min before treatment (P=0.494). There were statistically significantdifferences in IOP between the 2 groups at 5 min after injection, 1 h after injection, and 12 h after injection (all P<0.05). There was no difference in IOP between the two groups 24 h after injection (P=0.101). There was a statistically significant difference in IOP between 5 min before and 24 h after injection in the constant group (P=0.03), and there was no significant difference in IOP between 5 min before and 24 h after injection in the reduction group (P=0.84). Conclusion: Reduced dose of conbercept (0.15 mg) is effective in the treatment of ROP, and the efficacy is similar to that of conventional dose (0.25 mg). The reduction can help lower the increase of postoperative IOP, returning to the preoperative level more rapidly and safely.
      早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity, ROP)是发生于早产儿及低出生体重儿的视网膜血管异常增殖性疾病,可导致多种视觉损害,是我国儿童致盲的主要原因之一[1-2]。随着医疗救治水平的提高,许多超早产儿(出生胎龄<28周)和极低体重早产儿(出生体重低于1 500g的早产儿)的存活率提高,ROP的发病率也逐渐提高。血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF) 是ROP发病机制中的重要因子,能促进视网膜新生血管形成[3-5] 。近几年来玻璃体腔注射抗VEGF药物用于治疗ROP被证实有效,彻底改变了ROP治 疗的方式[6-7]。2022年1月中华医学会儿科学分会眼科学组发布《早产儿视网膜病变治疗规范专家共识》,明确将玻璃体腔注射抗VEGF药物列为ROP 治疗的方式之一[8]。由于玻璃体腔注射抗VEGF药物能透过玻璃体进入血液系统,降低早产儿血液中VEGF水平[9],对婴幼儿器官及血管发育影响较大。有研究[10-15]发现:与常规剂量相比,各种不同的减量抗VFGF药物治疗ROP的疗效无明显差异,因此探索玻璃体腔注射抗VEGF药物的最佳剂量尤为重要。本研究通过对比不同剂量的抗VEGF药物康柏西普治疗ROP的疗效,探讨康柏西普治疗ROP的合理剂量。

1 对象与方法

1.1 对象

      本研究为前瞻性研究。将2018年1月1日至2021年6月30日在厦门市妇幼保健院进行眼底筛查,确诊为Ι型阈值前期ROP、阈值期ROP、急进性ROP(aggressive ROP,A-ROP)的患儿纳入本研究。随机将患儿分为常量组和减量组,分别玻璃体腔注射10mg/mL康柏西普注射液0.025 mL(含康柏西普0.25 mg)和0.015 mL(含康柏西普0.15mg)。

1.2 方法

      所有患儿术前均用双目间接眼底镜及第三代广角数码视网膜成像系统(RetCam3)进行眼底检查,按照2014年中华医学会眼科学分会眼底病学组发布的《中国早产儿视网膜病变筛查指南》的标准对病例进行分区分期,详细记录病变区域、分期、钟点数、有无附加病变、视网膜出血等。纳入标准:I型阈值前病变ROP、阈值期ROP、A-ROP。排除标准:既往接受过视网膜激光光凝或其他抗VEGF药物治疗;患有原始玻璃体增生症、先天性白内障等其他病变;有家族性视网膜疾病遗传史者;存在全身严重感染或白细胞计数低,眼内注射存在感染高风险者。本研究经厦门市妇女儿童医疗中心伦理委员会审批通过,关于康柏西普玻璃体腔注射治疗的风险及并发症,患儿监护人均知情同意并签署知情同意书。 
      治疗前1d抗生素眼液每2h1次频繁点眼,治疗于无菌层流手术室进行,0.2%盐酸丙美卡因滴眼液表面麻醉,由助手固定住患儿头部。 常规消毒铺巾,开睑器开睑后0.5%聚维酮碘消毒结膜囊,于颞侧角膜缘后 1.0~1.5mm 处进针,平行眼轴,向玻璃体腔内注入康柏西普。常量组注入康柏西普0.025 mL,减量组注入康柏西普0.015 mL。无菌棉签压迫注射口片刻,妥布霉素地塞米松眼膏涂眼,纱布包扎。术后局部抗生素眼液点眼7d,4次/d。术后前3d每天检查患儿眼前节情况,观察有无眼内炎、眼内出血、角膜混浊等情况。术后1周开始进行随访眼底情况,观察眼底视网膜血管迂曲扩张改善情况及视网膜病变消退情况,根据眼底检查情况来决定下一次眼底检查的时间间隔。术后随访过程中若出现病变无消退、病变加重或病变复发者,根据眼底情况再次予玻璃体腔注射康柏西普治疗或视网膜激光光凝治疗。发生视网膜脱离者行玻璃体视网膜手术治疗。
      使用手持眼压计(Icare,SW500)测量所有患眼第1次玻璃体腔注射前5min、注射后5min、1h、12h及24 h的眼压(intraocularpressure,IOP),每次测量均由同一位医生操作,在患儿清醒安静状态下用儿童专用开睑器撑开眼睑测量。

1.3 治疗预后判断标准

      一次治愈:经1次治疗后嵴减轻或退化,纤维组织增殖消退,附加病变消退或血管迂曲、扩张减轻视网膜血管逐渐发育至周边锯齿缘。 复发:治疗后早期眼底病变消退,但在随访过程中在原病变处再次出现嵴样隆起或纤维血管组织增殖;原病变消退,但在血管向锯齿缘发育过程中出现新的病变;可伴随附加病变或血管迂曲扩张情况再次出现。加重:附加病变或血管迂曲、扩张加重,嵴无减轻退化反而加重。随访终止条 件:1)视网膜血管化(鼻侧达锯齿缘,颞侧距锯齿 缘1个视盘直径);2)矫正胎龄45周,无阈值前病变 或阈值病变,视网膜血管已发育至ΙΙΙ区;3)视网 膜病变退行。治疗后随访时间均≥24周。

1.4 统计学处理

      采用SPSS 23.0软件进行数据分析。计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本检验。计数资料用百分比表示,组间比较采用卡方检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组基本情况比较

      共纳入ROP患儿49例98眼,其中,常量组27例54眼,减量组22例44眼。两组患儿的一般情况基本 一致,性别、单多胎情况、生产方式、出生胎龄、 出生体重、吸氧时间、首次治疗时间等差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。

2.2 两组治疗前病变分类比较

      接受玻璃体腔注射康柏西普治疗的4 9例98眼中,Ι型阈值前期34眼,阈值期50眼,A-ROP14 眼。常量组和减量组之间患儿病变的分类差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表2)。

2.3 两组患儿注射不同剂量康柏西普治疗的成功率

      比较常量组和减量组治疗的整体成功率差异无统计学意义(P=0.419,表3 )。常量组27例54眼中, 有43眼经1次注药治疗后治愈,一次治愈成功率 79.6%;减量组22例44眼中,有30眼经1次注药治疗后治愈,1次治愈成功率68.2%,两组间差异无统计学意义( χ 2 =1.672,P =0.196)。常量组1次治疗后复发9眼,复发率16.7%,复发时间为治疗后 (8.22±1.20)周,再次注射0.025 mL康柏西普(含康柏西普0.25 mg)后病变消退;减量组一次治疗后复发12眼,复发率27.3%,复发时间为治疗后 (7.58±1.44)周,再次注射0.015 mL康柏西普(含康 柏西普0.15 mg)后病变消退。常量组和减量组首次治疗后复发时间的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05, 表4)。 
      常量组和减量组各有2眼在首次治疗后出现病变进展加重,伴纤维增殖加重,经视网膜激光光凝治疗后病情稳定。

2.4 两组患儿注药前后不同时间点 IOP 比较

      治疗前5min常量组和减量组之间患儿IOP差异无统计学意义(P=0.494);注药后5min、注药后1h、注药后12h常量组与减量组的IOP差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05,表5,图1);注药后24h常量组与减量组的IOP差异无统计学意义(P=0.101)。 每组内不同时间点的IOP两两比较,发现常量组注药前5min和注药后24hIOP差异有统计学意义 (P=0.03),减量组注药前5min和注药后24hIOP差异无统计学意(P=0.84)。

表1 两组治疗前基本情况比较
Table 1 Comparison of characteristics before the treatment between the 2 groups

20230206114850_5721.png

表2 两组患儿治疗前病变分类比较
Table 2 Comparison of lesion types before the treatment between the 2 groups

20230206114932_2012.png

表3 两组疗效比较
Table 3 Comparison of effiffifficacy between the 2 groups

20230206115056_8792.png

表4 两组治疗后复发时间比较
Table 4 Comparison of recurrence time after the treatment between the 2 groups

20230206115211_2845.png

表5 两组患儿注药前后不同时间点IOP比较
Table 5 Comparison of IOP at difffferent time points before and after receiving conbercept between the 2 groups

20230206115326_7731.png

图1 两组治疗前后IOP变化
Figure 1 Changes in IOP before and after the treatment in the 2 groups

20230206115404_9501.png

 2.5 不良反应

      术后常量组中有2眼出现局限性视网膜出血, 减量组中有4眼出现局限性视网膜出血,在随访 4~6周后逐渐吸收。剩余两组患儿在随访期间均未 发生眼内炎、白内障、角膜水肿等与药物或玻璃体腔注射相关的并发症及不良反应。

3 讨论

      近几年来,玻璃体腔注射抗VEGF药物治疗 ROP由于其操作简单方便、术后并发症少等优点,逐渐成为ROP治疗的一线方式,目前治疗ROP 常用的抗VEGF药物包括贝伐单抗、雷珠单抗和康柏西普等[16-18]。2021年8月17日,雷珠单抗成为国 内第一个获批ROP适应证的抗VEGF药物,但雷珠 单抗在体内的半衰期短、结合位点单一,许多研 究[19-20]发现雷珠单抗治疗ROP复发率高且复发间隔 更短。康柏西普在体内半衰期长,在眼内的作用 时间更长,与VEGF结合更紧密,亲和力更强,与 雷珠单抗相比更有优势,也有大量的研究[21-24]证实 了康柏西普治疗ROP有效,所以近年来玻璃体腔 注射康柏西普治疗ROP的比例越来越高。
      研究[25-26]发现在进行玻璃体腔注药治疗后, 少量抗VEGF药物可通过血液屏障进入全身血液系 统,在一定时间内降低全身血液VEGF的水平。 Cheng等[27]发现ROP患儿在玻璃体腔注射0.25 mg 康柏西普后1周,血液中VEGF-A和VEGF-D水平被 抑制,在第4周才逐渐恢复,说明玻璃体腔注射康 柏西普治疗后,少量康柏西普可通过血液屏障进 入全身血液循环,使ROP患儿出现了短期系统的 VEGF抑制。VEGF对早产儿的生存和器官系统发 育尤为重要,在血管、神经系统、肺部发育和骨 骼发育方面有重要作用,VEGF也是眼部视网膜神 经血管发育所必须的物质。2021年第3版的早产儿 视网膜病变的国际分类(International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity, Third Edition, ICROP3)[1]发现抗VEGF治疗后永存无血管视网膜 (persistent avascular retina,PAR)出现频率更高,范围更广,推测与抗VEGF药物在抑制异常新生血 管的同时也抑制了正常血管生长有关。目前尚无 关于抗VEGF药物治疗后患儿全身安全性的长期随 访评估报告,因此为了减少潜在的全身不良反应 的风险,探索玻璃体腔注射抗VEGF药物的最小有 效治疗剂量意义重大。
      康柏西普治疗ROP的最佳治疗剂量尚无统一 标准,目前常用剂量为0.25 mg,为成人剂量的 1/2,这仅仅是因为婴儿玻璃体约为成人的一半,并无循证医学证据,由于缺乏相关剂量试验,康柏西普治疗ROP的最佳剂量尚不明确。但多项研究[28-30]发现各种不同的减量抗VFGF药物治疗ROP有效,与常规剂量比疗效相当。由于34周早产儿 的玻璃体腔容积约为1.6mL,成人的玻璃体腔容积约为4.0 mL,34周早产儿的视网膜表面积约为 450mm2 ,成人视网膜表面积的约为1240mm2 ,34周早产儿的玻璃体腔容积及视网膜表面积均接近成人的1/3[31]
      本研究中减量组采用成人的1/3 剂量,即0.15 mg,常量组采用成人的1/2剂量,即 0.25 mg。 本研究结果显示:两组患眼1次注药治愈率、 复发率和加重率差异无统计学意义,证实0.15 mg 康柏西普治疗ROP有效,与0.25 mg康柏西普疗效 相当。Cheng等[13]研究发现:0.15 mg康柏西普治 疗ROPΙΙ区2期病变或3期伴plus病变,1次治愈率为 84.2%,复发率为15.8%。孙爽等[32]比较0.15 mg和 0.25 mg剂量康柏西普治疗阈值前Ι型ROP,0.15 mg 组次单注药成功率为76.92%。本研究中减量组1次 注药治愈率为68.2%,低于Cheng等[13]和孙爽等[32] 的结果,分析原因可能原因是本研究中早产儿出生胎龄、出生体重均低于前两个研究,纳入本研究组的患儿病变程度也较重。
      本研究中减量组复发率为27.3%,较常量组的16.7%高,差异无统计学意义。张海涛等[15]研 究中减量组(0.15 mg)复发率较对照组(0.25 mg) 低,差异无统计学意义,与本研究结果不一致, 或许和两个研究中减量组和常量组病变构成类 型不一致有关。本研究中减量组复发时间为治疗后(7.58±1.44)周,常量组复发时间为治疗后 (8.22±1.20)周,两组间复发时间的差异无统计学意义,但因为每组内不同类型病变的复发眼数均 较少,无法按不同病变类型的复发时间进行统计 学分析,可能存在一定的偏倚。既往有观念认为低剂量的抗VEGF药物治疗ROP更易复发,虽然本研究统计分析后认为两组间无统计学意义,但两组间接近1倍差异的复发率可能有一定临床意义, 需要未来扩大样本量进一步分析探讨。
      本研究中,常量组和减量组各有2眼在首次治疗后出现病变进展,伴纤维增殖加重,经视网膜激光光凝治疗后病情稳定。分析原因可能是这4 眼均为伴有明显的纤维增殖的3期病变,推测注射抗VEGF药物治疗有可能引起纤维血管膜中血管消退,加速纤维组织收缩导致病变加重,严重可引 起牵拉性视网膜脱离。提示ROP抗VEGF治疗后, 仍存在病情加重的风险,应密切随访。对纤维组织增生严重的病变,选择治疗方式时应慎重,可 首选视网膜激光光凝治疗,与《早产儿视网膜病 变治疗规范专家共识》[8]中指导的对于ΙΙ区非后部 ROP,有明显机化膜增生者首选激光治疗的观点 相一致。
      玻璃体腔注射抗VEGF药物治疗ROP最常见的不良反应是IOP升高,研究[33]发现玻璃体腔注药治 疗后,IOP升高为一过性,在术后5 min升高达到 峰值,随后逐渐下降,没有反复升高的趋势,考虑IOP升高与玻璃体腔注射后眼内容积变化有关, 且在术后24hIOP可基本恢复至基础水平[34]。有 研究[10]显示玻璃体腔注射标准剂量1/5的贝伐单抗 (0.25 mg/0.01 mL)后IOP升高比例明显下降,但不同剂量抗VEGF药物治疗ROP后不同时间点IOP的变化对比鲜见报道。本研究显示患儿玻璃体腔注 药后IOP升高为一过性,在术后5min达峰值后逐渐 下降,术后24 h的IOP与术前IOP相近。有研究[35] 报道:保持小鼠IOP急性升高达到30 mmHg(维持105 min)后,4周后的视网膜电图的a波、P2、明b波和OPs振幅均显著小于IOP正常组。本研究中患儿注药后IOP均未超过30mmHg,提示玻璃体腔注药治疗后造成的IOP升高对视网膜损伤小。但与常 量组相比,减量组康柏西普在注药后5 min、1 h、12 h的IOP升高幅度更低,且在术后24 h恢复至与术前5 min相当的水平,不良反应更小,更安全。
      综上所述,减量剂量康柏西普(0.15 mg)治疗 ROP有效,疗效与常规剂量(0.25 mg)相近,未发 生眼内炎、白内障、角膜水肿等与药物或玻璃体 腔注射相关的并发症及不良反应。且减量剂量康 柏西普(0.15 mg)治疗ROP术后IOP升高幅度较低, 更快恢复至术前水平,更安全。
      本研究存在以下局限:1 )研究样本较少, 可能存在偏倚。2 )没有比较更多不同减量剂量 康柏西普的疗效。3 )没有抽血对比血液中VEGF 水平,判定不同剂量康柏西普对血液中VEGF的 影响差别。4)IOP在早产儿清醒状态下用开睑器 撑开测量,未考虑到患儿眼睑松紧程度及术后 因疼痛导致的IOP升高情况。5 )仅测量注药术后 5 min、1 h、12 h及24 h的IOP变化,时间间隔较 长,不能全面地观察到IOP的具体变化情况。 

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傅征, 杨晖, 洪志斌, 等. 玻璃体内注射康柏西普治疗急进性后极部早产儿视网膜病变早期眼压的改变[ J]. 眼科新进展, 2021,41(1): 62-65.
FU Zheng, YANG Hui, HONG Zhibin, et al. Intraocular pressure changes in early stage of aggressive posterior retinopa-thy of prematurity treated by vitreous injection of conbercept[ J]. Recent Advances in Ophthalmology, 2021, 41(1): 62-65.
35、Bui BV, Batcha AH, Fletcher E, et al. Relationship between the magnitude of intraocular pressure during an episode of acute elevation and retinal damage four weeks later in rats[ J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(7): e70513.Bui BV, Batcha AH, Fletcher E, et al. Relationship between the magnitude of intraocular pressure during an episode of acute elevation and retinal damage four weeks later in rats[ J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(7): e70513.
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