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眼睑Merkel细胞癌2例

Eyelid Merkel cell carcinoma: 2 case reports

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2021年9月 第36卷 第9期 744-749 发布时间: 收稿时间:2023/6/26 17:08:04 阅读量:3167
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关键词:
Merkel细胞癌神经内分泌肿瘤眼睑
Merkel cell carcinoma neuroendocrine tumor eyelid
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2021.07.06
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Merkel细胞癌(Merkel cell carcinoma,MCC)是一种少见的高度恶性的皮肤原发性神经内分泌癌,发生于眼睑的MCC更加罕见。本文对2例眼睑MCC患者的临床病史和治疗过程进行回顾和总结。1例初发患者经手术彻底切除,效果良好,随访7年,未再复发;1例患者在外院切除术后2个月,于眼睑原位复发,再次行手术彻底切除,2个月后同侧腮腺淋巴结及颈前淋巴结扩散,目前仍在肿瘤科进一步放化疗中。复习相关文献并结合本组病例提示,MCC诊断主要依靠病理检查,彻底切除病灶并结合术后放化疗是其治疗的主要手段,免疫治疗是目前新的发展趋势。
The Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare highly malignant primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin,especially in the eyelids. In this report, the clinical history and treatment course of 2 patients with MCC of the eyelid were reviewed and summarized. Patient 1 with primary MCC of eyelid was treated with complete surgical excision, with good results. Follow-up for 7 years had shown no recurrence. Patient 2 with the eyelid relapse in situ two months after resection in another hospital, was treated with complete surgical excision again, but the tumor metastasized to the ipsilateral lymphonodi parotidici and cervical lymph nodes two months after the surgery. The patient is now going through radiotherapy and chemotherapy in oncology department. According to the review of literatures, the diagnosis was based on the pathologic evidence. Complete removal of lesion combined with postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy is a major means of treatment for MCC. Immunotherapy will play a more important role in the future.
Merkel 细胞癌 (Merkel cell carcinoma ,MCC) 是一种少见的原发皮肤神经内分泌癌,Toker[1]在1972年首次描述了这种疾病,并根据组织病理学特点将其命名为“皮肤小梁癌”。其原发于眼睑部位更是罕见,容易造成误诊。本文报告了2例眼睑MCC的患者,回顾其临床表现及治疗过程,并复习相关文献资料,以期加深对该疾病的认识。

1 临床资料

病例1:患者,男,78岁,因“右眼下睑无痛性包块6个月”就诊。专科体格检查: 右眼视力1.0,左眼视力0.8,右眼下睑外侧可见约1.2 cm大小的暗红色包块(图1),质硬,边界清,无压痛,表面无破溃。睑结膜面无明显充血,角膜透明,前房清,深度正常,晶体混浊,眼底检查未见明显异常。于全麻下行右眼下睑包块切除+眼睑缺损全层再造术,术中冰冻切片确认切缘无肿瘤组织。术后病理提示:肿瘤浸润真皮,瘤细胞呈圆形或卵圆形,排列呈岛状、巢状,弥漫性分布,累及肌束(图2);瘤细胞大小一致,胞质稀少,核大深染,可见脉管癌栓;免疫组织化学:CD56阳性、CK20核旁逗点状阳性,CgA阳性(图3~5),Syn、CK阳性,S-100阴性,Ki-67指数约为30%,病理诊断为MCC。治疗后随访患者7年,未再复发,无癌生存至今。
病例2:患者,男,7 9岁,因“右眼上睑肿物切除术后3个月余,复发1个月”入院,3个月余前因“右眼上睑肿物”在外院行“右眼上睑肿物切除+眼睑缺损整形+筋膜组织瓣成形术”,术中行冰冻切片检查,切缘未见肿瘤细胞,术后病理提示“神经内分泌肿瘤”,术后2个月右眼上睑部位再次发现包块生长(图6 )。入院后专科查体:右眼视力0.6,左眼视力0.8,右眼上睑内外侧均可见大小约1 cm暗红色包块,眉弓下可触及约3 cm包块,质稍韧,边界不清,无触痛,角膜透明,前房清,深度正常,晶体混浊,眼底检查未见明显异常。于全麻下行“右眼睑肿物切除+眼睑缺损皮瓣修复+眼睑整形术”,术中沿肿瘤边 缘5 mm处切除病灶,术中各手术切缘行冰冻切片检查,未见肿瘤细胞。术后病理提示:瘤体位于表皮下,瘤细胞呈圆形或椭圆形,排列呈岛状、巢状分布;瘤细胞胞质稀少,嗜酸染色,核大深染,核仁不明显;免疫组织化学:C K、CK20、Syn、CD56、CgA、均为阳性;Desmin、S-100、HMB45、MelanA、CD117(?)均为阴性; Ki-67 指数约为 30% ,病理诊断为MCC。术后出院,2个月后到肿瘤科拟进一步放疗时,发现右侧腮腺淋巴结及右侧颈前淋巴结肿大,经颈前淋巴结穿刺活检提示MCC转移,目前在进一步放化疗中。
图1 病例1:右眼下睑外侧可见约1.2 cm大小的暗红色包块
Figure 1 Case 1: a dark red mass about 1.2 cm in size on the lateral side of the lower eyelid of the right eye
图2 肿瘤细胞呈圆形、卵圆形,弥漫性分布,排列呈岛状、巢状,累及肌束(HE,×100)
Figure 2 The tumor cells are round and ovoid, distributed diffusely, arranged in islands and nests, and involved the muscle bundles (HE, ×100)
图3 肿瘤细胞CD56呈阳性(EnVision,×200)
Figure 3 The tumor cells are positive for CD56 (EnVision, ×200)
图4 肿瘤细胞CK20呈逗点状表达于核旁(EnVision,×200)
Figure 4 The tumor cells are ex pressed for CK20 in a “paranuclear dot-like pattern” (EnVision, ×200)
图5 肿瘤细胞CgA呈阳性(EnVision,×200)
Figure 5 The tumor cells are positive for CgA (EnVision, ×200)
图6 病例2:右眼上睑内外侧均可见大小约1 cm暗红色包块
Figure 6 Case 2: a dark red mass about 1 cm in size are seen in both the inner and outer sides of the upper eyelid of the right eye

2 讨论

MCC病因暂不明确,可能与免疫抑制或紊乱、紫外线照射等原因有关。研究[2]表明:80%的MCC患者感染了Mrekel多瘤病毒(Merkel cell polyomavirus,MCPyV)。此外,大量的紫外线照射在体细胞中积累大量的C>T和CC>TT的替换性的突变也是本病发病的重要原因之一[3]。MCC常表现为老年患者皮肤晒伤后的硬化斑块或结节,多发生于面部和四肢,具有较高的原发部位复发率以及淋巴结转移率。MCC的原发5年生存率 为51%,如伴有远处转移,5年生存率则低至14%[4-5]。MCC的总体发病率较低,在美国每年约有1 600例的确诊病例。在淋巴组织增生性恶性肿瘤、实体器官移植和艾滋病毒感染的患者中,MCC的发病率更高,发病年龄范围较大,但中位数年龄在70岁以上[6]。本文报道的2例患者均为70岁以上,老年男性患者,身体无免疫相关及其他肿瘤性疾病,发病年龄与文献报道一致。
多数MCC病例首发症状是一些难以察觉的无痛性皮肤小结节,通常表现为快速生长、孤立、无症状的病变。在早期病变中很少发现结痂和溃疡。许多结节位于如头、颈和四肢等经常暴露于阳光下的皮肤部位,呈紫红色,坚硬,圆顶状也可以是多形性的,或斑块状,或皮下肉色结节。非恶行的外观通常导致误诊为囊肿、脂肪瘤或其他良性皮肤病变。大多数病例存在以下5种情况中的3种及3种以上的特征:1 )无症状结节;2 )生长迅速;3 )宿主存在免疫抑制的情况;4 )年龄超过5 0岁;5 )位于紫外线暴露部位或白皙皮肤上[7]。本文报道2例患者除无明显免疫抑制情况外,其他特征均符合,病灶均为眼睑部位,质稍硬,无触痛,生长迅速,皮肤无破溃。
尽管对MCC发病机制的研究很多,但是其癌细胞的起源仍存在争议。肿瘤细胞的形态学和组织学特征与正常的Merkel细胞相同。没有证据表明正常的Merkel细胞直接进化为肿瘤细胞,也没有良性或异常发育的前体病变。目前推测其组织来源可能为真皮或表皮干细胞以及前驱B细胞,但尚存在争议[8-9]
MCC确诊需要依靠病理诊断,其具有以下病理特征:肉眼观下,多呈孤立性粉红色结节状,边界清楚;光镜下,肿瘤位于真皮内,与表皮无连接,肿瘤细胞排列呈弥漫片层状、岛状、巢团状、小梁状或不规则分布;肿瘤细胞比淋巴细胞稍大,大小较一致,裸核状,呈圆形、椭圆形,细胞质稀少,核大、深染,圆形或椭圆形;核膜清楚,少数核膜呈锯齿状;染色质呈颗粒或粉尘状;核分裂象易见。本文2例患者的病变从大体标本及光镜表现均较为典型。免疫组织化学标记也有特异表现,CK-20是一种低分子角蛋白,通常在胃肠道上皮和一些胃肠道和移行细胞癌中表达,最初被认为是MCC的敏感和特异性标记,这使得它可以与其他小细胞区分开来,CK-20对MCC的染色表现为弥漫性细胞质和核旁点状,敏感性为95%,后者对MCC更有特异性[10-11]。但有研究[12]表明:1/3的肺小细胞癌CK20呈阳性,然而在33例肺肿瘤患者中,有28例被甲状腺转录因子-1(thyroid transcription factor 1,TTF-1)染色,21例MCC中均无染色。同时其他研究[13]也证实了TTF-1阴性在区分MCC和其他小细胞癌中有重要作用。因此,CK20和神经丝(neurofilament,NF)的阳性染色与TTF-1阴性一起进行,完成了2种肿瘤之间的区分[14]。除CK20外,评估至少一种神经内分泌的分化标志物(如突触素)有助于确认肿瘤的神经内分泌性质,并防止偶尔出现的CK20阴性的MCC的漏诊。嗜铬粒蛋白A、神经元特异性烯醇化酶和突触素,以及神经标志物CD56和突触素在大多数MCC病例中呈阳性[15]。因此,神经丝、CK-20、CK7和TTF-1联合染色在区分MCC和其组织病理学模拟物方面具有高度的敏感性和特异性[16]。在本文报道的2例病例中,CK20的强点状标记及CD56、SYN的阳性表达强烈支持MCC。对于免疫组织化学不确定或不典型的肿瘤,也可采用CAM 5.2、paired box 5、上皮膜抗原、MCV大T抗原、CD56染色缩小鉴别诊断[17]
临床上普遍采用肿瘤扩大切除术及淋巴结清扫,再行放化疗效果最佳。但在临床实践中,具体手术切除范围尚没有统一标准,一般认为切除边缘距肿物2~5 mm,且行组织病理检查,证实切缘已切净的切除范围效果较佳。单纯手术切除后肿瘤易复发和转移,以淋巴结扩散为主,目前学者多主张积极手术切除,辅助放疗,且综合治疗明显比单纯放疗效果好。
MCC发生于眼睑部位相对较少见,且肿瘤的扩大再切除的操作方法在眼睑部位所受局限性较大。此次2例眼睑MCC患者均在显微镜下行肿瘤切除,术中冰冻切片检查确认切缘无肿瘤细胞。第1例为初诊患者,在我院行初次手术完整切除,术后定期随访,未见肿瘤复发。第2例 为复发患者,初次手术在外院进行,我院为第2次手术,2次手术均术中冰冻切片检查确认切缘无肿瘤细胞,2次复发时间均在2个月内,第1次为眼睑原位复发,第2次为同侧面部肿瘤转移和同侧颈前淋巴结扩散,经穿刺活检明确为MCC。前哨淋巴结作为阻止肿瘤细胞从淋巴结扩散的屏障,它的阴性和阳性对5年生存率存在一定影响。研究[18]表明:前哨淋巴结阴性患者5年生存率为84.5%~86.8%,而前哨淋巴结阳性患者的5年生存率为64.6%~82.4%。美国国家综合癌症网络根据患者的临床表现是否有局部、淋巴结或转移性疾病,推荐的最新治疗方法如下:原发病灶伴前哨淋巴结转移者一般行大范围切除,手术切缘一般为1~2 cm,随后行辅助放射治疗,放疗前尽量缩短患者伤口愈合时间。前哨淋巴结阴性患者,如果原发肿瘤小于1 cm,广泛切除后,如切缘阴性且无高危特征,则不需要辅助治疗。有数据[19-20]显示:105例原发肿瘤直径小于2 cm的患者在单纯手术切除后未行辅助放疗,4 8个月的原位和卫星复发率较高危患者低6%。手术切除后,高危患者应在原发部位接受50~66 Gy的辅助放疗。高危特征包括肿瘤大于1 cm,手术切缘阳性或不足,淋巴血管侵犯,位置在头颈部,免疫功能低下患者[21-22]
远处转移患者需行化疗。化疗方案是基于小细胞肺癌方案,以卡铂/顺铂-依托泊苷为一线药物。如治疗失败,再给予蒽环类药物、环磷酰胺、长春新碱、博莱霉素和5 -氟尿嘧啶的超适应症使用。尽管其对化疗敏感,但是反应往往不持久,中位无进展生存期大约仅3个月[23]。本文第2例患者因已发生同侧面部肿瘤转移,故目前在肿瘤科进一步化疗。
近年来,免疫疗法的进步极大地延长了转移性疾病患者的生存期,特别是使用了涉及PD-1和PD-L1通路的免疫疗法。这些药物现在是转移性MCC的标准、一线药物。Avelumab是PD-L1的单克隆抗体,于2017年3月获美国食品和药物管理局批准,是首个专门用于转移性MCC的系统疗法。国际多中心二期JAVELIN Merkel 200试验[24]显示:接受过化疗但化疗失败的患者总缓解率为32%,完全缓解率为11%;随访1年后,72%的对免疫治疗应答者肿瘤无进一步进展[25]。他莫替丁T VEC(Talimogene laherparepvec)是美国食品和药物管理局批准的首个溶瘤病毒免疫疗法。它由一种经过基因改造的单纯疱疹1型病毒组成,可以选择性地在肿瘤细胞中复制,并表达人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子来激活树突状细胞的抗原呈递[26]。研究[27]显示:局部晚期且手术无法治愈的MCC患者拒绝细胞毒性化疗,给予肿瘤内注射TVEC治疗。肿瘤内的TVEC不仅导致了注射结节的消退,而且在6~11个月的时间内分别阻止了局部和远处的新转移兆的发生。1例患者在最后1次注射TVEC后达到临床完全缓解,1例患者在最后1次注射TVEC后达到部分缓解,且持续超过5个月和7个月。在病毒阴性肿瘤中通常会发现PI3K/AKT激活突变,MLN0128是mTOR通路的一个靶点,目前正处于晚期MCC(NCT02514824)的II期临床试验中,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂Pazopanib针对于晚期MCC的治疗也在进一步研究当中[28-29]

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14、Bobos M, Hytiroglou P, Kostopoulos I, et al. Immunohistochemical distinction between merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung[ J]. Am J Dermatopathol, 2006, 28(2): 99-104.Bobos M, Hytiroglou P, Kostopoulos I, et al. Immunohistochemical distinction between merkel cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma of the lung[ J]. Am J Dermatopathol, 2006, 28(2): 99-104.
15、Harms PW. Update on Merkel cell carcinoma[ J]. Clin Lab Med, 2017, 37(3): 485-501.Harms PW. Update on Merkel cell carcinoma[ J]. Clin Lab Med, 2017, 37(3): 485-501.
16、Johnston RB. Neural and neuroendocrine tumors[M]//Weedon's skin pathology essentials. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2012:666-683.Johnston RB. Neural and neuroendocrine tumors[M]//Weedon's skin pathology essentials. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2012:666-683.
17、Ly T Y, Walsh NM, Pasternak S. The spectrum of Merkel cell polyomavirus expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, in a variety of cutaneous neoplasms, and in neuroendocrine carcinomas from different anatomical sites[ J]. Hum Pathol, 2012, 43(4): 557-566.Ly T Y, Walsh NM, Pasternak S. The spectrum of Merkel cell polyomavirus expression in Merkel cell carcinoma, in a variety of cutaneous neoplasms, and in neuroendocrine carcinomas from different anatomical sites[ J]. Hum Pathol, 2012, 43(4): 557-566.
18、Sims JR, Grotz TE, Pockaj BA, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in Merkel cell carcinoma: The Mayo Clinic experience of 150 patients[ J]. Surg Oncol, 2018, 27(1): 11-17.Sims JR, Grotz TE, Pockaj BA, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in Merkel cell carcinoma: The Mayo Clinic experience of 150 patients[ J]. Surg Oncol, 2018, 27(1): 11-17.
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24、Kaufman HL, Russell J, Hamid O, et al. Avelumab in patients with chemotherapy-refractor y metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: a multicentre, single-group, open-label, phase 2 trial[ J]. Lancet Oncol, 2016, 17(10): 1374-1385.Kaufman HL, Russell J, Hamid O, et al. Avelumab in patients with chemotherapy-refractor y metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma: a multicentre, single-group, open-label, phase 2 trial[ J]. Lancet Oncol, 2016, 17(10): 1374-1385.
25、Kaufman HL, Russell JS, Hamid O, et al. Updated efficacy of avelumab in patients with previously treated metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma after ≥1 year of follow-up: JAVELIN Merkel 200, a phase 2 clinical trial[ J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2018, 6(1): 7.Kaufman HL, Russell JS, Hamid O, et al. Updated efficacy of avelumab in patients with previously treated metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma after ≥1 year of follow-up: JAVELIN Merkel 200, a phase 2 clinical trial[ J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2018, 6(1): 7.
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1、李婷,刘含军,刘爱武等.眼睑Merkel细胞癌手术并随访7年1例[J].数理医药学杂志,2022,35(12):1759-1761.Li T, Liu HJ, Liu AW, et al. Eyelid Merkel cell carcinoma operated and followed up for 7 years: a case report[J]. J Math Med, 2022, 35(12): 1759-1761.
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