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玻璃体切割术后高眼压的相关因素分析及治疗

Related factors analysis and treatment on high intraocular pressure after vitrectomy

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2023年6月 第38卷 第6期 466-471 发布时间: 收稿时间:2023/9/5 16:26:59 阅读量:6013
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关键词:
玻璃体切割术 高眼压 相关因素 治疗
pars plana vitrectomy elevated intraocular pressure related factors treatment
DOI:
10.12419/2212030001
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玻璃体切割术是目前临床上常见的眼科手术之一,其应用广泛,且具有良好的治疗效果,但术后仍会出现各种并发症,眼压升高便是其中常见的一种。玻璃体切割术后眼压升高的病因复杂多样,术前原发病的不同、术中处理方式的差异以及术后并发症均可引起眼压升高,根据不同的病因可以选用更合适的治疗方法。早期的眼压升高较易控制,主要采用药物及激光治疗,晚期眼压升高导致继发性青光眼则相对复杂,以手术治疗为主。该文主要对玻璃体切割术后高眼压的原因分析及治疗进展进行综述。
Pars plana vitrectomy is one of the common ophthalmic surgeries in clinic practice currently, which is widely used with good therapeutic effect. However, various complications may still occur after operation. Elevated intraocular pressure is one of common complications. The causes of postoperative ocular hypertension are complex and diverse. Elevated intraocular pressure could be caused by different preoperative primary diseases, intraoperative management methods,and postoperative complication. More appropriate treatment methods can be selected based on different causes. Early elevated intraocular pressure iseasier to control and is mainly treated with medicine and laser. Late elevated intraocular pressure leads to secondary glaucoma, which is relatively complex and mainly treated with surgery. This review mainly states causes and treatment progress of high intraocular pressure after vitrectomy.
玻璃体切割术(pars plana vitrectomy,PPV)是目前常见的一种去除玻璃体凝胶的手术,经历了50余年的发展与应用[1-2]。其适应证广泛,如视网膜脱离、玻璃体积血、黄斑劈裂[3]、裂孔、糖尿病性视网膜病变和眼后节的外伤[4]。但术后仍有可能出现诸多并发症,高眼压便是其中常见的一种,其发生率约为11.6%~ 20%[5]。手术操作中移除玻璃体凝胶,然后用各种各样的填塞物取代它,包括气体、硅油和全氟化碳液体,或随着时间的推移房水逐渐占满整个玻璃体腔,都有可能引起眼压的改变,导致不同形式的高眼压和青光眼[5-10]。目前,在临床上,PPV术后眼压>21 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)被称为高眼压,根据PPV术后高眼压发生的时间,可被划分为一过性高眼压(≤6周)和持续性高眼压(>6周)[11],而对于PPV术后继发性青光眼的诊断目前国内外也还没有形成统一的标准,大多数学者将PPV术后持续性高眼压(术后任何时间眼压>24 mmHg或较术前眼压升高≥ 10 mmHg,并且时间超过6周)造成视神经和视功能的特征性损害,称之为继发性青光眼[12]。导致眼压升高的术前因素有高度近视、糖尿病、无晶状体眼、人工晶状体眼和既往青光眼等[13],术中及术后因素有瞳孔阻滞、硅油乳化阻塞房角、房角前粘连闭合、炎症和硅油填充后特发性眼压升高[4-5,14]。根据不同的病因可给予不同的药物或手术治疗。本文将对PPV术后高眼压的相关因素分析及治疗进展进行综述,以期为临床治疗提供帮助。

1 玻璃体切割术后高眼压的相关因素

1.1 术前因素

1.1.1 术前高眼压
术前高眼压是PPV术后眼压升高的危险因素之一。有研究表明,术后早期眼压升高的患者术前眼压明显较高,且趋于年轻化[15]。手术操作引起的反应对眼压的升高或许起到了促进作用。
1.1.2 糖尿病视网膜病变
糖尿病视网膜病变患者术后早期眼压上升较高,在一定程度上与糖尿病的基本病理过程有关,糖尿病可使视网膜缺血从而引起房角新生血管,这也可能导致继发性青光眼[4,16]
1.1.3 视网膜脱离
视网膜脱离的患者由于神经上皮层与色素上皮层之间存有一定间隙,所以PPV术中填充硅油时易导致硅油大量渗入网膜下空隙、填充气体时气体膨胀加剧,继而导致眼压升高[17]。在谈旭华等[18]的研究中,合并增生性玻璃体视网膜病变(proliferative vitreoretinopathy,PVR)C2及以上组高眼压发生率为35.1%,合并PVRC2以下组高眼压发生率为15.9%,提示PVR分级与PPV术后高眼压高度相关。
1.1.4 高度近视
有研究显示,PPV术后高眼压与高度近视之间存在着显著的联系[19],高度近视患者早期高眼压发生率明显高于非高度近视的患者[15]。高度近视所导致的眼球结构改变以及手术难度的增加也可能会导致PPV术后眼压的升高[20]。由于高度近视眼悬韧带松弛,眼轴增长明显,玻璃体腔容积增大,术中填充物也较正常眼增加,晶状体受后方压力影响更易发生前移致瞳孔阻滞、后房压力升高、晶状体虹膜隔前移, 导致房角变窄或急性关闭,也会引起眼压升高[21]
1.1.5 无晶状体眼和人工晶状体眼
无晶状体眼是玻璃体切割联合硅油注入术后发生开角型青光眼的强烈危险因素。在无晶状体眼中,当玻璃体腔内压力升高时,硅油更易移位进入前房,发生乳化现象更早,乳化的硅油阻塞房角可以引起眼压升高,而硅油引起的瞳孔阻滞也会在术后早期引起眼压升高[13]。Chang等[22]提出在非PPV手术的眼睛中,玻璃体中的氧气张力存在梯度,最高的是靠近视网膜表面,然后至玻璃体前部和晶状体后部逐渐降低,在行PPV手术的眼睛中,晶状体附近的氧张力上升到术前水平的2~3倍。而在人工晶状体眼和无晶状体眼中,氧气张力的增加会导致小梁网中细胞外基质的变化,从而减少房水流出,增加了PPV术后人工晶状体眼和无晶状体眼眼压升高的风险[22-25]

1.2 术中及术后因素

1.2.1 硅油填充
硅油是玻璃体切割手术眼内填塞的主要选择之一[5,26],因其表面张力相对较高,所以能够覆盖较小的视网膜裂孔,防止玻璃体的液体通过视网膜裂孔进入网膜下的空间。此外,硅油还能够限制增殖细胞和生化介质在玻璃体腔内的自由扩散,起到了填充空间的作用。硅油的一个重要物理参数是“黏度”,术中所用硅油黏度范围从1 000~5 000 cst,黏度较高的硅油更耐变形,因此不太可能分散并最终乳化。分子量越高的硅油,其黏度越高,也被证明对乳化的抵抗力更强[13],分子量较低的硅油则容易发生乳化[26]。硅油乳化后可进入前房,阻塞小梁网络[27],导致房水流出受阻,从而使眼压升高。PPV合并硅油填充眼术后高眼压发生率为20%~56%[9]。在手术过程中应尽量将玻璃体腔内充满硅油,但术中无法精确地测量眼压,一旦硅油注入过多则会导致玻璃体腔内的硅油挤压晶状体[28]、虹膜隔前移、前房变浅、房角关闭、瞳孔阻滞,加上术后早期眼部的炎症反应,导致术后早期的高眼压[29-32]。而术后任何时候都可能出现眼压升高,从轻度和暂时性的眼压升高到严重的持续性眼压升高[4,9,33],最终导致视力丧失[13]。由于大多数患者硅油填充后需要保持俯卧位,这或许也会使眼压升高,改变眼内灌注状态[19]
1.2.2 气体填充
六氟化硫(SF6)、八氟丙烷(C3F8)等膨胀气体用于PPV会导致眼压升高。SF6在36 h内体积翻倍,C3F8在3d内体积翻倍,气体膨胀到最大时眼压最高。PPV合并气体填充眼术后高眼压发生率为15.8%[19]。玻璃体内注射气体会导致晶状体虹膜隔膜前移和继发性闭角型青光眼[34],因此通常建议患者脸部朝下,以防止气泡接触晶状体并造成向前的压力。大气压力的变化也会导致这些气体进一步膨胀,从而导致眼压急剧升高[5]。SF6浓度的微小差异可能会导致不同的膨胀率,从而导致不同的眼压升高发生率[14]。水性抑制剂可用于控制眼压。当眼压升高导致眼部灌注受损时,可能需要抽吸一部分玻璃体内气体,当有瞳孔阻滞时,可能需要激光虹膜切术[5]
1.2.3 视网膜激光光凝术(pan-retinal photocoagulation, PRP)
部分患者术中进行PRP。广泛的PRP很可能导致严重的脉络膜充血,压迫了不可压缩的硅油,进而向前传递了这种压力,从而升高眼压[35]
1.2.4 术后浅前房
术后晶状体虹膜隔膜前移导致的浅前房也易导致眼压增高,在有晶状体眼中更为常见,特别是高度近视的眼睛,这是由于晶状体悬韧带的薄弱,使得整个晶状体在硅油和用作填充物的气泡浮力下向前移动。术后脉络膜出血,特别是环状和周围延伸360 °出血可能是睫状体、虹膜和晶状体前移的另一个原因[6]
1.2.5 房水迷流
房水迷流是有晶状体眼在接受许多不同类型的手术(主要是小梁切除术)后急性术后眼压升高的一个常见原因。在PPV术后的有晶状体眼中也观察到相同的致病机制。在没有玻璃体的情况下,房水的流动路径可能会发生改变,导致更多的房水流入空腔,从而重新调整眼内压动态[24]。因为房水无法从前房进入小梁网并在填充剂气泡后部积聚,从而增加后房压力,使前房变浅并通过闭角机制增加眼压,导致恶性循环[6]
1.2.6 术后炎症反应
眼部炎症也是PPV术后眼压升高的因素之一[36]。50岁以下的患者眼压升高的风险是正常人的两倍。年轻患者术后炎症反应增强,小梁炎和前房炎症发生率增加可能是其眼压升高的原因[35]
1.2.7 糖皮质激素(激素)类滴眼液的使用
激素类滴眼液是常见的眼科用药,主要用于治疗眼部炎性病变、眼表细菌性感染、减轻术后角膜水肿及炎性反应等,长期使用高浓度激素类滴眼液也会导致PPV术后眼压升高。其可能的机制是激素在提高小梁纤维细胞的酶体膜的稳定性的同时抑制解聚酶的释放,因此使聚合的黏多糖在小梁组织内积聚,增加了房水流出阻力,同时还抑制了小梁内皮细胞清理碎屑的吞噬作用以及调节房水排泄的前列腺素的合成[37]
1.2.8 术后出血
前房积血可阻挡下方虹膜周切孔,导致前后房交通受阻,此时积存于后房的房水可挤压玻璃体腔内的硅油突向瞳孔区,形成瞳孔阻滞,继而导致眼压升高。玻璃体再出血是PPV后常见的并发症,发生率为10%~37.8%[38],处理不及时往往导致视功能的严重受损,甚至最终导致新生血管性青光眼。

2 玻璃体切割术后高眼压的治疗

2.1 药物治疗

由于眼压的每一次升高都可能干扰手术的结果和功能性视力结果,及时发现并进行适当的降眼压治疗是非常重要的[4]。炎症反应大多导致PPV术后早期高眼压,一般局部予激素类或非甾体抗炎药辅以抗青光眼药物,即可取得较好的效果[11,23];在硅油诱导的青光眼中,药物治疗通常是降低眼压的首选。但药物治疗通常仅用于控制早期眼压的暂时升高,后续仍可能需要激光和手术治疗来解决PPV术后的持续眼压升高和随后的青光眼损伤。而对由激素类滴眼液过度使用引起的高眼压患者,应及时停用激素类滴眼液,同时给予噻吗洛尔等降眼压滴眼液,一般在1周内患者的眼压水平即可降至正常。

2.2 激光及手术治疗

如果眼压不能通过最大耐受药物治疗来控制,则考虑手术。手术干预包括传统的滤过手术、玻璃体腔内抗血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)药物注射[39]、Ahmed青光眼阀植入[40-42]、晶状体摘除[9]、内镜下睫状体光凝等。术前玻璃体腔内注射抗VEGF药物可以减少术后发生新生血管性青光眼的概率,同时也可以减少患者视网膜出血及渗出。常规滤过手术因既往手术导致的结膜瘢痕而变得操作困难且失败率升高,已逐渐被青光眼引流装置植入术所取代,青光眼引流装置植入术已成为目前首选的治疗方式[43]。青光眼引流装置治疗PPV术后高眼压在有效降低眼压的同时,避免了对眼后段的扰动,直接在前房角创建一条稳定的滤过通道,且对硅油眼的影响较小,在提高安全性的同时提高PPV手术的成功率[44-45]。内镜下睫状体光凝术也是目前治疗PPV术后高眼压不错的选择[46],其优势是能够在直视下进行精准的定量操作,不受角结膜、晶体、玻璃体等因素的影响,有效降低PPV术后青光眼的眼压,长期维持患者视功能,且无严重并发症[47]。而在硅油诱导的青光眼中,如果药物治疗无法控制眼压,首要考虑的是去除硅油[13]。硅油的去除通常是在复位成功后,或在出现并发症时需去除,最佳去除时间是硅油填充后4~6个月[48]。因瞳孔阻滞因素导致眼压升高的患者,可在术后行 YAG激光虹膜周边切割术。因体位不当导致硅油进入前房的患者,可行散瞳,体位取俯卧位,硅油有可能退回到玻璃体腔内;因重水残留引起高眼压的患者应吸出残留重水[11]

3 小结

PPV术后高眼压的发病机制复杂多样,处理方法也不尽相同。早期的眼压升高较易控制,主要采用药物及激光治疗,晚期导致继发性青光眼则相对复杂,以手术治疗为主。以往的手术方式仅限于传统滤过手术、硅油取出术等,术后眼压控制效果不明显或使原本的玻璃体视网膜疾病复发,最终可能导致视力丧失。青光眼引流装置植入术有效地改善了这个难题,但该术式操作复杂,对术者要求高,手术费用高,也使一些地方医院及患者无法应用该术式。内镜下睫状体光凝术现已成为青光眼治疗的重要手段[46],尤其对于PPV术后高眼压是行之有效的办法,其能够长期保持患者残存视功能,降低患者用药负担,使患者生存质量得到提升。
PPV手术是眼压升高和继发性青光眼的已知危险因素,因此临床医生必须在术后密切监测患者眼压变化。根据患者的病情特点,选择合适的治疗方式。PPV术后早期控制眼压可以预防进一步的眼部损伤并改善患者预后。

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1、山东省重点研发计划项目(2019GSF108081),
This work was supported by the Shandong Province Key Research and Development Plan Project (2019GSF108081)()
2、山东省重点研发计划项目(2019GSF108081),
This work was supported by the Shandong Province Key Research and Development Plan Project (2019GSF108081)()
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