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息肉状脉络膜血管病变继发玻璃体积血的治疗及预后

Treatment modalities and visual prognosis of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy with breakthrough vitreous hemorrhage

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年8月 第37卷 第8期 658-664 发布时间: 收稿时间:2022/11/28 16:11:55 阅读量:5794
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关键词:
息肉状脉络膜血管病变黄斑下出血玻璃体积血手术治疗预后综述
polypoid choroidal vasculopathy submacular hemorrhage vitreous hemorrhage surgical treatment prognosis review
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.06.13
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息肉状脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV)是亚洲人中常见的眼底致盲性疾病,当PCV合并视网膜下出血或玻璃体积血(vitreous hemorrhage,VH)时,患者视力骤然下降,视力预后差异大。但目前聚焦于PCV合并VH的相关文献较少,因此研究和阐明PCV继发VH的治疗方法及预后具有重要的临床意义。目前临床上常选择手术干预,玻璃体切除术(pars plana vitrectomy,PPV)是临床上最常选择的一种术式。其他治疗方式包括玻璃体内注射抗血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、眼内气体或硅油填充、眼内注射组织纤溶酶原激活剂(tissue plasminogen activator,tPA)和光动力疗法(photodynamic therapy,PDT)。PCV合并VH患者的视力预后决定因素是黄斑视功能的保留程度,也与年龄、术前视力、PCV病变部位、视网膜下出血量、视网膜脱离范围、基线黄斑中心厚度(central macular thickness,CMT)、是否出现术后并发症以及是否形成视网膜瘢痕等因素相关,目前也有研究发现视力预后与单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)相关。本文就PCV继发VH的临床特点、治疗及预后进行综述。
Polypoid choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is a common fundus blinding disease in Asians. When PCV is associated with subretinal hemorrhage or vitreous hemorrhage (VH), patient's visual acuity decreases suddenly and the visual prognosis varies greatly. There are few relevant literatures focusing on VH secondary to PCV, so it is of great clinical significance to study and clarify the treatment methods and prognosis of VH secondary to PCV. At present, surgical intervention is often selected in clinical practice. Vitrectomy is the most commonly selected surgical procedure in clinical practice. The other treatment modalities include intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), intraocular gas or silicone oil filling, intraocular injection of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and photodynamic therapy. The prognostic determinant of visual acuity in PCV
patients with VH is the degree of preservation of macular visual function. The prognostic is also related to age, preoperative visual acuity, PCV lesion location, amount of subretinal hemorrhage, extent of retinal detachment, baseline central macular thickness (CMT), postoperative complications and retinal scars. Recent studies also find that the prognosis of visual acuity is related to single nucleotide polymorphisms. This article reviews the clinical characteristics, treatment and visual prognosis of PCV associated with VH.
    息肉状脉络膜血管病变(polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,PCV)最早于1982年由Yannuzzi首次提出,并在1990年正式发表,他将这种特殊的、以黄斑区视网膜色素上皮层下反复出血渗出为特征的眼底疾病命名为特发性息肉状脉络膜血管病变(idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy,IPCV)[1]。而后在1999年,Yannuzzi等[2]提出省略“特发性”一词,将该病命名为息肉状脉络膜血管病变。

1 临床特点

1.1 PCV 合并玻璃体积血的临床特点

    PCV发病具有显著的种族差异性,好发于有色人种,亚洲人中男性患病人数略多于女性,发病年龄多在50~70岁,约90%单眼发病,也可表现为双眼发病[3-4]。PCV多以视力下降、视物变形、飞蚊症及中心暗点为主要症状,其特征是视网膜下橘红色结节样病灶、脉络膜异常分支状血管网及血管末梢的息肉状脉络膜血管扩张灶[5-6]。PCV可反复出现黄斑下出血(sub-macular hemorrhage,SMH) 、浆液性或出血性视网膜色素上皮脱离(pigment epithelial detachment,PED),使视网膜色素上皮层(retinal pigment epithelium,RPE)和视网膜感光细胞变性、萎缩,导致严重的视力丧[7-8]。与年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration,AMD)不同,部分PCV患者会继发玻璃体积血(vitreous hemorrhage,VH)。PCV合并VH最早于1985年由Kleiner报道,PCV患者中约有30.0%~63.6%出现视网膜下出血,4.5%~19.9%出现V H[6,9-10]。PCV继发V H时由于屈光间质混浊,光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)和吲哚菁绿血管造影(indoc yanine green angiography,ICGA)成像差,此时B超成为最主要的检查手段,B超可以帮助临床医生判断是否出现脉络膜增厚、玻璃体混浊、视网膜脱离等情况,可用于预测PPV术后视力预后,多次进行B超检查也有助于观察疾病发展过程[11-12]

1.2 PCV 合并 VH 的危险因素

    目前,高血压及全身使用凝血药物是PCV继发V H的危险因素这一结论是较为被接受的。在Kimura等[13]关于PCV继发SMH患者的研究中,有43%患者有高血压病史,9 %的患者使用抗血小板药物。Sakurada等[14]探究年龄、性别、服用抗凝药、降压药等因素与PCV是否继发VH的相关性,结果均无统计学意义。
    
PCV患者中息肉状病灶面积较大者常出现视网膜下出血等并发症,而视网膜下出血是突发VH明确的危险因素[15],VH常发生在视网膜下出血后的2~6周(平均3.5周)[16]。动物实验[17-18]发现:视网膜下积血持续7 d,便会导致光感受器不可逆损伤,14 d便出现视网膜及RPE萎缩,局部视网膜坏死,从而使红细胞碎片穿过受损视网膜导致VH。Kim等[8]研究发现:在PCV患者黄斑下积血吸收后,视网膜外层结构较未受影响区域明显变薄。玻璃体腔内注药、气液交换及光动力学治疗(photodynamic therapy,PDT)等PCV常规治疗均可能引起VH[19-21]。Cho等[22]报道了56例PCV在接受玻璃体腔内注射雷珠单抗后,有1例继发V H。玻璃体腔内注药导致大出血可能是由于注射后眼压突然升高、脉络膜血管收缩引起血流动力学变化导致RPE撕裂[23]。Wu等[19]研究了120例PCV合并SMH经玻璃体腔内注射组织纤溶酶原激活剂(tissue plasminogen activator,tPA)和全氟丙烷气体后,18例(15%)术后出现VH。在Rishi等[20]研究中,有11%PCV接受PDT治疗后继发VH、SMH和RPE下出血等出血并发症。因此,在进行玻璃体腔内注药、气液交换及PDT后,应嘱患者门诊密切随访。

2 PCV 合并 VH 的治疗

2.1 玻璃体切除术

   2.1.1 玻璃体切除术预后
    当PCV合 并V H时,保守治疗往往不能使眼内积血有效吸收,临床上多选择手术干预,玻璃体切除术(pars plana vitrectomy,PPV)是临床上最常选择的一种术式。PPV主要是为了清除玻璃体内积血,恢复玻璃体透明度,并解除对视网膜的牵拉。PCV合并VH行PPV后可以有效改善近期视力及远期视力。Zhao等[24]回顾性分析了103例PCV继发VH的病例,发现PPV术后最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA)较术前明显提高。L i等[25]回顾性分析了8 6例PCV继发V H行PPV治疗的患者,随访时间(25.5±9.2)个月,术后3个月、末次随访时BCVA较术前有显著改善,且远期视力较术后3个月时仍有提高。Lin等[16]研究 了PCV合 并V H行玻璃体切除治疗的1 7眼,除1只眼睛由于严重的白内障和黄斑瘢痕视力无提高外,其余眼的视力都得到了改善。Narayanan等[26]对PCV继发VH的28眼行PPV,术后16眼(57.1%)视力提高了至少2行。虽然根据已有研究[27],行PPV对术后视力提高有统计学意义,但术后 BCVA为指数至LogMAR0.1,处于较低水平,较V H发生前视力明显下降。且在Narayanan等[26]的研究中,PPV术后33%的患者视力保持不变,11%出现视力下降。
    选择恰当的手术时机可能是决定PPV手术的关键之一。PPV可以清除眼内积血,减少其对视网膜造成的不可逆损伤。Kimura等[28]提出PCV继发SMH最佳的手术时机为发病后7~10 d,过早进行干预易出现术后出血,若过晚干预则视网膜出现不可逆损伤,术后视力欠佳。而目前关于PCV继发VH的最佳手术时机仍无明确结论。
   2.1.2 PPV 术后并发症
    PPV常见的术后并发症包括医源性视网膜裂孔、复发性出血、白内障、前房积血、继发性青光眼、黄斑视网膜下纤维化、视网膜脱离、脉络膜脱离、黄斑裂孔[25-27,29-30]。其中,医源性视网膜裂孔发生率约17.8%,是最常见的手术并发症,多发生在玻璃体后脱离(posterior vitreous detachment,PVD)诱发期间[26]。复发VH发生率约3.6%[31],多发生在PPV术后早期。复发出血的患者预后极差,多可致盲,其中约11.7%的患者因PPV术后复发出血或视网膜脱离需要再次进行手术。PPV术后复发出血的相关危险因素包括脉络膜肥厚型PCV和严重的视网膜下积血[32]。也有研究[33]报道PPV治疗PCV继发VH后,出现另眼交感性眼炎这一较为少见的术后并发症。若出现术后并发症,这对于患者而言是再一次的沉重打击,其视力预后也将大大降低,因此,如何避免或妥善处理PPV术后并发症问题也是PCV继发VH临床治疗中重要的一环。
   2.1.3 PPV 的联合治疗
    PCV合 并V H的治疗应结合具体情况,临床上多选用玻璃体切除联合tPA、眼内填充(膨胀气体、硅油等)、玻璃体腔内注射抗血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、外路引流术等多种治疗方式。若并发视网膜脱离时,联合硅油或惰性气体等眼内填充术可使视网膜解剖复位,视力获得改善。2015年,Kimura等[28]对PCV继发SMH的15眼行PPV、视网膜下注射4 000 IUtPA及气液交换,根据术后视网膜下渗出情况行玻璃体腔内抗VEGF治疗,术后1 5眼SMH均成功消除,术后视力均有显著改善。2017年,Kimura等[34]在同样诊断为PCV合并SMH的1 1眼中行PPV、视网膜下注射tPA及气液交换,在术前及术后用微视野计进行测量,发现在术后6个月时视网膜敏感性及BCVA均较术前明显改善。Sharma等[35]在PCV继发SMH的2 4眼行PPV、视网膜下注射tPA(125 mg/mL)及气体填充,所有眼均观察到中心凹SMH完全消退,23只眼(95.8%)的视力提高,术前平均中央视网膜厚度为463.7 μm,术后最后1次随访时为311.3 μm(P=0.026)。
    玻璃体内注射抗VEGF是PCV治疗的重要手段,当PCV继发V H时,玻璃体内注射抗VEGF也常被用于辅助治疗。PPV联合tPA及气体填充治疗PCV继发SMH后,仍有91%的患者需要进行玻璃体腔内注射抗VEGF,平均注射数为4.1次/年[13]。但PPV手术可以延长玻璃体内注射抗VEGF的间隔时间,由术前平均注射间隔4.53个月,延长至术后的27.64个月[36]。可能原因有:PPV术后眼内氧饱和度增加;长期SMH导致视网膜萎缩,代谢活动减少进而降低了对氧气的需求;PCV继发VH后释放了息肉样病灶内的压力,可能导致部分病灶萎缩。因此,PPV术后需进行玻璃体腔内注射抗VEGF的频次下降。总体而言,PPV可提高视力,术后大多数患者仍需要进行抗VEGF治疗,但术后对抗VEGF疗法的需求减少。
    近年来也有一些学者提出一些新的联合治疗方法。Liu等[37]在PCV合并视网膜下大出血的4只眼行PPV后,用30号超薄针刺出巩膜隧道将大量视网膜下积血向外引流,术后6个月的平均BCVA较术前明显改善。在术后6个月内未观察到严重的眼部及全身不良反应,仅1例出现一过性高眼压。

2.2 视网膜切开术

    当V H并发大量视网膜下出血时,有研究考虑行PPV联合视网膜切开术彻底清除视网膜下积血。Isizaki等[38]在1 2只眼中行颞侧120°视网膜切开术、激光光凝及硅油填充术,术后1 1只眼眼底情况和视力都较术前改善,且有3只眼由于黄斑区受损较轻术后视力高于0.4。但是研究[25]指出:未处理视网膜下积血的单纯PPV也可显著提高患者近期视力及远期视力。若使用吸管、显微镊等器材机械性清除SMH,即使视网膜下积血被彻底清除,术后患者的视力改善较不处理SMH组无明显差异,且机械性清除SMH带来更多的术后并发症,部分学者认为残余少量视网膜下出血可等待其自行吸收。

2.3 组织型纤溶酶原激活剂

    1991年,Peyman等[39]首次提出tPA在视网膜下出血中的应用,对因视网膜大动脉瘤破裂继发视网膜下出血的2位患者行视网膜切开术,通过微量移液器将tPA注入视网膜下腔,术后2位患者视力均有所提高。对PCV合并VH的患者,将25~50 μg tPA溶于0.1 mL生理盐水中,行视网膜下或玻璃体内注射,tPA激活纤溶酶原转变为纤溶酶,可促进血凝块溶解。若只使用tPA,淤滞的视网膜下积血仍将对视网膜产生损伤,故tPA的使用往往需要联合气体填充、视网膜切开术、玻璃体切除等其他治疗方法。PPV联合tPA治疗的常见并发症包括V H、复发视网膜下出血、视网膜脱离、青光眼以及角膜血染等[32]。Kitagawa等[40]在因PCV引起SMH的20眼行玻璃体内注射雷珠单抗、0.05 mL 25 μgt-PA和0.3 mL 100%全氟丙烷,治疗后有17眼(85%)
SMH完全吸收,术后6个月视力较术前明显提高,未观察到相关的不良事件。

2.4 气体填充

    1996年,Heriot首次对PCV患者进行玻璃体腔气体注射。在局麻后于角膜缘后4 mm处注入C3F8、SF6等惰性气体0.3~0.4 mL,术后嘱患者在24 h内保持俯卧位。气体填充多用于PCV合并视网膜下浆液性或出血性视网膜脱离时,在视网膜下积血凝固机化后单纯气体填充效果欠佳,因此单纯玻璃体内气体填充多用于SMH发生后的48 h内。

3 预后

3.1 临床预后指标

    总体来说,PCV视力预后并不理想。Cheung等[41]在亚洲地区研究了32例未经治疗的PCV患者的自然病程,平均随访时间为59.9个月,直到最后一次随访,62.5%的患者视力恶化。而PCV合并VH的患者视力预后比未合并VH患者的视力更差。PCV合并VH患者的视力预后受年龄、术前视力、PCV病变部位、视网膜下出血量、视网膜脱离范围、基线黄斑中心厚度、是否出现术后并发症以及是否形成视网膜瘢痕等因素影响[24,36]。视力预后最重要的决定因素是黄斑视功能的保留程度,若黄斑区无明显损伤,则术后视力预后相对较好,若其视网膜下出血或视网膜裂孔累及黄斑,视力将明显下降。部分PCV合并VH患者行PPV术后出现复发VH[42],复发出血的患者视力多低于0.05。

3.2 基因预后指标

    探寻强相关的视力预后预测因素具有较大的挑战性,由于所纳入的病例数少,既往研究中大部分预测相关因素难以得到有统计学意义的结果[36]。单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP)在预测PCV患者继发V H风险程度及视力预
后方面呈现出较好的应用前景。Sakurada等[14]分析了PCV患者LOC387715(rs=10490924)的基因多态性,发现与野生型纯合子(GG)相比,T T纯合子PCV患病风险是其8.4倍,而TG杂合子PCV患病风险是其4.0倍。PCV继发V H组和PCV未继发V H组在某些位点的基因频率存在差异,这提示基因检测或许可用于预测PCV患者继发V H风险程度。PCV继 发V H组 和PCV未继发V H组 在LOC387715位点的基因型频率存在显著差异,T T基因型在V H组中占88.9%,在非V H组中占37.0%,V H组 的T等位基因频率明显高于非V H组[14]。HTRA1 rs11200638等位基因中合并VH的PCV患者的A等位基因频率高于没有V H的PCV患者[43]。基因检测或许还能用于预测视力预后,在rs11200638中,G G基因型组的平均BCVA优于A A和AG基因型组的平均BCVA[43]。基因检测也为研究PCV的发病机制,提供了方向。LOC387715 mRNA编码的蛋白质定位于线粒体外膜,单个氨基酸改变可能对线粒体功能产生影响,这可能在PCV的发病机制中起重要作用[44]。HTRA1基因编码丝氨酸蛋白酶的胰蛋白酶家族成员,最可能的发病机制是基质金属蛋白酶表达的上调,从而导致细胞外基质降解的增强,进而引起脉络膜血管的病变[43]。Jones等[45]发现:HTRA1转基因小鼠具有脉络膜分支血管网、息肉样病变、血管弹性层严重退化等PCV的特点,这表明HTRA1的过表达可能使个体易患PCV。

4 结语

    本文主要介绍了PCV合并VH的临床特点、治疗方法及预后。PCV继发VH后视力明显下降,目前PPV是最主要的治疗方法,能有效提高患者视力,提高其生活质量。但PPV术后视力与VH前相比明显下降,且部分患者出现视网膜脱离、复发性出血、白内障、前房积血、继发性青光眼等并发症,总体视力预后差,期待未来有更好的方法可以控制PCV疾病进展,提高PCV合并VH患者的视力预后。

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1、白 求 恩· 朗 沐 中 青 年 眼 科 科 研 基 金 (BJ-LM2021014J)。This work was supported by the Bethune · Lumitin ResearchFunding for the Young and Middle-aged Ophthalmologists, China (BJ-LM2021014J).()
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