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原发性干燥综合征相关性干眼在眼科诊疗中的现状及研究进展

Current status and research advances in diagnosis and treatment of primary Sjogren’s syndrome associated dry eye disease in ophthalmology

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2019年9月 第34卷 第3期 163-169 发布时间: 收稿时间:2024/12/8 17:43:16 阅读量:499
作者:
关键词:
干燥综合征干眼泪膜
Sjogren’s syndrome dry eye disease tear film
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2019.07.01
收稿时间:
2019–06–06 
修订日期:
 
接收日期:
 

原发性干燥综合征 (primary Sjogren' s syndromeSS) 是一种主要累及外分泌腺体的自身免疫性疾病,患者通常因为严重的干眼症状首先就诊于眼科,大多数临床医师对原发性干燥综合征相关性干眼 (Sjogren' s syndrome dry eye diseaseSS-DED) 认识不足,可能导致漏诊和误诊。侵入性极小的客观检查及生物标志物的发展,将有助于发现 SS-DED 的真面目,并可能从新的角度阐释其发病机制,为其诊断、分类及治疗提供新的思路。SS-DED 的治疗没有特效的药物,大多数患者需接受多种方法的治疗,以了解哪些方法最有效。

Primary Sjogren' s syndrome is an autoimmune disease that mainly affects exocrine glands. Patients usually refer to ophthalmologists because of severe dry eye symptoms. Most clinicians have insufficient knowledge with dry eye disease associated with primary Sjogren' s syndrome probably leading to misdiagnosis or missing the diagnosis. The diagnosis of Sjogren' s syndrome dry eye disease (SS-DED) is difficult, but the extremely invasive objective examination and the development of biomarkers will help to understand this disease and explain its pathogenesis from a new perspective. There is no specific treatment for the SS-DED, and most patients should receive multiple treatments to select the optimal treatment. 

原发性干燥综合征 (primary Sjogren' s syndrome, SS)是一种主要累及外分泌腺体的慢性炎症性自身免疫性疾病[1],由于 SS 通常累及泪腺导致泪液分泌减少而产生严重的干眼症状,患者往往因干眼症(dry eye diseaseDED)就诊于眼科,因此,眼科医师发现并诊断原发性干燥综合征相关性干眼 (Sjogren' s syndrome dry eye diseaseSS-DED) 很可能成为排查 SS 的第一道防线。然而,尽管有许多的问卷量表和干眼检查项目,但诊断 DED 目前尚无 “金标准”,亦没有单一的检查能够诊断 SS-DED。对于 DED 的治疗,则因人而异,通常需要尝试数种干眼治疗方法才能找到适合有效的方案,对于 SS-DED 亦无特异性的治疗方法。尽管如此,针对 SS-DED 的病理生理机制的研究不断进展,新的干眼检查方法和治疗方案不断涌现,为 DED 及 SS-DED 的诊疗提供了借鉴。现针对SS-DED在眼科诊疗中的现状及研究进展作一综述。

1 SS-DED 概述

1.1 定义及现状

SS 主要累及唾液腺、泪腺、皮肤黏膜等外分泌腺体,其发病机制尚未明确,可能与外分泌腺的上皮细胞凋亡及自身抗原暴露,自身反应性T细胞和B细胞异常激活,Th1Th2 细胞失衡,MCH II 分子在泪腺异位表达等相关[2-4]。由于缺乏单一而客观的诊断指标,干燥综合征的诊断需要进行包括主观症状以及唾液腺、干眼、血清学和组织病理学等客观检查在内的多项指标评估。2016 年国际 SS 标准工作小组 ACR/EULAR 提出最新的 SS 分类标准[5],其适用于任何满足入选标准,并除外排除标准者,当下列 项评分总和 ≥ 时即可诊断为 SS1) 唇腺灶性淋巴细胞浸润,且灶性指数 ≥ 个灶 /4 mm2, 计 3 分 ; 2 ) SSA/Ro 抗体阳性, 3 分 ;3 )  至少单眼结膜角膜染色评分 ≥ 5 或 van Bijsterveld 计分法 ≥ 4,计 分;4 ) 至少单眼 Schirmer 试验 ≤ 5 mm/5 min,计 分;5) 未刺激的全唾液流率 ≤ 0.1 mL/min ( Navazesh 和 Kumar 测定方法),计 分。近年来 SS 国际诊断标准不断发展,更加重视客观检查的临床意义,同时需要联合眼科及口腔科医师共同评估,但由于 SS 的复杂性,目前任何诊断标准都远未完善,临床上仍存在诸多问题。

由于眼科医师对 SS 的认识和重视不足,欠缺从 DED 中筛选出 SS-DED 的观念和能力,不能及时将可疑 SS 患者转诊风湿科,往往导致误诊漏诊等严重后果,这一情况几乎出现在全球的眼科界。研究[6]显示:在美国的眼科中心,超过一半的眼科医师转诊 SS-DED 的比例小于 DED 患者总数的 5%18% 的眼科医师从未转诊过任何 SS-DED 的患者。究其原因,除对 SS-DED 认识及重视不够外,其发病机制、检测方法、诊断及治疗均缺乏统一的标准也是重要的因素。

1.2 发病机制

DED 的发病机制非常复杂,涉及眼表、泪腺结构和功能及其神经内分泌调节等多个方面[7]。国际泪膜与眼表协会 2017 年的干眼专家共识 (Dry Eye Work ShopDEWS)  II 得出结论:泪液高渗和泪膜的不稳定性是 DED 的核心驱动因素。高渗的泪液通过直接损伤和促进炎症形成 条途径损伤眼表,高渗性炎症环境促进角膜和结膜上皮细胞、杯状细胞的凋亡,进一步加剧了泪膜的不稳定性,而泪膜不稳定性和高渗性引起的炎症导致神经源性慢性炎症和疾病严重程度的加剧,这一过程称之为 “DED的恶性循环”[7-8]

1995 年美国国立眼科研究所将 DED 分为水液缺乏型 DED 和蒸发过度型 DED,水液缺乏型 DED 往往与 SS 相关,睑板腺功能障碍 (meibomian gland dysfunctionMGD) 也常常参与这一病理过程。有研究[9]表明:SS 患者常常比非 SS 的水液缺乏性干眼患者表现出更严重的睑板腺缺失。而蒸发过度型 DED 的主要原因为 MGD,其他原因还包括因解剖缺陷眼表长时间暴露,如面瘫、眼球突出症、眼睑重睑术后等[10]

2 SS-DED 的诊断

断 DED 是发现 SS-DED 的第一步,由于干眼检查的可重复性差,因此 DED 的诊断不能依靠单一的某一项检查,通常需结合症状和体征综合判断[11]

2.1 症状

评估症状目前是监测DED对生活质量影响的最佳途径[12]DED 是一种症状性的疾病,通常伴随慢性疼痛,从而影响患者的生活[13]DED 的临床试验中用的最多的问卷调查是眼表疾病指数量表 (Ocular Surface Disease IndexOSDI)、标准患者干眼评估量表 (Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness questionnaireSPEED)、干眼症状评估量表 (Symptom Assessment in Dry Eye surveySANDE) 等。其中 OSDI 应用最为广泛,不仅可以筛选诊断干眼患者,还可评估干眼的严重程度[14],其标准化方便临床应用[15]

干眼的症状和体征往往不一致[16-17],干眼症状问卷调查不具有特异性[18]。研究[19-21]表明:有干眼症状而没有体征的患者属于神经性疼痛,不是典型的 DED,但是许多 DED 患者同时具有干眼的眼表不适和神经疼痛的因素,如 SS-DED 就具有眼表以及全身神经性疼痛的特点。因此,DED 的诊断十分具有挑战性。大多数医师会从询问病史开始,如果患者有典型的干眼的症状,将会通过一些干眼的检查来确诊。

2.2 体征

评价 DED 的体征,最常用的检查是泪膜破裂时间 (tear film breakup timeTBUT)、角膜荧光素钠染色、结膜丽丝胺绿及虎红染色、Schirmer 试验。这些辅助诊断 DED 的常规检查都不具有特异性,滴入滴眼液或检查过程中接触刺激眼表都可能影响这些检查,观察者偏倚也会产生影响,以上因素都会导致症状和体征不一致[16]

2.3 评价 DED 的新方法

      2.3.1 泪液渗透压

泪液高渗能导致眼表炎症和损伤,因此被认为是 DED 的核心机制,但它并不能区分水液缺乏型及蒸发过度型干眼[8],泪液渗透压计利用极少量的泪液即可得到结果。有研究[22] 表明:泪液渗透压升高或变异性大代表泪膜稳定性差从而帮助诊断 DED。研究[23] 表明:泪液渗透压检查的敏感性和特异性均较高,可帮助诊断及随访 DED。同时还有研究[24] 表明:泪液渗透压与 DED 缺乏关联。Bunya [25] 发现:用泪液渗透压计反复测量 SS 患者时泪液渗透压变异性较大,导致泪液渗透压无法很好的诊断 SS-DED。此外,DED 的泪液渗透压阈值很难界定,有研究[26] 建议分界值为 308 mOsm/L,另有研究[27] 建议分界值为 316 mOsm/L。泪液渗透压是否是诊断 DED 的金标准尚待更多的研究。

      2.3.2 基质金属蛋白酶 -9

由于炎症被认为是 DED 病理机制的一部分,基质金属蛋白酶-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9MMP-9) 参与了 DED 和睑缘炎的发病机制,这一实验室检查的灵敏度为 85%,特异度为 94%[28]。有研究[29] 表明:40.4% DED患者泪液中 MMP-9 检测为阳性≥ 40 ng/mL),正常对照组中为 5.6%,在 SS 患者中,这一比例也明显升高。MMP-9 分级与 DED 症状和体征相关,可用于预测患者干眼程度并观察对治疗的反应[30];但另一项研究[31] 表明:MMP-9 检测为阳性或阴性的 DED 患者其症状和体征无明显差异。

      2.3.3 影像

眼表的影像学检查 (如 Keratograph 5M) 能帮助记录并判断眼表的病变,并能够区别水液缺乏型及蒸发过度型干眼[8],新的影像学技术能提供侵入性极小的客观测量(无需接触或滴入滴眼液),如非侵入性的泪膜破裂时间、泪河高度、睑板腺成像、眼红程度及脂质层厚度。检测的可重复性及稳定性较好[32],但不同机器间变异性较大[33]

      2.3.4 诊断 DED 患者中的 SS

SS 患者在诊断 SS 前可能因为 DED 的症状体征就诊于眼科,当患者的干眼伴随显著的眼表炎症、常规干预手段难以奏效或合并口干症状时,眼科医师应考虑 SS[34]。此外,眼科医师应注意病史的询问及全身情况的检查,许多自身免疫性疾病(如类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、系统性硬化病等)均可继发干燥综合征。角膜点染、结膜点染和 Schirmer 检查异常,均与唇腺活检及血清学阳性结果高度相关[35]。目前的实验室血液学检查能够发现 SS 的早期标志物,如唾液腺蛋白-1、腮腺分泌蛋白、碳酸氢酶VI,还有经典的 SS 标志物 SSA/RoSSB/La、抗核抗体、类风湿因子等[36]。如果检测为阳性,患者需被转诊至风湿科进一步评估,对SS生物标志物的早期识别有助于明确诊断,并提早对这种系统性、渐进性的疾病进行适当的干预[37]

虽然到目前为止还没有 “金标准 ”来区分 SS-DED 和非 SS-DED,但是在临床观察中,SS 患者的 DED 确实更严重,角膜荧光素钠点染、结膜丽丝胺绿染色、异常的 Schirmer 试验也更为显著,需要眼科医师加以关注。

      2.3.5 DED 炎症的生物标记

生物标志物颠覆了人们对 DED 的理解[38],其类型具有分子学、细胞学、组织学、放射学和生理学等特性[39]。炎症是所有 DED 的核心机制之一,包括 SS-DED。与 DED 的炎症相关的生物标志物包括T淋巴细胞,特别是辅助性 淋巴细胞-17 (Th17)[40],人类白细胞相关抗原-D (HLADR),以及一些细胞因子,如白细胞介素 (IL)-2IL-4IL-5IL-6IL-10,干扰素 (IFN)-γ,肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF)-α,IL-1β和趋化因子 (IL-8)[41]

有研究[42] 发现 DED 患者的 HLA-DR 水平明显高于正常人,而 SS-DED 患者的 HLA-DR 水平高于非 SS-DED 患者和正常人。细胞因子通过分析极少量 (1~4 μL)泪液样本可得,相关研究[38] 表明:DED 患者细胞因子水平升高。泪液中组织蛋白酶 S (cathepsin SCTSS) 被认为是 SS 患者特异性的生物标志物。研究[43] 显示:在 SS 患者中,CTSS 含量是非 SS-DED 患者的 2.1 倍,是正常人的 41.1 倍。对这些检测 DED 新方法的研究还在不断进展中,这些新方法对诊断 DED、确定其严重程度、监测治疗效果的临床价值也在不断探索中。

3 SS-DED 的治疗

对于 DED 有很多种不同的治疗方法,但没有哪一种疗法对每个人都有效,因此针对 DED 的治疗应尝试一系列的方法来确定哪种方法最有效。此外,SS 是一种系统性疾病,需结合系统治疗及局部治疗共同控制全身及局部症状[44],以下治疗方法只针对SS相关的角结膜干燥症状。

3.1 人工泪液

治疗干眼的首选通常是人工泪液,其选择需要根据临床表现来确定,不同的人工泪液其作用机制及疗效不完全相同。

3.2 抗炎治疗

由于炎症在 DED 的发病机制中起关键的作用,抗炎治疗一直以来备受重视,尤其是针对中度至重度 DED 患者,往往建议局部使用皮质类固醇。在许多研究中,皮质类固醇在减少 DED 的体征和症状方面是有效的,包括 SS-DED[45]。然而,长期使用类固醇滴眼液也有风险,如白内障、青光眼和感染,2~4 周的短期疗程可能降低以上风险[34]

局部环孢素 (Restasis) 是 FDA 批准治疗 DED 的三种药物疗法之一,但关于其长期使用的临床研究目前仍十分有限[46]5% 的 Lifitegrast 滴眼液 (Xiidra已获得美国 FDA 批准,它能抑制淋巴细胞功能相关抗原-1 (lymphocyte function associated antigen-1, LFA-1)与细胞间黏附分子-1  (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1) 的结合,并影响 细胞介导的免疫反应和 DED 相关的炎症[47]Omega-3 也被认为是一种针对 DED 的抗炎治疗[48],虽然最近有研究[49]表明其在 DED 中是有效的,但对于 SS-DED 是否有效还缺乏进一步的研究。

3.3 促泌剂

口服毛果芸香碱和 Cevimeline 可刺激泪液和唾液的分泌,这两种方法均适用于缓解 SS 患者的口干症状,然而美国还未批准将其用于治疗 DED。一些研究[50] 表明:它在治疗 SS 患者的 DED 中是有效的。Rebamipide (瑞巴匹特,一种抗溃疡药)和 Diquafosol tetrasodium (地夸磷索四钠)是日本批准用于治疗 DED 的局部促泌剂,可增加黏液和水液的分泌,改善角结膜染色,增加 TBUT[51]

3.4 其他治疗 DED 的方法

泪点栓塞法可阻止泪水从眼表流失,该方法可与其他治疗方法相结合[52]。从患者自身血液中提取的血清通常用于治疗严重的 DED,但来源有限,制作成本很高[53]。治疗性角膜接触镜可促进角膜上皮愈合,保护眼表不受眼睑和环境的影响,减少干燥,减轻患者不适感。对于 MGD 患者, DED 的治疗包括治疗眼睑疾病,如睑板腺按摩、热敷、连续控制的热压缩装置 ( Lipiflow 系统)、口服四环素和局部使用阿奇霉素等,均有助于睑板腺分泌,减轻由 MGD 引起的眼干不适。Oculeve 是一种正在开发中的装置,它通过神经刺激鼻泪腺通路,刺激泪腺分泌,增加 Schirmer 评分,减少眼表染色,目前还需要更多的研究来确定其安全性和有效性[54]。对于严重的 SS-DED,甚至需要手术干预,如睑裂缝合或缩小减少暴露。

由于 SS 为系统性疾病,应联合口腔科医师进行口腔疾病的管理,并及时转诊给风湿病医师进行全身治疗[55]

4 结语

DED 是 SS 不可分割的一部分,目前用于评估 DED 的检测方法均需要更多的基于大数据的证据来确定这些方法是否适用于诊断 SS-DED。生物学的可变性、缺乏可重复性和潜在的观察者偏倚使得当前的检测很难对 DED 的严重程度做出明确判断。大多数临床医师会结合症状和体征来评估患者,但对于 SS 的认识及重视不足,可能导致漏诊和误诊。而侵入性极小的客观检查及生物标志物的发展,将有助于发现 SS-DED 的真面目,并可能从新的角度阐释 SS-DED 的发病机制,为 SS-DED 的诊断、分类及治疗提供新的思路。SS-DED 的治疗没有特效的药物,且不同患者对不同治疗方法的反应亦不同,大多数患者都接受了多种方法的治疗,以了解哪些方法最有效。

目前有关 DED 的信息主要是建立在“所有干眼患者”的基础上,并不是只针对 SS 患者,尽管 SS 通常有更严重的 DED,但眼科医师对 SS-DED 的理解仍十分浅显。需要更多专门研究 SS-DED 的临床试验才能更好地理解这种复杂的系统性疾病。

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1、%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%EF%BC%9A%E6%9D%8E%E6%99%AF%E5%85%B0%2C%20%E9%AB%98%E8%89%BA%2C%20%E9%A2%9C%E9%91%AB%E9%9C%96%2C%20%E9%99%88%E6%96%87%E5%80%A9%2C%20%E6%9D%8E%E6%9C%9D%E8%BE%89.%20%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E7%87%A5%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%80%A7%E5%B9%B2%E7%9C%BC%E5%9C%A8%E7%9C%BC%E7%A7%91%E8%AF%8A%E7%96%97%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%B0%E7%8A%B6%E5%8F%8A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E8%BF%9B%E5%B1%95%5BJ%5D.%20%E7%9C%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%2C%202019%2C%2034(3)%3A%20163-169.%20doi%3A%2010.3978%2Fj.issn.1000-4432.2019.07.01%3CBr%3E%0ACite%20this%20article%20as%3A%20LI%20Jinglan%2C%20GAO%20Yi%2C%20YAN%20Xinlin%2C%20CHEN%20Wenqian%2C%20LI%20Zhaohui.%20Current%20status%20and%20research%20advances%20in%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment%20of%20primary%20Sj%C3%B6gren%E2%80%99s%20syndrome%20associated%20dry%20eye%20disease%20in%20ophthalmology%5BJ%5D.%20Yan%20Ke%20Xue%20Bao%2C%202019%2C%2034(3)%3A%20163-169.%20doi%3A%2010.3978%2Fj.issn.1000-4432.2019.07.01Cite%20this%20article%20as%3A%20LI%20Jinglan%2C%20GAO%20Yi%2C%20YAN%20Xinlin%2C%20CHEN%20Wenqian%2C%20LI%20Zhaohui.%20Current%20status%20and%20research%20advances%20in%20diagnosis%20and%20treatment%20of%20primary%20Sj%C3%B6gren%E2%80%99s%20syndrome%20associated%20dry%20eye%20disease%20in%20ophthalmology%5BJ%5D.%20Yan%20Ke%20Xue%20Bao%2C%202019%2C%2034(3)%3A%20163-169.%20doi%3A%2010.3978%2Fj.issn.1000-4432.2019.07.01
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  • 眼科学报

    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    承办:中山大学中山眼科中心
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    主办:中山大学
    承办:中山大学中山眼科中心
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    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
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