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激光周边虹膜切除术在原发性房角关闭治疗中的进展

Progress of laser peripheral iridotomy in the treatment of primary angle closure

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2019年9月 第34卷 第3期 170-176 发布时间: 收稿时间:2024/12/8 20:44:13 阅读量:293
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关键词:
原发性房角关闭激光周边虹膜切除术治疗进展
primary angle closure laser peripheral iridotomy progress of treatment
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2019.08.03
收稿时间:
2019–06–12 
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青光眼是全球第二大致盲眼病,第一大不可逆性致盲眼病,其中原发性闭角型青光眼(primary angle closure glaucoma,PACG)占 25%。激光周边虹膜切除术(laser peripheral iridotomy,LPI)已成为 PACG 和原发性房角关闭的一线治疗。LPI 机制为利用激光在周边虹膜上打孔,解除 PACG 的瞳孔阻滞,加深前房,扩大房角,恢复生理性房水排出途径,从而降低眼压。研究表明 LPI 在原发性房角关闭各个疾病进程中均能比较好的控制眼压,是相对安全的治疗方法。

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness and the most common cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) accounts for 25% of glaucoma. Laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) has become the first line treatment for PACG and primary angle closure (PAC). The mechanism of LPI is to use laser to create a hole in peripheral iris to relieve pupil block, deepen anterior chamber, expand chamber angle, restore pathway of physiological aqueous discharge and reduce intraocular pressure. Studies have shown that LPI can control intraocular pressure well in all stages of PAC, which is safe for PAC.

      青光眼是全球第二大致盲眼病,第一大不可逆性致盲眼病,约影响 8 000 万人口[1],其中原发性闭角型青光眼(primary angle closure glaucoma,PACG)占 25%[2]。不同种族和民族的患病率差异很大,超过 3/4 的患者生活在亚洲。在中国 PACG 导致至少 1 只眼致盲的人群超过 300 万,其中 150 万人双眼失明[3-4]。2019 年中国 PACG 诊治专家共识[5] 指出:虹膜-睫状体-脉络膜组成的葡萄膜病理生理改变在 PACG 发病机制中占重要作用,是 PACG 发生和发展的始动因素,并将 PACG 按发病机制分为 5 种类型:单纯瞳孔阻滞型、虹膜高褶型、睫状体前位型、晶状体位置异常型、脉络膜膨隆型。我国 PACG 患者多存在多种发病因素[5]。第 3 版眼科临床指南(Preferred Practice Patterns,PPP)从疾病进程考虑,认为 PACG 是原发性房角关闭(primary angle closure,PAC)的一类,将 PAC 分为四类:1) 可疑原发性房角关闭(primary angle closure suspect,PACS),指 ≥ 180° 的虹膜小梁网接触(iridotrabecular contact,ITC),眼压正常且无视神经损伤,无周边虹膜前粘连(peripheral anterior synechiae,PAS);2) 原发性房角关闭(primary angle closure,PAC),≥ 180° 的 ITC 和 PAS,或眼压升高,无视神经损伤;3) PACG,≥ 180° 的 ITC 和 PAS,和眼压升高,和视神经病变;4) 急性前房角关闭危象(acute angle-closure crisis,AACC)或急性原发性房角关闭(acute primary-angle closure,APAC),房角关闭伴有症状性眼压升高[6-7]

      1956 年,Meryer-Schwickerath [8] 首次使用氙弧光光凝器在虹膜上打孔。自上个世纪 70 年代以来,氩激光技术出现,激光周边虹膜切除术(laser peripheral iridotomy,LPI)被应用于临床。到 70 年代末,LPI 已成为 PAC 的一线治疗[9]。本文就 LPI 在 PAC 的应用进展做介绍。

1 LPI 工作原理及降压机制

      LPI 的基本原理是利用激光在周边虹膜上打孔,使前房和后房之间压力平衡,解除 PACG 的瞳孔阻滞,加深前房,扩大房角,促使虹膜远离小梁网,恢复生理性房水排出途径,从而降低眼压。激光打孔的位置应优先选择四个象限内虹膜隐窝或基质层较薄的部位,避开虹膜血管。临床上常规选择被上睑遮盖的上方虹膜区,以避免术后眩光的发生。而为避免受术中气泡的遮挡,一般不选择 12 点位进行 LPI。Srinivasan 等[10]研究报道:打孔位置与射击次数和总能量有关,上方虹膜 11~1 点较鼻侧 2~4 点、颞侧 8~10 点,需要更多击射次数和总能量,但 Vera 等[11] 报道激光射击次数和总能量与打孔位置无关。

1.1 氩激光

      氩激光的打孔原理主要是利用热效应,氩激光产生的热量被虹膜组织吸收,短暴露时间和高能量/面积比可降低热的传导,使组织达到临界沸点,产生气泡使组织破裂,并通过微爆破使组织产生光汽化现象,这种反应可在虹膜上打孔。连续波长氩激光手术有 3 种方法:1)  “隆起(hump)”技术;2)  “鼓面”技术,即先用直径较大,能量较低的光斑作用于虹膜,使虹膜局部隆起或充分伸展,再用小光斑、高能量的激光束穿透隆起或伸展部位;3)  直接用激光束多次烧灼虹膜,直至穿透虹膜[12]。用激光束直接穿通虹根据患者虹膜色深、浓密、厚的特点,金家炽等[13] 采用高功率、击射次数多的“原位分层透切法”,取得了满意的疗效。

1.2 钕:铱铝石榴石 (Nd:YAG) 激光

      Nd:YAG 激光是目前 LPI 广泛使用的激光能源,激光能量高,照射时间短,通过电化学作用使虹膜组织爆破。YAG 激光常采用 5~15 mJ 范围的能量水平,同时击穿虹膜基质和色素上皮。目前已成为临床上最为常用的 LPI 的能源[12]

1.3 其他激光及联合应用

      LPI 的其他激光技术还包括脉冲氩激光、钕:钇锂氟化物(Nd:YLF)激光、半导体二极管激光、氪激光、Q -开关红宝石激光、单脉冲染料激光、倍频 Nd:YAG 激光等[12]。彭大伟等[14] 曾在 200 只眼行氩激光和 Nd:YAG 联合周边虹膜切除术,先用氩激光做深达 2/3~3/4 基质厚度的分层击射,后用 Nd:YAG 激光做穿透击射,效果理想。王光洁等[15] 研究发现:氩激光和 Nd:YAG 联合激光逐层透切法性虹膜周边切除术可显著减少 2 种激光的能量,提高手术成功率,降低并发症发生率。李政康等[16]与冯春阳等[17] 先后报道:倍频 Nd:YAG 激光联合 YAG 激光治疗闭角型青光眼安全、有效。

2 LPI 的临床疗效

2.1 PACS

      对于 PACS,是否广泛预防性应用 LPI 尚存争议。卞爱玲等[18] 报道:PACS 组患者接受 LPI 治疗后 5 年以上的眼压控制满意率为 88.9%(16/18)。PACS 患者进行 LPI 短期及长期均能加深中央前房深度,且长期观察激光组前房深度变浅小于对照组[19-20],但这种效果在 12 个月后显著减少[21]。Peng 等[22] 随访了 LPI 术后 239 例 PACS 患者,评价随访时间为 56 个月,眼压高于 21 mmHg(1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa)的为 18%,7% 的患者需要进一步降眼压药物治疗,0.4% 的患者接受了抗青光眼手术。2010 年一项针对蒙古人群的大样本、随机对照研究[23] 提示:年龄 50 岁以上人群,无论是否进行预防性 LPI,1.6% 的 PACS 在 6 年内最终发展为 PACG,预防性 LPI 组与对照组无统计学意义。中山眼科中心何明光及其团队[2] 进行了一项 6 年单中心、随机对照试验,预防性 LPI 组对比未治疗组,发展为 PAC 的或者急性闭角型青光眼的风险降低了 47%,两组差异有统计学意义,但研究中观察到 PACS 进展为 PAC 的发生率小于 1%,远低于既往报道的 22%,19.4%[24-25],进行预防性 LPI 仅有少部分患者受益,故不推荐预防性 LPI 广泛应用于 PACS。

2.2 PAC

      目前,LPI 被认为是预防 PAC 患者房角关闭及治疗 PACG 反复发作的首选方法[18]。PAC 和 PACG 行 LPI 术后周边房角均明显增宽[26-29],但是长期眼压控制效果不佳。Dada 等[26] 使用 UBM 测量 54 只 PAC 眼 LPI 术前及术后 2 周的房角开放距离 500(Angle opening distance,AOD500)由 0.107 mm 增加为 0.208 mm,较术前增加了 94%。牟大鹏等[27] 报道:PAC 患者术后巩膜突前 750 μm处房角开放距离(angle opening distance,AOD)由(0.19±0.10) mm增至(0.40±0.41) mm(P < 0.05);前房深度(anterior chamber depth,ACD)由(1.64±0.44) mm 增至(2.70±2.32)mm(P < 0.05);房角隐窝面积(angle recess area,ARA)由(0.12±0.05) mm增至(0.23±0.09) mm(< 0.05)。一项前瞻性的研究[30] 显示:在 50 例 PAC 眼 LPI 术前和术后 1 个月进行不同的激发试验,使用散瞳剂后,LPI 术后眼压升高的比例由 26% 降至 15%。卞爱玲等[18] 报道:PAC 患者接受 LPI 治疗后随访 5 年以上,眼压低于 21 mmHg 为 38.8%(38/98),大于 21 mmHg 需联合药物或激光周边虹膜成形术为 48%(47/98),发生房角急性关闭或需联合滤过手术为 13.3%(13/98)。在 3 个回顾性研究中,PAC 患者 LPI 术后需要进一步治疗的比例为 42%[21],56%[31],67%[32],随访时间分别为 12 年、50 个月、46 个月,接受青光眼手术的比例为 0%~13%,PAC 进展为 PACG 的比列为 5%~9%[21,32]

2.3 PACG

      印度一项 39 只 PACG 患眼行 LPI 后,ACD,AOD500、小梁虹膜夹角(trabecular-iris angle,TIA)术前及术后 2 周无明显统计学差异[26]。Kaushik 等[28] 报道 PACG 患者 LPI 术前和术后 3 周通过房角镜观察,激光作用象限房角宽度增加了 200%,其他象限平均增加了 17%;UBM 测量 AOD500 由 110.2 μm 增加为 170.6 μm。3 项回顾性研究[21,30-31] 显示:83%~100% 的 PACG 患眼 LPI 术后需要进一步联合药物治疗,20%~43% 需要进一步联合抗青光眼手术治疗。若伴有急性发作病史,进一步手术率为 41%(11/27),明显高于没有急性发作病史手术率的 20%(21/103)。高 C/D 比值和房角粘连程度是 PACG 患者 LPI 术后需要行抗青光眼手术的危险因素[30]

2.4 APAC

      APAC 的初始治疗目标为降低眼压,解除急性症状,控制潜在的高眼压。由于 LPI 有相当好的危险-效益比,因此是最恰当的手术治疗方法[6]。Moghimi 等[29] 报道:52 只 APAC 接受 LPI 术后 6 周,房角镜观察房角由 0.25 级(Shaffer 等级)增宽至 1.22 级,增宽了 388%,通过前节 OCT(anterior segment OCT,AS-OCT)测量,鼻侧的 AOD500 和 TISA750 增加了 120% 和 93%。Ahmadi 等[33] 观察 150 只 APAC 眼,LPI 术前 PAS 为 180 °;LPI 术后 2 个月,上方激光孔和下方激光孔房角分别增宽了 0.11 级、0.16 级。Lim 等[34] 对 44 只 APAC 眼行 LPI,随访 1 年,发现术后 2 周房角增宽约 0.37 级,随访期间 PAS 稳定,但 43% 的患眼 IOP 超过正常值,需要接受药物或手术治疗。

      约 50% 的 APAC 对侧眼会在 5 年内呈急性发作[35],因此需对 APAC 对侧眼进行评估,若为解剖的窄前房角,需进行预防性 LPI[6]。Ahmadi 等[33] 研究发现 LPI 术后 2 个月,上方激光孔组和下方激光孔组分别增宽 0.11 级、0.16 级。Lim 等[34] 观察 APAC 对侧眼 PLI 术后 2 周房角增宽约 0.33 级,术后 4 个月增加约 0.98 级,且随访期间虹膜前粘连未发生改变。梁涛等[36] 报道对 18 例 APAC 对侧眼 LPI 术后暗室下进行 UBM 检查,发现至少 1 个方位发生接触性房角关闭的有 26 眼(33%),其中 3 min 暗室激发试验阳性的有 19 眼(24%)。Vera 等[37] 对 70 例 APAC 对侧眼行 LPI,平均随访 6.3 年,7% 进展为 PACG。Ang 等[35] 对 80 例 APAC 对侧眼随访 50.8 个月,发现 2 例进展为 PACG,8 例房角镜下观察到间歇性房角关闭,这 10 例眼压激光周边虹膜切除术(LPI)作为原发性房角关闭(PAC)和原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)的治疗手段,已在临床实践中证明其有效性与安全性。本文综述了LPI的工作原理、临床疗效及其在不同类型PAC患者中的应用进展。

3 LPI 和手术虹膜周边切除对比

      手术虹膜周边切除(surgical peripheral iridectomy,SPI)的原理和 LPI 相同,但因 SPI 需要切开眼球壁,具有增加患者痛苦、并发症多、增加患者经济负担等缺点,已基本被 LPI 取代[38]Go等[39] 对 149 例 PACG 患者 195 只眼进行了平均 44.5 个月的随访,发现 SPI 的眼压控制满意率为 75.3%,LPI 的眼压控制满意率为76.4%。Fleck 等[40] 对 52 只 APAC 对侧眼平均随访 11.8 月,发现 LPI 组和 SPI 组平均眼压分别为 14.3 mmHg和 14.9 mmHg,眼压和视力差异无统计学意义。Fleck 等[41] 对 21 例 APAC 患者行双眼 SPI,27 例行双眼 LPI,随访 3 年,LPI 组视力 0.57,SPI 组视力 0.30(= 0.08);LPI 组和 SPI 组眼压低于 21 mmHg分别为 70.4%和 71.8%(P > 0.05)。一项对 161 例 PACG 的回顾性研究报道[42] 显示:SPI 和 LPI 组的最佳矫正视力差异无统计学意义(= 0.63);但 LPI 组需要二次手术的风险明显高于 SPI 组。高新博等[43] 探讨 LPI 与 SPI 术后对血-房水屏障的影响,发现二者均影响血-房水屏障,术后 1 周内 LPI 重,2 周后基本恢复。

4 LPI 的并发症

      LPI 常见的早期并发症有暂时性眼压升高、虹膜睫状体炎,其他并发症包括前房出血、晶体损伤、角膜内皮损伤、激光孔闭塞、恶性青光眼、视力模糊、视网膜烧伤等[44-45]Waisbourd等[44] 对 66 例青光眼患者双眼行 LPI,结果显示:术后 0.5~2 h,12.1%(8/66)眼压较术前升高大于 5 mmHg,6.1%(4/66)升高大于 10 mmHg,其中 9.1% 需用降眼压药物治疗;19.7% 在 6 个月内因激光孔闭塞再次行 LPI;3%(2/66)发生前房出血,1.5% 发生眩光;暂时性眼压升高的程度在不同种族间有差异,差异无统计学意义。侯旭等[45] 回顾了 362 例 512 只眼进行 LPI 后的早期并发症,发现虹膜出血 107 眼(20.9%)、暂时性眼压升高 85 眼(16.6%)、虹膜睫状体炎 14 眼(2.7%)、角膜损伤10眼(2%)、晶状体损伤2眼(0.4%)、减压性视网膜病变 1 眼(0.2%)、渗出性视网膜脱离 2 眼(0.4%);虹膜出血在急性闭角型青光眼患者中发生率最高(33.7%,= 0.019),暂时性眼压升高在慢性闭角型青光眼患者中发生率最高(23.0%,P=0.047)。长期随访中,Vijaya 等[46]将 190 例接受 LPI 治疗的 PACS 患者和 3 015 例未接受 LPI 的对照组进行了 6 年的对比,发现治疗组白内障发生率明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。

      LPI 术后的视觉质量障碍主要包括视物模糊、重影、眩光、阴影及光晕等[10,47]。视觉障碍与虹膜周切孔位置、周切孔的大小、造孔总能量是否相关尚有争议。Congdon等[47] 研究了 217 例上方周切孔的 LPI 的患者与 250 例正常患者进行对比,发现 LPI 术后视觉障碍的发生与眼睑是否遮盖周切孔、周切孔的大小及激光总能量无相关性。Srinivasan等[10] 对比了 285 例上方周切孔的 LPI和鼻侧/颞侧周切孔的 LPI,术后鼻侧/颞侧周边孔的视觉障碍发生率较上方周切孔组高,但差异无统计学意义,结论与Congdon等[47类似。而Vera等[11则报道颞侧周边孔出现视觉障碍较少。

5 结语

      我国 2019 年版 PACG 诊治专家共识建议对于有房角关闭、眼压升高、有瞳孔阻滞因素的患者,首选 LPI 或者 SPI[5];若存在非瞳孔阻滞因素,则选择氩激光周边虹膜成形术(argon laser peripheral iridoplasty,ALPI)[38]。美国 PPP[6]建议各个阶段的 PAC 首选 LPI。考虑到闭角型青光眼为多因素发病机制,在临床中应该仔细鉴别LPI的适应证,为闭角型青光眼患者选择合适的治疗方法。

      综上,LPI 在 PACG 各个阶段均能加深房角宽度,能够比较好的控制眼压,是相对安全的治疗方法。但由于 LPI 治疗后,相当比例的患者需要进一步治疗,提示在临床工作中,对于PACG患者,解除瞳孔阻滞因素后,还需仔细鉴别是否合并其他发病机制,对 PACG 患者应进行定期随访。

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1、本文引用:何晶, 陆燕, 王振茂. 激光周边虹膜切除术在原发性房角关闭治疗中的进展[J]. 眼科学报, 2019, 34(3): 170-176. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2019.08.03
Cite this article as: HE Jing, LU Yan, WANG Zhenmao. Progress of laser peripheral iridoto my in the treatment of primary angle closure[J]. Yan Ke Xue Bao, 2019, 34(3): 170-176. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2019.08.03
Cite this article as: HE Jing, LU Yan, WANG Zhenmao. Progress of laser peripheral iridoto my in the treatment of primary angle closure[J]. Yan Ke Xue Bao, 2019, 34(3): 170-176. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2019.08.03
1、广东省医学科学技术研究基金 (A2018478)
This work was supported by Guangdong Provincial Medical Science and Technology Research Foundation (A2018478) , China()
2、南京市重点专科项目 (SZDZK2016008)
This work was supported by Key Specialized Projects of Nanjing (SZDZK2016008), China.()
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