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探索表皮玻璃疣:从多模式影像特点到临床诊疗的全方位解析

Exploration of cuticular drusen: comprehensive analysis from multi-modal imaging characteristics to clinical diagnosis and treatment

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2025年2月 第40卷 第2期 208-214 发布时间:2025-2-28 收稿时间:2025/2/13 15:10:20 阅读量:304
作者:
关键词:
年龄相关性黄斑变性表皮玻璃疣多模式影像眼底影像
age-related macular degeneration cuticulardrusen multimodal imaging fundus imaging
DOI:
10.12419/24110304
收稿时间:
2024-11-05 
修订日期:
2024-11-20 
接收日期:
2024-12-05 
随着多模式影像技术的应用,年龄相关性黄斑变性(age related macular degeneration, AMD)的一种特殊亚型:表皮玻璃疣(cuticular drusen)被发现,其与AMD尤其是非渗出性AMD又称干性(dry)AMD进展密切相关。但目前聚焦于AMD合并表皮玻璃疣的多模式影像特点等的相关文献较少,因此研究和阐明表皮玻璃疣的多模式影像特点、与其他AMD亚型玻璃疣的鉴别诊断、病理生理机制、治疗方法等具有重要的临床意义。运用多模式影像可以看到表皮玻璃疣呈双眼对称的无数散在的大小均匀的黄色视网膜下结节,典型的“星空状”荧光素钠眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography, FFA)表现, 以及光学相干断 层成像(optical coherence tomography, OCT)中视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelium, RPE)和Bruch膜之 间的锯齿状隆起。AMD合并表皮玻璃疣患者的分布特点个体差异很大,容易与AMD其他亚型的玻璃疣混淆,需要与硬性玻璃疣、软性玻璃疣、大胶质玻璃疣、Sorsby眼底营养不良(Sorsby's fundus dystrophy , SFD) 等相鉴别。研究表明表皮玻璃疣具有遗传性的类似动脉粥样硬化的发病机制,与RPE分泌的大型脂蛋白颗粒的堆积密切相关。未来可能会有针对补体系统的药物用于延缓表皮玻璃疣相关病变的进展。文章就表皮玻璃疣的临床表现、多模式影像的典型特点、鉴别诊断、遗传学基础、病理生理学发病机制、 并发症以及临床诊疗策略进行综述。

With the application of multimodal imaging techniques, a specific subtype of age-related macular degeneration (AMD),
known as cuticular drusen, has been identified. This subtype is closely associated with the progression of AMD, particularly non-exudative AMD, also referred to as dry AMD. However, there is a scarcity of literature focusing on the multimodal imaging characteristics of AMD combined with cuticular drusen. Therefore, studying and elucidating the multimodal imaging features of cuticular drusen, its differential diagnosis from other AMD subtypes of drusen, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment methods holds significant clinical importance. Multimodal imaging reveals cuticular drusenas numerous, symmetrical, evenly sized, yellow subretinal nodules in both eyes, exhibiting a typical "stars-in-the-sky" appearance on fluorescein angiography (FFA) and zigzag elevations between the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane on optical coherence tomography (OCT). The distribution characteristics of AMD patients with cuticular drusen vary greatly among individuals and can easily be confused with drusen from other AMD subtypes, so the differentiation from hard drusen, soft drusen, large colloidal drusen, and Sorsby's fundus dystrophy (SFD) is necessary. Studies suggest that cuticular drusen have a genetic, atherosclerosis- like pathogenesis which closely related to the accumulation of large lipoprotein particles secreted by the RPE. Future therapies targeting the complement system maybe employed to delay the progression of cuticulardrusen-related lesions. This article reviews the clinical manifestations, typical multimodal imaging features, differential diagnosis, genetic basis, pathophysiological mechanisms, complications, and clinical management strategies of cuticulardrusen.

文章亮点

1. 关键发现

•  报道并总结 AMD 的一种特殊亚型——表皮玻璃疣的眼底多模式影像表现、鉴别诊断、临床诊治等相关进展。

2. 已知与发现

•   表皮玻璃疣眼底彩照呈双眼对称的无数散在的大小均匀的黄色视网膜下结节,荧光素钠眼底血管造影 (fundus fluorescein angiography, FFA) 为典型的“星空状”表现,光学相干断层成像 (optical coherence tomography, OCT) 中视网膜色素上皮 (retinal pigment epithelium,RPE) 和 Bruch 膜之间的锯齿状隆起,需要与其他玻璃疣及 Sorsby眼底营养不良(Sorsby's fundus dystrophy , SFD)等鉴别。

3. 意义与改变

•  多模式影像的应用为表皮玻璃膜疣的诊治提供了重要依据,熟悉表皮玻璃疣的多模式影像特点有助于临床精准诊治。

       年龄相关性黄斑变性(age related macular degeneration, AMD)是50岁以上人群中常见的眼底致盲性疾病,也是老年人群视力丧失的主要原因。表皮玻璃疣是AMD的一种特殊亚型,于Gass1977年首次报道。他将小的圆形黄色视网膜下病变描述为表皮玻璃疣,指出这些小黄斑沉积物在荧光素钠眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography, FFA)的动静脉期中表现出强荧光,类似“天空中的星星(stars-in-the-sky)”或“银河系(milky-way)”表现[1-2],并将其定义为视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelium, RPE)基底膜的局灶性结节性增厚的“基底层状玻璃疣”。随后Russell等[3]的组织病理学研究表明,这些玻璃疣实际上位于RPE的基底层和Bruch膜的内胶原层之间。与Müller在1856年描述的“表皮层(包括RPE的基底层和 Bruch 膜的内胶原层)一致,术语“表皮玻璃疣”被用来表示与传统玻璃疣相似的超微结构[4-5],较最初的“基底层状玻璃疣”更准确。为了提高临床医生对表皮玻璃疣的认识,本文就其影像学表现、鉴别诊断、病理机制及治疗进行综述。

1 表皮玻璃疣的临床表现及多模式影像特征

1.1 表皮玻璃疣的临床表现

       表皮玻璃疣通常表现为无数(至少有50个)无症状的圆且大小均匀的(直径为 25~75 µm)黄色视网膜下结节,它们双眼对称,可随机、离散地散布在整个眼[1,5-7](图1A, B)。AMD中表皮玻璃疣的分布特点个体差异很大:这些沉积物不仅在黄斑区域聚集,还可延伸到周边视网膜甚至整个眼底[8]。表皮玻璃疣的临床病程在早期是相对良性的,类似小玻璃疣。然而,在60岁以上的患者中,以弥漫性受累和(或)伴随大玻璃疣为特征的临床表现可能会显著增加黄斑新生血管或黄斑萎缩的发生风险[7]
       表皮玻璃疣在早期通常不会导致视功能受损,但随着病变的发展,患者可能出现生理盲点扩大、弓形暗点、视野缩窄或视力下降等症状。表皮玻璃疣的临床及眼底表现均不足以与其他类型的玻璃疣鉴别,故其多模式影像学特征在诊断中起着至关重要的作用。

1.2 表皮玻璃疣的多模式影像特征

       与传统的眼底照相相比,眼底自发荧光(fundus autofluorescence,FAF)能够更灵敏地检测表皮玻璃疣,尤其在其早期阶段[9-10]。由于这些玻璃疣的RPE衰减主要局限于中央,而玻璃疣边缘RPE层较厚,形成典型的中央弱荧光,周边强荧光(即点状弱荧光围绕强荧光环)的自发荧光表现[6-7](图1E, F)。需要注意的是黄斑色素对激发光的阻断作用使表皮玻璃疣不能在中心区域被检测到,且中心区域之外的地方容易和其他AMD表型混淆。
      FFA中表皮玻璃疣呈现典型的“星空状”表现:FFA早期,表皮玻璃疣所在区域可见大量大小不一、单个点状或融合成簇的强荧光,形成类似星空的图案;黄斑区弱背景荧光:与周围正常组织相比,黄斑区的荧光强度较弱;晚期荧光变化:FFA晚期,表皮玻璃疣区域的荧光强度可能发生变化,如细点状荧光减弱,黄斑区大的点状荧光增强等[1,7-8](图1G, H)。FFA虽是传统的眼底血管检查手段,但其在表皮玻璃疣的诊断中存在一定的局限性。相比之下,吲哚菁绿眼底血管造影(docyanine green angiography, ICGA)具有更高的组织穿透力,能够更清晰地显示脉络膜血管结构,在表皮玻璃疣的发展过程中,若伴有脉络膜新生血管的形成,ICGA能够更清晰地显示出新生血管的形态和部位,有助于早期发现病变。表皮玻璃疣在ICGA中呈现多种特征,早期研究中表明表皮玻璃疣在ICGA早期即可表现出强烈的强荧光[11]。由于疣体对脉络膜的遮蔽作用,造影过程中始终为边界清晰的弱荧光区域。随着造影时间的延长,部分疣体可能因本身的染料着染,荧光逐渐增强,数量增多。
       光学相干断层成像 (optical coherence tomography, OCT)能够更清晰地显示RPE/Bruch膜复合体的变化,是诊断表皮玻璃疣和监测其进展的关键工具。玻璃疣主要由脂蛋白构成,开始于Bruch层电导率的逐步恶化[12]。OCT图像中,表皮玻璃疣有着典型小而尖锐的边缘,它在RPE的下方形成典型的RPE和Bruch膜之间的锯齿状隆起(图2A, B),这些小结节状突起是表皮玻璃疣在OCT上的直接表现[6,13-14]
       在多模式影像特征中,Chen等[15]通过OCT分析指出,表皮玻璃疣的体积和脂质积累可致新生血管性病变,尤其是视网膜下玻璃疣形成标志着AMD的进展。研究还发现,其脂质成分中的亲脂物质促进AMD发展,特别与1型黄斑新生血管病变相关,表明表皮玻璃疣形成既是AMD早期标志,也是预测病理进展的关键。
       Sura等[16]通过研究捐献者的眼组织,进一步量化了表皮玻璃疣的厚度及其对RPE-Bruch膜复合结构的影响。研究表明,表皮玻璃疣的存在加剧了RPE层和Bruch膜的厚度变化,且在OCT中可以通过“分层现象”识别。表皮玻璃疣的厚度增加是AMD早期病变的重要标志,其在OCT成像中的特征可以作为新生血管性AMD的潜在预测因子。

2 典型的表皮玻璃疣病例

       患者,女,44岁,2024年1月8日因双眼暗处视物不清数年于中山大学中山眼科中心就诊。裸眼视力:右眼0.4,左眼0.2,最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA):右眼1.0,左眼1.0,双眼眼前节正常,黄斑反光可见。视野检查双眼未见明显异常。双眼ERG示视杆、视锥反应正常。眼底多模式影像如图1所示。

图1 表皮玻璃疣的典型广角眼底彩照、短波长AF及FFA表现
Figure 1  Typical ultrawide-field color fundus photography, short-wavelength AF and FFA manifestations of cuticulardrusen

20250310093955_4706.png
(A、B)双眼广角彩照可见后极部无数圆形、小而均匀的黄色视网膜下结节,呈双眼对称分布于整个眼底;(C 、D)双眼广角 眼底彩照局部放大图;( E 、F)双眼短波长AF可见黄斑区散在玻璃疣。荧光信号呈点状弱荧光围绕强荧光环;( G 、H ) 双眼FFA见后极部及中周部视网膜弥漫性呈簇状分布视网膜下染色灶,累积黄斑区,造影全过程无渗漏;左眼可见颞侧、 下方、鼻下、鼻侧中周部视网膜小血管局灶性扩张渗漏。
(A, B) Presenting ultrawide-field color fundus photographs of both eyes:numerous small, uniform, round, yellow subretinal nodules are visible at the posterior pole of the retina in both eyes. These nodules are symmetrically distributed throughout the fundus of both eyes.(C, D)Enlarged partial images of the wide-angle color fundus photographs of both eyes. (E, F) Presenting AF images of both eyes, showing scattered drusen in the maculararea of both eyes. The fluorescence signal appears as dot-like hypofluorescence surrounding a ring of hyperfluorescence. (G, H) Displaying FFA images of both eyes, revealing diffuse, cluster-like subretinal staining foci in the posterior pole and mid-periphery of the retina, involving themaculararea. There was no leakage observed throughout the angiography process. In the left eye, focal dilatation and leakage were visible in the small retinal vessels of the temporal, inferior, inferonasal, and nasal mid-periphery.

图2  表皮玻璃疣的典型OCT表现
Figure 2 Typical OCT manifestations of cuticulardrusen

双眼OCT示后极部及中周部视网膜上皮层下可见多个大小不一、圆形或椭圆形的强反射团块,边界清晰。
OCT of Both Eyes, revealing multiple circular or oval hyper-reflective masses of varying sizes beneath the retinal epithelial layer at both the posterior pole and mid-periphery of the retina in both eyes, with clear boundaries.

3 表皮玻璃疣鉴别诊断

       前文提到Russell等[3]通过显微镜发现,表皮玻璃疣与典型的AMD相关玻璃疣在超微结构上相似,但其位于RPE的基底膜和Bruch膜的内胶原层之间,故与其他类型的玻璃疣相比,表皮玻璃疣较早出现影像学特征并表现出独特的形态和病理特征。其主要与典型玻璃疣(包括硬性玻璃疣和软性玻璃疣)、网状假性玻璃疣、大胶质玻璃疣、Sorsby眼底营养不良(Sorsby's fundus dystrophy, SFD)等相鉴别。
       当表皮玻璃疣优先位于周边视网膜时,可能会被误认为是硬玻璃疣,或如果它们生长和融合,可能会被误认为是软玻璃疣[17-19]
       表皮玻璃疣的荧光素血管造影(FFA)早期的强荧光通常出现的早于其他类型的玻璃疣[1,11]。而硬性玻璃疣及部分软性玻璃疣在FFA中因覆盖其表面的RPE常有萎缩及色素脱失而呈现透见荧光;软性玻璃疣则因疣体的荧光着染可呈现延迟出现的强荧光斑点[20]
       有学者提出,大胶质玻璃疣(large colloid drusen,LCD)可能构成表皮玻璃疣的变体[19]。LCD是位于双眼黄斑和/或周边视网膜的早发性黄色病变,起病于黄斑颞侧,大小约200~300 μm,位于RPE下。其在ICGA晚期及FFA早期下呈甜甜圈状荧光表现;OCT可见RPE沉积,小LCD不影响椭圆体带,大LCD可突入光感受器。LCD可伴后部多形性角膜营养不良,可能与角膜后弹力层(Descemet膜)和Bruch膜的均富含胶原的共同发病机制有关[21-22]
       25%~59.3% 的LCD病例不同程度地伴有表皮玻璃[23-24],亦被Gass称为多发性浆液性视网膜色素上皮脱离,其临床表现与软性玻璃疣及浆液性色素上皮脱离相似。在组织病理学检查中已发现这些病变中存在小范围的脉络膜新生血管并伴有渗出证据但并未出现基底层沉积物、Bruch膜钙化以及脉络膜毛细血管壁增厚[25-26]。也有学者认为,表皮玻璃疣可能与视网膜下玻璃疣沉积(subretinal drusenoid deposit, SDD,也称为网状假性玻璃疣)有关,网状假性玻璃疣OCT中表现为强反射物质在RPE之上沉积,同时椭圆体带呈波浪状隆起[7, 27]
      SFD是一种罕见的常染色体显性遗传性视网膜病变,患者通常在29岁左右出现症状,前期常有暗适应障碍和夜盲,主要表现为中心视力丧失。该病由基质金属蛋白酶3组织抑制剂(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3, TIMP3)基因突变引起,突变多位于第5外显子或之前的外显子-内含子交界区,导致TIMP3蛋白形成对细胞代谢产物分解有更强抵抗力的二聚体,聚集在RPE下和Bruch膜(形成玻璃疣),造成Bruch膜广泛增厚,继发视网膜下疣样沉积。早期病变为黄色疣样沉积物,比AMD发病早,逐渐发展为RPE萎缩。SFD患者在视力下降之前FFA 呈斑驳颗粒状表现,与玻璃疣不同,其眼底的黄白色沉积呈现弱荧光。SFD也常导致早发性脉络膜新生血管,引起50岁前视力丧失和黑视,与表皮玻璃疣形成鲜明对比[22, 28]

4 表皮玻璃疣的病理生理学与遗传学

       玻璃疣的形成与年龄增长、氧化应激、炎症反应、脂质代谢异常以及遗传因素等导致RPE的功能障碍和代谢紊乱有关,除了上述常见机制,表皮玻璃疣的形成还涉及Bruch膜的过度生长、神经髓鞘的异常代谢产物、神经纤维的轴浆运输阻滞等多种因素。形成的这些沉积物位于RPE和Bruch膜之间,可引起RPEBruch膜-脉络膜毛细血管复合体变性,进而导致黄斑区和后极部视网膜脉络膜萎缩变薄,影响AMD的病程和预后[29]
       针对表皮玻璃疣的病理生理机制,Curcio等[30]出了“油膜策略”的假说,认为表皮玻璃疣和软性玻璃疣的形成与RPE分泌的大型脂蛋白颗粒的堆积密切相关。这些脂质通过分泌大颗粒的富含胆固醇的脂蛋白堆积在Bruch膜的基底层,随着这些脂质颗粒逐渐积累,最终可导致RPE功能的衰退和新生血管性病变的发生。这种类似动脉粥样硬化的病变进程表明,表皮玻璃疣的形成与RPE功能受损、脂质外排受阻有直接关系,提示视网膜外层脂质代谢通路的失衡成为未来干预AMD进展的可能治疗途径。Chen 等[15]于2021年研究了表皮玻璃疣的脂质成分,发现其富含的亲脂性物质能够导致AMD的进展,尤其是与1型黄斑新生血管性病变的形成相关。这表明表皮玻璃疣的形成不仅是AMD的早期标志,还是预测其病理进展的重要因素。
       遗传因素同样在玻璃疣的发病中起着重要作用,表皮玻璃疣这类亚型发病年龄较早,年轻女性中更常见,遗传因素在其发展中起的作用比一般AMD人群更突出,更加具有特异性。2008年Boon等[31]发现,携带复合异源性CFH基因突变的个体会在年轻时出现早发性表皮玻璃疣。2020年Ahmed等[8]进一步分析了表皮玻璃疣患者的基因型,发现与传统的AMD患者共享多个高风险单核苷酸多态性(如CFH和APOE基因)的变异,但其发病机制有所不同。Fragiotta等[7]在2021年的研究发现,表皮玻璃疣的发生与免疫介导的炎症反应有着密切联系,尤其是补体因子H(complement factor, CFH)基因的402His变体在病理形成中发挥了关键作用,这一突变通常导致补体系统的异常,进而促进视网膜色素上皮下的沉积物形成。此外,纤维蛋白5(fibulin 5, FBLN5)基因的突变在视网膜细胞外基质的调控中起着关键作用,这为未来的基因治疗提供了潜在靶点。

5 表皮玻璃疣的并发症与治疗

       表皮玻璃疣在疾病的早期阶段在周边视网膜中发[31-32],病程具有动态变化的特征。Sato等[33]在2015年报告了一例表皮玻璃疣伴随视网膜血管瘤样增生的病例,进一步说明表皮玻璃疣与其他视网膜疾病同时存在并加重AMD病程的可能。Fragiotta等[7]指出,这类沉积物随着时间的推移会经历增大、融合和消退的过程,并最终可能导致视网膜色素上皮的异常,如黄斑区新生血管(macular neovascularization, MNV)或黄斑地图样萎缩[34-36]。Ven 等[32]的研究表明,表皮玻璃疣具有短期自我重塑的特性,为表皮玻璃疣的早期干预提供了依据,未来可能会有针对补体系统的药物用于延缓表皮玻璃疣相关病变的进展。
       目前,对于继发MNV的表皮玻璃疣的治疗相关资料较匮乏,少量研究表明可行抗VEGF治疗和微脉冲激光治疗,玻璃体腔注射抗VEGF药物(如法瑞西单抗等)能有效减少表皮玻璃疣合并MNV患者的复发率[37],延缓视力下降等其他并发症的进展[38]
       针对无任何特殊并发症的表皮玻璃疣相关AMD的治疗尚未有特效药物,可多摄入叶黄素、玉米黄质含量丰富的蔬菜、水果如胡萝卜、蓝莓、枸杞子等,但仍主要依赖早期检测和疾病监控——多模态影像学技术在早期发现表皮玻璃疣方面起到了重要作用,可有效预测疾病的进展和风险。

6 结论

       表皮玻璃疣作为AMD的一个重要亚型,其独特的临床表现、多模式影像特征、复杂的病理生理机制以及特定的遗传背景,为研究者深入理解和诊疗AMD提供了新的视角。通过本文的综述,研究者可以清晰地了解表皮玻璃疣在AMD病程进展中的关键作用,在早期预测AMD风险方面的重要性。尽管目前表皮玻璃疣的研究方面已经取得了显著的进展,但仍存在许多挑战和未解之谜。未来需要更精确的影像学技术来监测这种病变的演变过程,从而更早地识别AMD高风险患者。需要进一步探索表皮玻璃疣的早期干预和治疗手段,以减缓其病程进展并减少并发症的发生。通过综合运用遗传学、影像学和临床数据,有望为表皮玻璃疣相关的黄斑病变提供更加精准和有效的治疗策略。

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38、Porter RG, K arki SB. Choroidal neovascularization secondary to cuticular drusen treated with intravitreal bevacizumab[J] . Ret in Cases Brief Rep, 2 0 14, 8 (4 ) : 3 2 6 - 3 2 9. DOI : 1 0 . 1 0 9 7 / icb.0000000000000060.Porter RG, K arki SB. Choroidal neovascularization secondary to cuticular drusen treated with intravitreal bevacizumab[J] . Ret in Cases Brief Rep, 2 0 14, 8 (4 ) : 3 2 6 - 3 2 9. DOI : 1 0 . 1 0 9 7 / icb.0000000000000060.
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