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需要与 NTG 鉴别的神经眼科案例分析:病例系列报告和文献回顾

Differentiating neuro-ophthalmic cases from normal tension glaucoma: series case reports and literature review

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2025年8月 第40卷 第8期 653-664 发布时间:2025-08-28 收稿时间:2025/8/18 15:04:34 阅读量:43
作者:
关键词:
青光眼性视神经病变非青光眼性视神经病变正常眼压性青光眼鉴别诊断
glaucomatous optic neuropathy non-glaucomatous optic neuropathy normal-tension glaucoma differential diagnosis
DOI:
10.12419/25040801
收稿时间:
2025-04-16 
修订日期:
2025-05-28 
接收日期:
2025-07-25 
目的:通过真实的临床病例,分析青光眼与非青光眼性视神经病变的不同表现,提高疾病的鉴别诊断能力。方法:采用病例研究与文献回顾方法,记录3例易误诊为正常眼压性青光眼(normal tension glaucoma, NTG)的神经眼科病例,通过视力、眼压、瞳孔对光反应、视盘形态、RNFL厚度、视野损害等特点,抽丝剥茧,得出诊断。结果:病例1视野呈弓形缺损,但视盘凹陷不深,且对侧眼“视盘拥挤”,随访期间发生急性前部缺血性视神经改变(anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, AION),最终确诊“AION遗留视神经萎缩”。病例2视力下降、视野缺损与视神经结构损害不相符,经完善MRI确诊为“左侧视神经鞘膜瘤”。病例3青年男性,中心视力下降,视盘凹陷不深,根据DNA结果确诊Leber遗传性视神经病变(Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, LHON)。结论:通过几个典型的神经眼科病例,掌握AION、视神经鞘膜瘤、LHON的结构和功能损害特征,如视盘凹陷不深、中心视力下降、视神经结构损害与视功能不相符,与NTG相鉴别。
Objective: To analyze the differentiating manifestations of glaucomatous and non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies using real clinical cases and to enhance the ability to make differential diagnosis. Methods: By using case study and literature review methods, we recorded three neuro-ophthalmic cases that were prone to being misdiagnosed as normal tension glaucoma (NTG). The diagnosis was established by extracting features related to visual acuity, intraocular pressure, pupillary light reflex, optic disc morphology, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and visual field damage. Results: Case 1 presented with arcuate visual field defects, shallow optic disc cupping, and contralateral crowded discs. During follow-up, the patient subsequently developed acute anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), and the final diagnosis confirmed was confirmed as optic atrophy secondary to AION. Case 2 exhibited a disproportionate visual acuity decline and visual field defects that were inconsistent with glaucomatous structural damage. MRI confirmed the diagnosis of left optic nerve sheath meningioma. Case 3 involved a young male who presented with central vision loss and shallow optic disc cupping. Genetic testing confirmed Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Conclusions: Through these representative neuro-ophthalmology cases, we illustrate the characteristic patterns of structural and functional damage associated with  AION, optic nerve sheath meningioma, and LHON, such as shallow optic disc cupping, central vision loss, and inconsistency between  optic nerve structural damage and visual function. These findings highlight the key differentiating features of these conditions from NTG.

文章亮点

1.关键发现

· 文章报道了临床上容易与正常眼压性青光眼(normal tension glaucoma, NTG)相混淆的神经眼科病例,通过视盘形态、光学相干断层扫描技术 (optical coherence tomography OCT)和视野损害特点,了解缺血性视神经病变、视神经鞘膜瘤、Leber遗传性视神经病变(Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, LHON)的临床表现如视盘盘沿色淡、凹陷不深、视盘黄斑束容易受损、相对性传入性瞳孔障碍(relative afferent pupillary defect,RAPD)阳性、各类的视野缺损、中心视力损害重等,与NTG具有的青光眼性视神经结构和功能损害不同,眼眶MRI及基因检测有助于明确诊断。

2.已知和发现

· NTG的眼压在正常参考值范围内,对NTG的确诊有赖于对青光眼性视神经病变的判读,如杯盘比垂直性扩大,伴盘沿变窄、与之对应的颞上方和颞下方视网膜神经纤维层(retinal nerve fiber layer,RNFL)变薄,视野呈神经纤维束性特征缺损等。然而临床上很多眼底或视路疾病,都可能出现类似的视神经改变,使NTG诊断存在困难。

3.意义和改变

· 通过展示几个典型的神经眼科病例,加深眼科医生对青光眼与非青光眼性视神经改变的认识,提高对NTG和缺血性视神经病变、视神经鞘膜瘤、LHON等神经眼科疾病的鉴别能力。

        青光眼是一组以进行性视神经损害为特征的疾病,其病理机制是视网膜神经节细胞的丢失。青光眼性视神经病变的特征性表现为杯盘比(cup-to-disc ratio,C/D)垂直性扩大、颞上方和颞下方视网膜神经纤维层(retinal nerve fiber layer,RNFL)变薄、与之对应的盘沿变窄,并伴有神经纤维束性损害特征的视野缺损[1]。尽管眼压升高是青光眼的主要危险因素,但对于正常眼压性青光眼(normal tension glaucoma, NTG),由于眼压在正常参考值范围内,NTG的诊断需满足青光眼特征性的视神经损害,并排除其他可能导致视神经病变的疾病 [2]
        临床上多种视神经、视网膜以及视路疾病均可出现与青光眼性视神经病变相似的视神经改变,使NTG的诊断面临巨大挑战[3]。鉴别青光眼性与非青光眼性视神经病变始终是眼科临床实践中的难点。研究表明,约20%的非青光眼性大视杯被误诊为正常眼压性青光眼[4],尤其多见于引起神经纤维束性缺损的疾病:1)视神经疾病,如缺血性视神经病变和视神经炎后遗视神经萎缩、Leber遗传性视神经病变(Leber hereditary optic neuropathy,LHON)、常染色体显性遗传性视神经萎缩(autosomal dominant optic atrophy,ADOA)、中毒性视神经病变和外伤性视神经病变等;2)视网膜分支静脉阻塞;3)压迫性病变,如视神经鞘膜瘤、脑膜瘤、鞍区占位病变等;4)先天性疾病,如视盘发育不良、视盘倾斜综合征等;(5)其他异常,如生理性大视杯合并视神经萎缩性疾病、高度近视导致青光眼样视神经病变等[5-10]
        本文通过展示3个典型的、需要与NTG鉴别的神经眼科病例,旨在加深眼科医生对青光眼与非青光眼性视神经病变的认识。

1 资料与方法

        本研究回顾性收集在深圳市眼科医院确诊的3例神经眼科病例,分别为前部缺血性视神经病变(anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, AION)、视神经鞘膜瘤和LHON。本研究符合赫尔辛基宣言的伦理准则,获得患者的知情同意,并通过深圳市眼科医院伦理委员会审批(批件号:2025KYPJ150)。

1.1病例1

        患者男性,49岁,因右眼突发性视物遮挡感3个月于2023年3月7日至深圳市眼科医院就诊。无伴随眼球转动痛、眼胀、眼痛、头痛、头晕等不适,无明显进展,未曾治疗。否认其他眼病史、全身病史、外伤史和家族史。
        眼部检查:最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity,BCVA):OD 0.3 ~1.00D S→1.0/ OS 0.3 ~1.00 DS→1.0;双眼压平眼压12 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。双眼前节未见明显异常,瞳孔等圆等大,直径为3 mm,直接对光反射灵敏,相对传入性瞳孔阻滞(relative afferent papillary defect, RAPD)阴性,右眼视盘C/D=0.4,上方盘沿色淡,上方视网膜神经纤维反光消失;左眼视盘C/D=0.1,视网膜未见异常(图1A)。辅助检查:中央角膜厚度(central corneal thickness, CCT):右眼520 μm,左眼522 μm。右眼视野下方与生理盲点相连的弓形暗点,鼻下方损害更严重(图1B)。
        该患者为中年男性,单眼发病,患眼视力正常,眼压不高,视盘上方色淡且凹陷不深,对侧眼为拥挤视盘,患眼视野表现为与生理盲点相连、水平分界的弓形缺损。需鉴别右眼为NTG或AION后遗视神经萎缩。
        详细评估该病例,支持AION的诊断依据如下: 1)右眼视杯凹陷不深,血管无屈膝爬行;2)右眼上方盘沿颜色变淡,盘沿组织丢失相对轻,上方大片RNFL反光消失;3)患者有相对明确的视野缺损发病时间;4)单眼发病,对侧眼“视盘拥挤”,具备AION的危险因素。追问全身病史,患者否认患有高血压、糖尿病、高血脂、动脉粥样硬化、贫血等。患者右眼眼压正常、尽管视野缺损类似青光眼性视野损害,但视盘视杯改变不符合典型青光眼性视神经病变特征,建议患者密切随访,暂不治疗。
        3个月后患者因左眼突发视物模糊求治。检查发现左眼视力下降,眼压正常,眼底检查可见左眼视盘苍白水肿、下方视盘放射状出血(图1C)。眼眶磁共振成像(magnetic resonance,MRI)未见明显异常。由此确诊:左眼AION(急性期),右眼AION遗留视神经萎缩。
        完善感染性及免疫学指标检查:红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP) 结果正常,抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, ANCA)、抗核抗体(anti-nuclear antibody, ANA)、脱髓鞘抗体阴性,并排除梅毒、乙型肝炎、艾滋病等感染可能。患者年龄仅49岁,在较短时间内双眼先后发生AION,建议综合医院完善血糖、血脂、甲状腺功能、凝血功能、抗磷脂抗体、同型半胱氨酸和大血管超声如颈动脉、心脏超声、颅脑血管CT或MRI等检查,了解其发病原因。

图1 首次就诊的眼底照相和视野、三个月后的眼底照相 

Figure 1 Fundus photograph and visual field at the initial visit, and fundus three months later

图1:首次就诊的眼底照相和视野、三个月后的眼底照相 Figure 1 Fundus photograph and visual field at the initial visit, and fundus three months later
A 右眼眼底照相:右眼视盘C/D=0.4,上方盘沿色淡,上方视网膜神经纤维反光消失。B 右眼 Humphrey 视野24-2报告:右眼下方与生理盲点相连的弓形暗点,鼻下方损害重。C 三个月后左眼眼底彩照:视盘水肿,下方可见放射状出血。
A Fundus photograph of right eye: Cup-to-disc ratio 0.4 with pallor of the superior neuroretinal rim and loss of retinal nerve fiber layer reflectance superiorly. B Humphrey visual field 24-2 of the right eye: Inferior arcuate scotoma connected to the physiological blind spot, with more severe inferonasally. C Fundus photograph of the left eye three months later: Optic disc edema with radial hemorrhages in the inferior.

1.2 病例2

        患者男性,33岁,因左眼无痛性渐进性视力下降2个月于2024年4月20日于深圳市眼科医院就诊。无眼红、眼痛、视物遮挡、视物变形、视物重影,无头晕、头痛,未曾治疗。既往有高度近视病史。否认有其他眼病史、全身病史、外伤史和家族史。
        眼部检查:BCVA OD -6.75 DS→1.0/OS -6.50 DS→0.1。压平眼压:右眼18 mmHg,左眼21 mmHg。双眼眼前节正常,双眼瞳孔直径为3 mm,左眼RAPD(+),眼底可见视盘周边萎缩弧,右眼视盘色正界清,C/D=0.45;左眼视盘颞侧色淡界清,下方盘沿变窄,C/D=0.8(图2A)。辅助检查:双眼CCT 520 μm。OCT:右眼颞上方RNFL变薄,左眼颞上和颞下方RNFL变薄(图2B)。视野:右眼生理盲点扩大、下方旁中心暗点,左眼视野呈弥漫性视野缺损(图2C、D)。
        患者为青年男性,单眼无痛性视力明显下降,既往高度近视戴镜,双眼颞上方和左眼颞下方RNFL变薄,对应右眼下方鼻侧阶梯、左眼上方和下方视野缺损,符合青光眼性损害特征。然而患者双眼RNFL厚度相差不大,视野损害程度相差较大,右眼为鼻侧阶梯,左眼仅残存颞侧视岛,青光眼结构损害与功能损害严重程度不符(图3)。考虑到患者双眼高度近视,可能合并高度近视所致视野和视盘改变[11]。然而左眼残留盘沿色泽尚可,中心视力却严重下降,与青光眼或高度近视视神经病变均不相符。
        因此建议患者到外院完善颅脑MRI检查,重点扫描双侧视神经。结果提示:左侧前床突区左前缘、视交叉前外侧见类圆形异常信号灶,增强扫描病灶明显强化,初步诊断为左侧视神经占位病变(图4A、B)。患者于神经外科行经鼻内镜入路的左侧视神经肿物切除术。术中见肿瘤与视神经纤维粘连紧密,术后肿物送病理检查,最终确诊:视神经鞘膜瘤(图4C)。

图2 患者首次就诊的眼底照相、OCT和视野检查 

Figure 2 Fundus photograph, OCT, and visual field of the initial visit.

图2:患者首次就诊的眼底照相、OCT和视野 Figure 2: Fundus photograph, OCT, and visual field of the initial visit.
A 双眼眼底彩照:双眼视盘周边萎缩弧,右眼视盘色正C/D=0.4,左眼视盘颞侧色淡C/D=0.7。B 双眼眼底OCT:右眼颞上方RNFL变薄,左眼颞上和颞下方RNFL变薄。C 右眼视野:下方散在暗点。D 左眼视野:弥漫性暗点。
A Fundus photograph of both eyes: Peripapillary atrophy in both eyes. Optic disc in the right eye showed normal color and C/D of 0.4. Pallor in the temporal optic disc of left eye with a C/D of 0.7. B OCT of both eyes: Thinning of the RNFL in the superotemporal quadrant of right eye. Thinning of the RNFL in the superotemporal and inferotemporal quadrants of left eye. C Visual field of the right eye: Scattered scotomas in inferior. D Visual field of the left eye: Diffuse scotomas.

图3 双眼眼底OCT分析:双眼RNFL厚度相差不大。

Figure 3 OCT analysis of bilateral fundus: minimal difference in RNFL thickness between both eyes.

图2:患者首次就诊的眼底照相、OCT和视野 Figure 2: Fundus photograph, OCT, and visual field of the initial visit.

图4 颅脑和眼眶MRI增强序列和病理 

Figure 4 Cranial and orbital MRI contrast-enhanced sequences and pathology

图4:颅脑和眼眶MRI增强序列和病理 Figure 4: Cranial and orbital MRI contrast-enhanced sequences and pathology
(A)为水平位,(B)为冠状位:左侧前床突区左前缘、视交叉前外侧可见类圆形异常信号灶。(C) 病理检查:肿瘤细胞呈漩涡状排列,胞浆丰富,核卵圆形。
(A) is axial view, (B) is coronal view: At the left anterior clinoid region and prechiasmatic lateral area, a roundish abnormal signal focus is visible. (C) Pathological examination: The tumor cells exhibit a whorled growth pattern, with abundant cytoplasm and oval nuclei.

1.3 病例3

        患者男性,28岁,双眼无痛性视力下降半年于2024年8月16日至深圳市眼科医院就诊。无眼红、眼痛,既往未曾就诊。否认其他眼病史、全身病史、外伤史和家族史。
        眼部检查:BCVA: OD 0.7/OS 0.8。压平眼压:右眼12 mmHg、左眼15 mmHg。双眼眼前节未见明显异常,瞳孔等圆等大,直径为3 mm,直接对光反射灵敏,RAPD(-),眼底:双眼视盘C/D约0.8,凹陷不深,可见RNFL弥漫性缺损(图5A)。辅助检查:OCT示双眼颞上方、颞下方及颞侧RNFL明显变薄,颞侧变薄不符合青光眼特征性损害(图5B)。视野:双眼上方弓形视野缺损,跨越水平分界线,累及下方,伴生理盲点扩大和中心暗点(图5C)。
        患者为青年男性,双眼中心视力轻度下降,眼压不高,RNFL弥漫性缺损,视野类似弓形缺损,需要与NTG鉴别。患者相对年轻,双眼发病,视盘凹陷不深,不符合NTG的临床表现特征,需排除遗传、中毒和能量代谢障碍相关的视神经疾病。根据患者的职业和生活嗜好可排除中毒性视神经病变。遗传性视神经病变需考虑LHON可能。
患者就诊时发病已6个月,如果是LHON,视盘充血水肿已缓解,只能依赖线粒体DNA检测。结果回报:11778位点突变。结合患者的临床表现特征,最终确诊为LHON(图5D)。

图5 患者眼底照相、OCT、视野和基因检测报告 

Figure 5  Fundus photography, OCT, visual field, and genetic test results of the patient

图5:患者眼底照相、OCT、视野和基因检测报告 Figure 5: Fundus photography, OCT, visual field, and genetic test results of the patient
(A) 眼底彩照:双眼杯盘比扩大,视盘颞侧色淡,颞侧、颞上和颞下方RNFL缺损。(B) 眼底OCT:双眼颞侧视盘黄斑束RNFL明显变薄。(C) 视野:双眼上方视野缺损,跨越水平分界线,累及下方。(D) 基因检测:a 正常人序列;b 患者序列,11778位点突变,红色箭头表示G碱基突变成A碱基(G>A)。
(A) Fundus photograph: Enlarged cup-to-disc ratio in both eyes with temporal pallor and RNFL defects in the temporal, superotemporal, and inferotemporal sectors. (B) OCT: Significant thinning of the RNFL in the temporal papillomacular bundle of both eyes. (C) Visual field: Superior visual field defects in both eyes, crossing the horizontal midline and involving the inferior field. (D) Genetic testing: a Normal sequence, b Patient sequence showing a mutation at nucleotide position 11778 (indicated by red arrow): G→A base substitution.

2 讨论

        本文报道3个神经眼科病例,眼底表现容易与NTG混淆。Dias等人曾报道,青光眼专家根据眼底照相和视野鉴别青光眼和神经眼科疾病的准确率为84.5%,其中11.9%的NTG被误诊为神经眼科疾病,25%的非青光眼视神经病变被误诊为NTG,其中最容易误诊的是AION和遗传性视神经病变[12]
        AION急性期表现为特征性视盘苍白、视盘水肿,但其后期遗留的视神经萎缩,需要与青光眼尤其是NTG相鉴别。两者在视盘形态和视野损害方面表现相似,如视杯扩大、RNFL缺损、与生理盲点相连的视野缺损等,与二者共有的视神经纤维束性损害和相似的发病机制有关,如低灌注和血管调节障碍[12-13]。临床上两种疾病的鉴别要点在于AION具有急性中心视力下降病史、单眼发病者RAPD阳性等[14-15]。随着OCT成像技术的发展,近期研究者开始关注AION和NTG在筛板形态学和眼底血流的差异。Kim等[16]发现非动脉炎性AION(non-arteritic AION,NAION)和NTG患者RNFL损害程度相似而筛板形态存在差异,NTG患者筛板深度和筛板曲率指数明显大于NAION患者。Shin等[17]发现脉络膜微血管脱落面积和位置有助于鉴别NAION和NT 。因此临床诊断需结合病史、体征、瞳孔检查及多模态影像学综合判断,即使初步未明确诊断,如本文病例1患者,也需密切随访。
        遗传性视神经病变主要包括LHON和常染色体显性遗传性视神经萎缩(autosomal dominant optic atrophy,ADOA)。LHON急性期的视盘充血和神经纤维束水肿通常在几个月后消失,遗留视神经萎缩,表现为颞侧视盘苍白,盘周神经纤维层变薄和视神经异常凹陷[6, 18-22]。LHON的视野缺损主要表现为中心暗点,形态可能各异。比起高眼压的原发性开角型青光眼,NTG更容易出现中心暗点和视力下降,因此LHON 的视神经病变曾被误认为是NTG[23]。但研究表明,NTG患者的平均视盘深度和最大视盘深度均显著高于LHON患者[6]。此外,LHON具有明显的母系遗传特点,好发于青年男性。由于视网膜神经节细胞和视神经细胞变性,大多数患者在1年内视盘完全苍白,视力永久性、严重下降,通常低于0.1。基因诊断是LHON的确诊标准,当临床出现视神经萎缩超过半年、视野中心暗点、RAPD阴性的青少年,结合家族史,应完善LHON基因检测。ADOA是由于线粒体基因物质改变引起的神经节细胞能量代谢异常,致病基因包括OPA1~OPA8,我国最常见为OPA1。其发病年龄在10岁以前,学龄期患儿常因体检发现视力不佳或视盘苍白就诊,成年患者常因视神经萎缩就诊。眼底表现为颞侧视盘黄斑束变薄,视野以中心暗点多见,也有文献报道双颞侧或双侧颞上方视野缺损[24]。线粒体相关视神经病变的核心特点涉及能量代谢障碍、氧化应激损伤及视网膜神经节细胞(retina ganglion cells, RGCs)的选择性易损性,临床与病理机制具有独特特征。典型表现为双眼无痛性、对称性中心视力缓慢下降,大部分患者最终视力稳定在0.25~0.5。同时常伴随特异性的蓝-黄色觉障碍[25]。临床上发现视神经萎缩并伴有其他脑部、耳部、周围神经系统症状如神经性耳聋、眼外肌麻痹、眼球震颤,需警惕ADOA plus可能[26]。ADOA作为常染色体显性遗传,常有家族史,对于不典型表现或无家族史者,需借助线粒体基因检测明确诊断。
        占位性视神经病变也是NTG的重要鉴别诊断之一。视神经鞘膜瘤是起源于视神经鞘蛛网膜细胞的良性肿瘤,其病理特征为肿瘤细胞沿视神经鞘膜生长并压迫视神经纤维。临床早期主要表现为无痛性进行性视力下降,眼底检查可见视盘水肿或视神经萎缩。疾病早期若仅表现为视神经萎缩,需与NTG进行鉴别诊断,影像学检查有助于明确诊断。因NTG作为排他性诊断,需要充分排除其他眼部和全身疾病。视神经鞘膜瘤晚期表现为典型的三联征:单眼眼球突出、进行性无痛性视力下降和视神经萎缩。增强MRI检查可见特征性的"轨道征"(肿瘤强化包绕未强化的视神经),此为确诊的重要依据[27]
        感染是视神经病变的少见病因之一,常见病原体包括梅毒螺旋体、结核分枝杆菌、病毒和弓形体等,诊断标准包括急性视力下降、RAPD阳性、视野异常、CT或MRI可见感染病灶、视网膜坏死或缺血、感染性指标或病原体检测阳性、激素治疗加重等[28]。其中感染性视神经病变主要见于梅毒患者,梅毒可以表现为葡萄膜炎、视神经炎、视网膜炎和AION等[29-31]。研究人员分析32例眼部梅毒患者的临床特征和流行病学特征,发现15.8%表现为梅毒性视神经炎,同时6.2%并发视神经萎缩,3.1%并发青光眼[32]。若视神经病变患者合并皮疹、头痛、阿-罗瞳孔时,应考虑梅毒性视神经炎[33]。眼部结核一般表现为葡萄膜炎,结核性视神经病变可能表现为视神经视网膜炎、视盘炎、视神经萎缩和AION[34]。文章报道,结核患者在发生视神经炎之前均报道了全身结核感染病史,因此应详细询问病史,并关注病原体检测[29]
        中毒性视神经病变与营养不良性视神经病变的临床特征具有相似性[35]。中毒性视神经病变患者长期暴露于有害环境中,通常群体发病,多见于长时间服用特殊药物如乙胺丁醇、羟氯喹或接触有毒有害物质如甲醇、烟酒人群[36- 37]。营养不良性视神经病变普遍存在营养因素缺乏如维生素B1或B12,多见于恶性肿瘤和厌食症等。二者通常表现为双眼无痛性视力下降,早期视盘轻度充血水肿,慢性期视盘苍白和视神经萎缩,由于视盘黄斑束对物质代谢最为敏感,眼底表现为视盘黄斑束变薄,视野表现为中心暗点。由于大部分患者双眼同时受累、病情对称,故RAPD多为阴性。详细问诊患者的饮食、用药、职业和烟酒史有助于诊断[38]
        外伤性视神经病变与NTG虽病因迥异,但在视神经损伤的病理机制上存在相同点,包括血流动力学改变和轴浆运输障碍等[39]。共同的病理生理改变可导致相似的临床表征,如视杯扩大、视神经萎缩、RNFL厚度进行性变薄、特征性的神经纤维束性视野缺损等,晚期均可进展为管状视野或完全失明。二者的鉴别要点在于外伤性视神经病变具有明确的外伤及伤后视力下降病史,若没有合并房角损伤,其病程多呈单相性而非进行性发展。
        总结非青光眼性视神经病变的特征:1)视盘形态,盘沿颜色是鉴别青光眼性与非青光眼性视神经病变最重要的特征之一。后者通常表现为盘沿色淡或苍白,且视盘苍白范围超过凹陷范围。视神经炎和AION常见盘沿弥漫性或节段性苍白,LHON常见双眼颞侧对称性盘沿苍白。2)视网膜血管改变,非青光眼性视神经病变往往存在眼底血管改变,如动静脉变细、侧支血管变细等。3)RNFL缺损,非青光眼性视神经病变RNFL变薄最可能发生在颞侧,盘周RNFL蝶形缺损应首先考虑非青光眼性视神经病变的可能。但缺血性病变和视盘玻璃膜疣可能出现青光眼样RNFL缺损。4)视野损害,可表现为各种各样的视野缺损,中心暗点常见,视路以上的视野损害通常以垂直线为界。功能损害与结构损害不相符,如视野损害很重而视盘损害很轻。⑤其他,中心视力损害重、RAPD阳性、色觉异常等[40-41]
        与之相对,青光眼性视神经病变的特征如下:1)视盘形态,垂直杯盘比增大、视杯凹陷加深、盘沿变窄或切迹、盘沿宽度不符合ISNT法则、残留盘沿颜色正常,部分患者可见盘周线状出血及β萎缩弧。2)RNFL缺损,颞上方、颞下方最易累及。有研究表明,在相同的平均视野缺损情况下,青光眼性视神经病变比非青光眼性视神经病变的RNFL丢失更为弥漫和严重[42]。3)视野损害,青光眼性视野损害表现为神经纤维束损害,一般以水平线为界,与视盘改变、RNFL缺损有良好的相关性。早期表现为鼻侧阶梯、旁中心暗点,随着病情进展表现为弓形暗点、管状视野等。4)双眼对称,早期青光眼通常不影响中心视力,若患者主诉慢性视力下降,伴或不伴有眼胀、眼痛,可能为疾病晚期,眼底常表现为视盘苍白、RNFL广泛变薄、管状视野或颞侧视岛等。关于青光眼与非青光眼性视神经病变的关键鉴别点详见表1。
        综上,在青光眼尤其是NTG的鉴别诊断中,视神经结构和功能的特征性损害及两者的一致性是鉴别诊断的重点。OCT为视神经结构损害提供定量分析,视野为视路疾病提供定性和定位分析。确诊NTG依赖青光眼性视神经病变的判读,并且需排除先天性视神经异常、遗传性视神经病变、生理性大视杯、视盘缺损、缺血性视神经病变、压迫性视神经病变、营养性及中毒性视神经病变、假性低眼压相关疾病等非青光眼性视神经病变[43]。同时应关注患者全身情况,必要时完善颅脑和眼眶MRI、基因检测等措施以明确诊断。目前NTG诊断困境的主要原因是发病机制不清,从眼与全身病的角度认识NTG的病因可能加深我们对NTG视神经病变的理解。

表1 NTG与常见非青光眼性视神经病变的鉴别要点 

Table 1 Key diagnostic points for differentiating NTG from common non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies

鉴别项目

NTG

AION

视神经占位

LHON

家族史

部分有家族史

母系遗传

性别

无明显差异

无明显差异

无明显差异

青少年男性多见

眼别

双眼发病,病情程度可不一致

单眼多见

单眼多见

双眼多见

视力

早期正常,晚期缓慢下降

急性下降

进行性视力下降

永久性、严重性下降

眼压

正常

正常

正常

正常

RAPD

早期阴性,双眼病情不一致可能阳性

阳性

可能阳性

双眼病情不对称时可能阳性

视盘形态

杯盘比垂直性增大,伴有RNFL缺损、盘沿变窄

急性期视盘苍白水肿,后期视盘苍白、

早期水肿,晚期萎缩

急性期视盘充血、神经纤维水肿,后期遗留视神经苍白,颞侧多见,神经纤维变薄

视野缺损模式

神经纤维束性视野缺损,鼻侧阶梯、弓形暗点、环形暗点等

水平缺损

不规则缺损,与受压部位相关

中心暗点

影像学表现

OCT提示RNFL变薄,颅脑和眼眶MRI/CT未见异常

眼眶或视神经MRI/CT未见异常

颅脑或眼眶MRI/CT可见占位,如增粗、强化或邻近结构受压

部分患者MRI可见视交叉的“眼罩征“

 

危险因素

血管调节能力异常、偏头痛、低血压等

高血压、糖尿病、小视杯

肿瘤病史、甲状腺眼病、颅内压增高

男性、吸烟、饮酒、线粒体突变携带者

NTG:正常眼压性青光眼;AION:前部缺血性视神经病变;LHON:Leber遗传性视神经病变;RAPD: 相对性传入性瞳孔障碍;OCT:光学相干断层扫描技术;RNFL:视网膜神经纤维层。

NTG: Normal-Tension Glaucoma; AION: Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy; LHON: Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy; RAPD: Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect; OCT: Optical Coherence Tomography; RNFL: Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer.

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