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2023年7月 第38卷 第7期11
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Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征的眼部结构改变

Ocular structural changes in Fuchs uveitis syndrome

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 1-8 发布时间:2025-010-22 收稿时间:2025/10/21 11:16:10 阅读量:81
作者:
关键词:
Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征角膜虹膜晶状体视网膜脉络膜
Fuchs uveitis syndrome cornea iris lens retina choroid
DOI:
10.12419/25022302
收稿时间:
2025-02-27 
修订日期:
2025-05-07 
接收日期:
2025-06-16 
Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征是一种主要累及眼前节的慢性前葡萄膜炎。由于病因不明,诊断主要依赖于临床表现,因此眼部结构改变对该病的诊治极为关键。长期慢性炎症致使Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征患眼从角膜、前房至视网膜及脉络膜,均存在或明显或隐匿的结构改变。本文综述了患眼眼前节的特征性改变:角膜存在特征性的角膜后沉着物以及内皮细胞密度降低、形态改变;前房出现闪辉和细胞,房水中可检测到炎症因子和病毒;虹膜可见特征性萎缩,表现为脱色素和自体荧光改变。三者的结构改变直接反应炎症状态,可为病因机制研究提供线索。白内障和飞蚊症作为常见并发症,与反复的炎症相关,亦伴随着晶状体和玻璃体的结构改变。晶状体-玻璃体界面结构的改变为理解并发症的进展机制与防治方案提供了新思路。Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征的眼底结构改变隐匿。黄斑区视网膜厚度是否改变尚未定论,另有多项研究认为视网膜血流密度降低。视盘神经节细胞层厚度降低可能与并发性青光眼相关。脉络膜也存在血管层厚度和血流密度改变,也许是慢性炎症的表现。总而言之,关于Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征的眼部结构改变,尚有诸多疑问有待深入探索。
Fuchs uveitis syndrome is a chronic anterior uveitis that predominantly impacts the anterior segment of the eye. Since its etiology remains unclear, diagnosis largely relies on clinical manifestations.  Consequently, alternations in ocular structure play a pivotal role in both the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Due to the persistent nature of chronic inflammation, a range of structural changes occur, spanning from the cornea and anterior chamber to retina and choroid. This article provides a detailed account of the characteristic changes in the anterior segment. In the cornea, characteristic keratic precipitates are observable, accompanied by a reduction in endothelial cell density and morphological alterations. The anterior chamber exhibits aqueous flashes and cells, where inflammatory factors and viruses can be detected. Additionally, characteristic iris atrophy is visible, presenting  as depigmentation and altered autofluorescence. These three factors collectively reflect the inflammatory state and progress with the course, potentially offering insights into the etiological mechanism. Concurrent cataract and floates, which are common complications associated with recurrent inflammation, accompanied by structural changes in the lens and vitreous. Structural alterations at the vitreol enticular interface, located between the posterior lens capsule and anterior vitreous, provide valuable clues regarding the pathogenesis of complications and provide new perspectives for therapeutic strategies. The structural changes in the fundus of Fuchs syndrome are often insidious. While it remains undetermined whether the retinal thickness in the macular region undergoes changes, numerous studies suggest a decrease in retinal blood flow density. Thinning of the ganglion cell layer in the optic disc may be linked to concurrent glaucoma. The choroid also experiences changes in the thickness of vascular layer and blood flow density, which could be a manifestation of chronic inflammation. In conclusion, numerous questions regarding the ocular structural changes in Fuchs uveitis syndrome still await further exploration.

文章亮点

1. 关键发现

 • 本文梳理了 Fuchs 葡萄膜炎综合征 (Fuchs uveitis syndrome, FUS) 的眼部多维结构改变,涵盖特征性的眼前节改变,并发症相关的晶状体和玻璃体改变,以及隐匿的眼底结构改变。

2. 已知与发现

 • FUS 以角膜后沉着物、前房闪辉和细胞、虹膜萎缩为典型标志,结构改变提示发病机制可能与病毒感染相关。
 • FUS 的主要并发症为白内障及飞蚊症,晶状体 - 玻璃体界面结构间距改变及高反射物质沉积的影像学发现为阐明并发症相关机制提供了新视角。
 • 多项研究表明 FUS 眼存在视网膜和脉络膜厚度、血流密度改变,但具体改变模式尚未明确。未来研究或可将眼底结构作为 FUS 眼慢性病程监测靶点。

3. 意义与改变

 • 明确 FUS 的眼部结构改变,对于临床精准诊疗至关重要,且对疾病的发病机制研究以及防治方案探索有启示作用。

       Fuchs葡萄膜炎综合征(Fuchs uveitis syndrome, FUS)是一种主要累及眼前节的慢性非肉芽肿性葡萄膜炎,在我国葡萄膜炎患者中占5.7%~7.0%,多单眼发病[1]
       FUS的病因尚未明确,可能是与自身免疫反应、病毒感染等多因素作用相关[2]。由于发病隐匿,病理机制复杂,FUS的临床表现多样,极易误诊、漏诊[3]。Yang等[4]制定了适合中国患者的FUS诊断标准,国际葡萄膜炎命名(The Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature, SUN)工作组提出FUS的分类标准[5]。两者均以临床体征为主要判断标准。可见眼内结构改变作为诊断FUS的核心依据,对其精准诊治至关重要。本文系统归纳了该病的眼内结构改变,旨在帮助临床医师深入理解该病特征,并期望为该病的机制研究提供启示。

1 FUS眼前节结构改变

1.1 角膜

       大多数FUS眼可在裂隙灯下见特征性的星状或者中等大小的角膜后沉着物(Keratic precipitates, KP),弥漫分布于整个角膜后壁[6]。在眼前节光学相干断层扫描仪中,KP呈中低反射率,无明显突起[6]。Mocan等[7]使用活体共聚焦显微镜,发现FUS患者的KP主要有四种形态:小而圆、点状、树枝状和球状。当存在多种形态的KP时,出现频率最高的类型被定义为“原发型”,频率较低的为“继发型”。树枝状KP是最常见的原发型KP(85.0%),其次为点状KP(15.0%)。继发型KP以点状(58.3%)、球状 (27.8%)和树枝状(13.9%)为主。研究者提出,树枝状KP提示FUS诊断的可能,若未观察到树枝状KP,则FUS诊断可能存疑。值得注意的是,树枝状KP多见于感染性葡萄膜炎,提示FUS的病因可能与感染相关。部分研究认为FUS可能与病毒感染相关。Kang等[8]观察房水检测风疹病毒(rubella virus, RV)(24例)与巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus, CMV)阳性(8例)的FUS患眼临床症状,发现两组KP形态相似,但RV组未见色素性KP,而CMV组见1例色素性KP,1例环形分布的硬币状KP。KP的形态学特征有助于FUS的诊断,目前人工智能诊疗成为新的研究趋势,收集FUS的KP形态用于智能识别,可能有助于精准诊断。特征性的KP形态,对FUS的病因和发病机制研究也有提示作用。
       多项研究证实FUS角膜内皮存在结构异常,内皮细胞密度降低、形态改变是主要的特征。Sravani等[9]使用镜面显微镜对31例患者进行横断面分析,发现FUS眼内皮细胞密度显著降低,而平均细胞大小、变异系数和最大细胞面积显著升高。Simsek等[10]使用镜面显微镜观察评估也得出相似的结论。Cai等[11]还发现FUS眼角膜内皮细胞密度、六角形细胞百分比和角膜中、后基质层的密度值密切相关。Pu等[12]使用角膜内皮镜检查459名FUS眼,发现FUS眼的内皮细胞密度、细胞计数、总细胞大小和六角形的中位值均较对侧眼低,且内皮细胞密度降低与发病间隔时间、KP分布有关。然而,KP与角膜内皮的具体相关性及其机制仍需进一步研究。

1.2 前房

       房水闪辉及轻微前房细胞是FUS的特征之一,提示眼前节血-房水屏障被破坏的可能。Küchle[13]使用激光闪光细胞计测得FUS眼房水闪辉值轻微升高(12.1±3.6光子计数/ms),但显著高于正常对照组(4.1±1.3光子计数/ms)。Fang W等[14]使用同样的仪器得出相似结论,患眼房水细胞计数为5.09±4.84个/mm3,显著高于正常对照组(1.14±1.03个/mm3, P=0.000),且房水闪辉值与细胞计数呈正相关(r=0.331, P=0.001)。此外,在KP较多和虹膜脱色素较明显的患眼中,房水闪辉值和细胞计数更高。
       Wang等[15]检测FUS眼房水中的炎症因子,并与老年性白内障比较,发现FUS眼的房水细胞因子水平显著升高,且白内障严重程度与房水中白细胞介素-6和白细胞介素-8水平呈正相关,提示房水中的炎症状态可能与并发性白内障发生相关。Zhang等[16]回顾性分析FUS眼房水中炎症因子及病毒表达情况,发现18例患者中,房水CMV和RV均为阴性,但RV阳性12例,CMV抗体阳性1例。因此对于疑似FUS的炎症性眼病,房水检测RV或可辅助诊断。细胞因子检测显示,27.8%白细胞介素-6轻度升高,提示轻度炎症的存在。研究还发现,多数患者房水中细胞黏附分子(87.5%)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(87.5%)轻度升高,提示眼内新生血管化程度、水肿情况及增殖性纤维化状态均较轻微。通过前房穿刺获取房水进行细胞学或者免疫学检测,可为FUS诊治以及并发症的病因学研究提供新思路。

表 1 FUS 前房炎症指标对比
Table 1 Comparison of anterior chamber inflammation in FUS

检测指标

仪器/方法

FUS组

正常对照组

临床意义

房水闪辉值[13]

激光闪光细胞计

12.1±3.6光子计数/ms

4.1±1.3光子计数/ms

提示血-房水屏障破坏

房水细胞计数[14]

激光闪光细胞计

5.09±4.84个/mm³

1.14±1.03个/mm³

与KP分布、虹膜脱色素正相关

细胞因子[16]

房水细胞检测

白细胞介素-6(27.8%)、细胞黏附分子(87.5%)、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(87.5%)升高

 

反映轻度慢性炎症、新生血管化程度和水肿、增殖性纤维化情况

病毒抗体阳性率[16]

房水抗体检测

RV 66.7%,CMV 5.6%

 

支持病毒相关性病因假说

1.3 虹膜

       虹膜萎缩是FUS最具特殊性的体征之一。浅色虹膜因脱色素可出现明显的虹膜异色,但前部虹膜基质的进行性萎缩可能逐渐暴露虹膜色素上皮的实质区域,导致晚期虹膜颜色反而更深(反色异色症) [3]。深色虹膜的患者早期脱色素可能轻微甚至不可见,晚期才较明显[4]。流行病学研究显示,FUS的虹膜异色症发生率存在差异:伊朗队列中较为罕见,而欧洲人群中发生率较高。研究者认为,白色人种较低的虹膜色素密度使脱色素改变更易被识别,这可能是导致差异的主要客观因素[17]。但在同一人种中,不同人的虹膜色素密度也存在差异,难以进行比较。为了便于临床评估,Yang等[4]建议使用裂隙灯窄光带法评估虹膜脱色素程度。在正常眼中,窄光带只能看到光滑的虹膜切线,脱色素时,虹膜切线旁可见半透明区,范围随脱色素的严重程度增大,据此可将虹膜萎缩程度分为 0-III 级(图1)[18]。该评估方法便捷高效,极具临床实用价值。Escribano等[19]使用广域前节OCT评估FUS虹膜萎缩情况,应用image J测量虹膜基质厚度,并计算虹膜表面从中心点到外围点的直线与虹膜前表面的实际轮廓之间的比值作为虹膜光滑指数。结果显示FUS眼各象限虹膜基质厚度均低于健康眼,而虹膜光滑指数更高。该方法可客观定量分析虹膜参数,助力深入的临床研究。

图1 虹膜萎缩分级[18]
Figure 1 Grading of iris atrophy

20251022152540_5721.png
       虹膜脱色素源于间质中黑色素的缺失和萎缩,因此,Liu等[20]提议通过使用共聚焦扫描激光检眼镜采集虹膜的荧光成像,客观检测虹膜中黑色素的情况以辅助诊断。他们发现FUS眼虹膜的特征性自身荧光成像:色素皱襞中有中度但不连续的自体荧光,在瞳孔边缘区有花瓣状的自体荧光,虹膜小环区有中度的自体荧光,睫状体区有网状的自体荧光,且自体荧光成像异常早于FUS临床特征出现。这提示虹膜自体荧光成像或可实现FUS的早期精准诊断。然而,其特征性表现尚需更大样本研究进一步验证。
       FUS眼的虹膜结节主要表现为Koeppe 结节,绒毛状松软外观,可持续存在,偶尔见 Busacca 结节[1, 21]。FUS基本不发生虹膜后粘连[4]。有学者推测,这可能与FUS眼特定的眼内微环境相关[2]

1.4 特征性改变与病因

       角膜、前房与虹膜在眼内解剖结构上邻近,其结构改变是诊断FUS主要依据。近年研究聚焦于病毒感染假说,多项研究发现FUS眼房水中存在病毒的遗传物质,特别是RV和CMV[8]。不同的病毒可能驱使差异性的临床表型。Daicker[22]等研究房水检测CMV阳性的葡萄膜炎患眼,发现虹膜平滑肌细胞、睫状体和Schlemm管内皮细胞中存在的CMV,初步解释了为何这类患眼常见虹膜萎缩和眼压升高。Yermalitski等[23]比较了房水检测CMV阳性和RV阳性的FUS眼,未发现CMV组出现虹膜异色症,而在RV阳性眼中则有39.5%出现虹膜异色症。探究角膜、前房与虹膜结构改变的相互关系和深层机制,或可揭示FUS的病因,值得进一步探索研究。

2 FUS并发症相关眼部结构改变

2.1 并发性白内障

       并发性白内障是FUS患者视力下降的主要原因,也是最常见的并发症[24],其发生率在15%~80%,差异与病程时间和疾病的严重程度有关[25]。FUS并发性白内障以晶状体后囊混浊为典型首发表现[26]。确切机制虽未完全阐明,但可能与反复炎症导致晶状体通透性改变有关[27, 28]。不必要的类固醇治疗也增加了FUS并发性白内障的风险。Tekin等[28]在12只FUS眼的白内障手术中获取部分晶状体上皮进行电镜观察,发现均存在相似的显著超微结构改变:晶状体上皮细胞不规则增厚,上皮组织不同区域均有小空泡。此外,部分区域还检测到广泛的椭圆形色素簇。研究者认为,FUS患者晶状体上皮超微结构改变可能与氧化应激、眼内炎症和虹膜萎缩有关[29]

2.2 飞蚊症

    飞蚊症主要由玻璃体混浊引起,是FUS的常见并发症,即使最佳矫正视力处于正常范围,由于玻璃体混浊的存在,患者仍会明显感觉到视功能异常[33]。FUS眼的玻璃体混浊多位于前段玻璃体,与初期的中间葡萄膜炎类似,但无雪球征和周边视网膜血管炎[33]。Ram J[34]观察的20只FUS患眼中,有39%出现玻璃体混浊。Keles[35]观察到,在接受白内障手术的83只FUS患者中,18例(21.6%)存在玻璃体混浊。飞蚊症主要由玻璃体混浊引起,是FUS的常见并发症,即使最佳矫正视力处于正常范围,由于玻璃体混浊的存在,患者仍会明显感觉到视功能异常[30]。FUS眼的玻璃体混浊多位于前段玻璃体,与初期的中间葡萄膜炎类似,但无雪球征和周边视网膜血管炎[30]。Ram等[31]观察的20只FUS患眼中,有39%出现玻璃体混浊。Keles等[32]观察到,在接受白内障手术的83只FUS患眼中,18眼(21.6%)存在玻璃体混浊。
       玻璃体细胞也见于FUS患者。Ozer等[33]观察21只FUS眼的玻璃体细胞,并使用葡萄膜炎命名标准化工作组对玻璃体细胞的分级标准进行评估,其中4眼(19%)评级为0,4眼(19%)评级为(+),6眼(29%)评级为(++)、4眼(19%)评级为(+++)、3眼(14%)评级为(++++)。Nalçacıoğlu等[34]观察炎症稳定的171只FUS患眼,在部分眼由于白内障无法评估的情况下,仍有120眼(70.2%)可观察到玻璃体细胞评级为(+)~(+++)。
       Kang等[8]比较房水检测RV阳性(24例)与CMV阳性(8例)的FUS患眼玻璃体炎症情况,发现RV组62.5%存在玻璃体细胞,66.7%出现玻璃体混浊,显著高于CMV组(25.0%玻璃体细胞,25.0%玻璃体混浊),且RV组玻璃体炎症程度更严重。提示玻璃体炎症的严重程度或有助于区分FUS不同的病因。但是其他潜在病因未纳入研究,并且样本量较少,需要更多研究进一步验证。

2.3 Berger空间

      玻璃体混浊与细胞的存在也许提示着轻微的玻璃体炎症,但尚未明确这是否与并发性白内障的发生发展相关。前段玻璃体与晶状体之间由Wieger韧带的透明包膜黏附而形成的空间,被称为Berger空间。Özdamar等[35] 首次使用高分辨率谱域光学相干层析成像技术分析20只FUS眼Berger空间改变,发现其中央、鼻侧、颞侧2mm处间距分别为(715±101)μm、(620±66)μm、(676±76)μm,与健眼和对照组相比差异均有统计学意义。另外, 13只FUS患眼(65%)在Berger空间中发现高反射点,可能为炎症细胞与蛋白物质沉积所致。未来对Berger空间的深入研究,或有助于阐释FUS两大并发症的发病机制,并为防治提供思路。

3 FUS眼底结构改变

3.1 视网膜

       作为前葡萄膜炎,FUS眼底结构的改变在早期未受重视,然而,近期研究发现FUS眼的眼底结构也存在变化。Balci等[36]测量15例FUS患者的黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度,发现患眼和对侧眼(251.7 µm vs. 254.5 µm)差异无统计学意义。但另一项研究中,FUS眼的黄斑中心凹厚度高于对侧眼[37]。FUS眼的黄斑区视网膜厚度存在矛盾结论,可能与患者病程、测量运算方式不同相关。此外,多项研究发现黄斑区视网膜血流密度存在降低情况。Aksoy等[38]使用光学相干断层眼底血管成像技术评估FUS眼的黄斑区血流密度,发现FUS眼组浅层血管层各象限的黄斑中心凹和旁中心凹区域血流密度均显著低于对侧眼组和正常对照眼。深层血管层各象限中心凹血流密度在3组间比较差异无统计学意义,但FUS眼的旁中心凹血流密度显著降低。组织病理学研究指出,FUS眼虹膜血管损伤可能由缺血引起[39]。Cerquaglia等[40]提出,同样的病理过程也可能影响脉络膜血管。有研究者假设,类似的缺血原因也可能影响FUS患者的眼睛中的视网膜毛细血管丛[38]。本团队的研究发现,在黄斑区旁中心凹区域,FUS眼在浅层和深层的视网膜血流密度均低于对侧眼和正常眼[41]。黄斑区作为视力最敏锐的区域,其轻微的结构改变可能导致视功能异常。本团队使用基于贝叶斯自适应的快速对比敏感度函数定量分析25例患者,发现FUS患者对比敏感度明显降低,但其与黄斑区视网膜血流密度无相关性[41]。这一阴性结果也许受到屈光间质混浊的干扰,提示未来可以探索具有透明屈光间质的FUS患者的对比敏感度与眼底改变的相关性,也可能FUS视功能损害的眼底结构改变与目前研究的区域并不匹配,需要进一步分层、分区域研究。
       Bouchenaki等[42]研究的105例FUS患者中,12眼(10.3%)见视盘充血或视盘边缘模糊,2眼(1.7%)出现视盘苍白萎缩。Balci等[36]测量15例FUS患者的视盘神经纤维层厚度,患眼和对侧眼视盘神经纤维层厚度(108 µm vs. 109 µm)没有明显变化。然而,Zarei等[43]研究了43只FUS患眼与37只对侧眼的视网膜神经纤维层厚度,FUS组平均值为(115.0±11.9)μm,明显高于对侧眼的(103.0±10.7)μm。Balikoglu等[44]随访了27例FUS患者初次和末次就诊时的眼底情况,患者的中位病程为11个月,发现FUS患眼的视盘神经纤维层厚度在随访期内没有改变,但平均神经节细胞层厚度低于对侧眼。神经节细胞的丢失主要位于鼻下象限。研究者提出,神经节细胞内丛状层厚度可能是诊断和随访疑似青光眼的FUS患者的一个有价值的参数。对于FUS患者,应长期随访并监测其神经节细胞丢失情况。

3.2 脉络膜

       多项研究表明,FUS眼中心凹下脉络膜厚度(Subfoveal choroidal thickness, SFCT)较正常眼变薄。Balci等[39]发现FUS患眼的平均SFCT为276.7±22.9μm,小于对侧眼(313.6±26.8μm)和健康对照组(318±40.1μm)。Kianersi等[40]的研究中,FUS眼的SFCT为(344.51±91.67μm),也明显低于对侧眼(375.59±87.33μm)。但是,Balci等[48]的研究中,未发现FUS患眼与健眼在视网膜和中心脉络膜厚度上存在显著差异。多项研究表明,FUS眼中心凹下脉络膜厚度(subfoveal choroidal thickness,SFCT)较正常眼变薄。Balci等[36]发现FUS患眼的平均SFCT为(276.7±22.9)μm,小于对侧眼的(313.6±26.8)μm和健康对照组的(318.0±40.1)μm。Kianersi等[37]的研究中,FUS眼的SFCT为(344.51±91.67)μm,也明显低于对侧眼的(375.59±87.33)μm。但是,Balci等[45]的研究中,未发现FUS患眼与健眼在视网膜和中心脉络膜厚度上的差异有统计学意义。
       关于FUS眼的脉络膜血流密度呈下降趋势,各项研究达成了一致。Ozer等[46]使用增强深度成像光学相干断层扫描及ImageJ测量FUS眼中心凹下脉络膜血管密度,发现其与健康对侧眼和对照眼相比均显著降低,且与内皮细胞密度之间呈正相关,研究者建议将脉络膜血管密度作为反映FUS慢性病程的参数。Ozcelik等[47]使用同样的方法测量中心凹下脉络膜血管密度,并评估了其他与炎症相关的体征,如前房细胞和玻璃体混浊评分,他们同样发现患眼脉络膜血管密度降低,但这些慢性炎症参数与平均SFCT、脉络膜血管密度之间没有明显的相关性。
       脉络膜富含血管,易受到炎症性和全身性疾病影响。尽管脉络膜受累并非FUS特征性改变,但上述研究提供了FUS眼存在明显脉络膜厚度和血管改变的证据。脉络膜结构改变也许是慢性炎症的表现,因此或能反映慢性病程的情况。脉络膜结构改变与FUS病程、前节炎症的相关性等仍存在诸多疑问。Ruiz等[48]探讨了脉络膜厚度与虹膜厚度、前房细胞等的相关性,但未得到阳性结果,这需要多方向、更大样本量的进一步研究。        

4 结语

       综上所述,FUS眼存在一系列眼内结构的改变。眼前节特征性改变(星状或者中等大小的角膜KP、轻度前房闪辉和细胞、虹膜萎缩等)直接反映炎症的状态,随着病程延长而加重,并与FUS的病因研究密切相关。FUS并发症(白内障、飞蚊症)的发病机制尚未明晰,Berger空间的研究提供了新的启发。眼底结构的改变目前尚未明确,需要进一步研究,其与炎症和病程的关系也等待研究者的探索。

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1、国家自然科学基金(82271076)。
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82271076).
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82271076). ( )
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