目的：分析新疆眼科资源配置现状，为优化地区资源配置提供依据。方法：采用问卷调查收集新疆眼科医疗机构数、床位数、医师数及护士数资料，运用洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数评估其在人口和地域面积的配置公平性。结果：2024年新疆每10万人口有眼科医疗机构0.68个、眼科床位13.90张、眼科医师7.68人、眼科护士5.88人。按人口配置：眼科医疗机构数、眼科床位数、眼科医师数、眼科护士数的基尼系数分别为0.22、0.23、0.26、0.29（相对公平）；按地域面积配置：眼科医疗机构数、眼科床位数、眼科医师数、眼科护士数的基尼系数分别为0.40、0.60、0.59、0.60（高度不公平）。结论：新疆眼科资源总量显著提升，但地域配置公平性极差（基尼系数普遍大于0.4），护士配置明显不足。亟须优化资源配置策略，重点提升地域（尤其是偏远广阔地区）可及性并加强护士队伍建设。

Objective: To analyze the equity of ophthalmic resource allocation in Xinjiang and provide evidence for optimizing distribution. Methods: Data on the number of ophthalmic medical institutions,beds, physicians, and nurses in Xinjiang were collected through questionnaires. The Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were used to evaluate allocation equity in terms of population and geographic area. Results: In 2024，Xinjiang had 0.68 ophthalmic medical institutions,13.90 ophthalmic beds, 7.68 ophthalmic physicians,and 5.88 ophthalmic nurses per 100,000 population. Population-based allocation showed Gini coefficients of 0.22, 0.23, 0.26,and 0.29 for ophthalmic institutions,beds, physicians,and nurses respectively (relatively equitable). Geographic area-based allocation yielded Gini coefficients of 0.40, 0.60, 0.59, and 0.60 for the same categories (highly inequitable). Conclusions: While the total ophthalmic resources in Xinjiang have significantly increased, geographic allocation remains extremely inequitable (Gini coefficients generally >0.4), with particularly insufficient nurse staffing. Urgent optimization of resource allocation strategies is needed, focusing on improving accessibility in remote areas and strengthening the nursing workforce.

目的：评估分析新疆地区14个地州6~18岁学龄儿童青少年屈光参差的患病率、空间分布特征和影响因素，为制定区域性眼健康干预策略提供科学依据。方法：采用横断面研究设计，纳入新疆地区14个地州的小学、初中及高中学生共64 277名，收集其人口学特征、屈光状态及地域分布数据。通过等效球镜度（spherical equivalent，SE）评估屈光状态，近视为SE ≤ -0.50 D，屈光参差为眼间SE差异≥1.0 D，采用Moran's I分析屈光参差患病率的空间分布，采用单因素及多因素回归分析探讨屈光参差的危险因素。结果：屈光参差的总体患病率为17.9%（95% CI：17.6%～18.2%），女性屈光参差患病率（18.8%）高于男性（16.9%），汉族（23.9%）高于维吾尔族（11.7%）和其他民族（18.4%）（P<0.001）。屈光参差患病率呈空间聚集分布(Moran's I = 0.450，P = 0.043，Z = 2.026)，并且存在地域差异，昌吉最高（24.1%），克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州最低（7.9%），城市（19.0%）高于农村（15.6%），北疆（19.9%）高于南疆（13.5%）（P<0.001）。屈光参差的患病率与年龄呈正相关，6岁为9.8%，18岁达22.4%。多因素回归分析显示，女性、北疆地区、近视和较高年龄是屈光参差的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论：新疆地区学龄儿童青少年屈光参差患病率较高，在空间上呈聚集分布，且存在显著的人口学及地域差异，女性、北疆地区、近视和较高年龄是屈光参差的独立危险因素，建议加强对高危人群的视力筛查及早期干预。  

Objective: To evaluate and analyze the prevalence, spatial distribution characteristics, and influencing factors of anisometropia among school-aged children and adolescents aged 6-18 across 14 regions in Xinjiang, thereby providing a scientific foundation for formulation of regional eye health intervention strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, including 64,277 students from primary, middle, and high schools in 14 prefectures of Xinjiang. Data on demographic characteristics, refractive status, and geographical distribution were collected. Refractive status was assessed using spherical equivalent (SE). Myopia was defined as SE ≤ -0.50 D, and anisometropia was defined as an interocular SE difference ≥ 1.0 D. Moran's I analysis was used to evaluate the spatial distribution of anisometropia prevalence. Additionally, univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for anisometropia. Results: The overall prevalence of anisometropia was 17.9% (95% CI: 17.6%-18.2%). The prevalence was higher among females (18.8%) compared to males (16.9%), and higher among Han Chinese (23.9%) than among Uyghurs (11.7%) and other ethnic groups (18.4%) (P<0.001). The prevalence of anisometropia showed a spatially clustered distribution (Moran's I = 0.450, P= 0.043, Z-score = 2.026) , with notable regional variations. Changji had the highest prevalence (24.1%), while Kizilsu Kirghiz Autonomous Region had the lowest (7.9%). Urban areas (19.0%) had a higher prevalence than rural areas (15.6%), and northern Xinjiang (19.9%) had a higher prevalence than southern Xinjiang (13.5%) (P<0.001). The prevalence of anisometropia was positively correlated with age, increasing from 9.8% at age 6 to 22.4% at age 18. Multivariate regression analysis showed that female gender, residing in northern Xinjiang, myopia, and older age were independent risk factors for anisometropia. Conclusions: The prevalence of anisometropia among school-aged children and adolescents in Xinjiang is relatively high, showing a spatially clustered distribution with significant demographic and regional disparities. Female gender, residing in northern Xinjiang, myopia, and older age are independent risk factors for anisometropia. It is recommended to enhance vision screening and implement early intervention for high-risk populations.

目的：了解新疆喀什地区英吉沙县7~16岁儿童青少年弱视患病情况及其相关因素，为制定科学有效的眼健康防控策略提供依据。方法：选取新疆喀什地区英吉沙县3 261名在校儿童青少年，对其进行裸眼视力、最佳矫正视力、屈光度、眼位和眼底情况等检查，并通过问卷调查收集其基本人口学信息、近视家族史、用眼情况和睡眠情况，采用Logistic回归分析7~16岁儿童青少年弱视患病的相关因素。结果：英吉沙县儿童青少年弱视的患病率为1.99%（95%·CI: 1.51~2.47）。弱视患病率在学生类型、性别、近视家族史、主观睡眠质量、每天写作业时间、每天睡眠时间等方面比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05），在斜视、近视、远视、屈光参差、每天使用电子产品时间等方面比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多因素回归分析结果显示，斜视、远视、屈光参差及每天使用电子产品时间与弱视相关，对应的OR值相应为3.82（95%CI: 1.93~7.58，P＜0.001）、10.88（95%CI: 4.85~24.40，P＜0.001）、13.54（95%CI:6.84~26.78，P＜0.001）和0.25（95%CI: 0.12~0.54, P＜0.001），合并斜视、远视或屈光参差的儿童青少年患弱视的风险增加。每天使用电子产品时间＞60 min的儿童青少年患弱视风险较使用时间≤60 min降低。弱视类型以屈光不正性弱视和屈光参差性弱视为主。结论：在新疆喀什地区英吉沙县7~16岁儿童青少年人群中，屈光不正和屈光参差是弱视患病的主要原因。斜视、远视、屈光参差、每天使用电子产品时间是弱视的影响因素。

Objective: To conduct a comprehensive investigation into the prevalence of amblyopia and its influencing factors among children and adolescents aged 7-16 in Yingjisha County, Kashi, Xinjiang. The ojective is to furnish a solid basis for formulating scientific and effective eye health prevention and control strategies. Methods: A total of 3,261 school-aged children and adolescents in Yingjisha County, Kashi, Xinjiang, were selected for this study. The examinations included uncorrected visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity, refractive error, ocular alignment, and fundus condition. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic information, family history of myopia, daily eye-use habits, and sleep status. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software, and logistic regression was employed to explore factors associated with amblyopia in children and adolescents aged 7-16. Results: The study revealed that the prevalence of amblyopia among children and adolescents in Yingjisha County was 1.99% （95% CI: 1.51-2.47）. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the prevalence of amblyopia across student type, sex, family history of myopia, subjective sleep quality, daily homework duration, or daily sleep duration. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in cases involving strabismus, myopia, hyperopia, anisometropia, and daily screen time. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that strabismus (OR = 3.82, 95% CI: 1.93-7.58, P < 0.001), hyperopia (OR = 10.88, 95% CI: 4.85-24.40, P < 0.001), and anisometropia (OR = 13.54, 95% CI: 6.84–26.78, P < 0.001) were positively correlated with amblyopia. Conversely, children and adolescents who used electronic devices for >60 minutes per day had a lower risk of amblyopia (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.12-0.54, P < 0.001) compared to those with ≤60 minutes or less of daily screen time. The most common type of amblyopia was mixed amblyopia （60.00%）, followed by anisometropic amblyopia （23.08%）, refractive amblyopia （12.31%）, and strabismic amblyopia （4.62%）. Among mixed amblyopia cases, the combination of refractive amblyopia and anisometropic amblyopia was the predominant pattern （64.10%）. Conclusions: Refractive errors and anisometropia are the main causes of amblyopia. Strabismus, myopia, hyperopia, anisometropia and the duration of electronic device use are identified as influencing factors for amblyopia.

散光是儿童视力发育的重要威胁之一，很多情况下其发生与眼表疾病的进展密切相关。非先天性眼表疾病如睑缘炎相关性角结膜病变、春季角结膜炎、干眼、感染性角膜炎和眼外伤等可通过慢性炎症介导的眼表微环境失衡、角膜瘢痕产生、泪膜稳定性破坏及角膜生物力学结构异常重塑等途径，导致角膜表面不规则性的产生和角膜曲率的改变。先天性眼表疾病如圆锥角膜、睑内翻和眼表肿瘤等则可通过遗传或发育异常改变眼睑结构、改变角膜曲率的对称性和机械压迫角膜产生散光，例如遗传疾病圆锥角膜的进行性角膜变薄与发生春季角结膜炎时眼表微环境的炎症性改变可协同作用加剧散光进展。针对不同病因，局部糖皮质激素滴眼液、免疫抑制剂环孢素滴眼液等药物使用和手术治疗均可改善患儿本身的病情和散光情况，只是不同疾病的治疗和散光矫正方案不尽相同。现有研究虽指出了部分儿童眼表疾病与散光的关联，但对于儿童的特异性机制部分如发育过程中免疫系统的变化、角膜可塑性差异及各种因素交互作用效应尚未完全解析。

Astigmatism is a significant threat to children's visual development and is often closely linked to the progression of ocular surface diseases. Non-congenital conditions, such as blepharitis-associated keratoconjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis, dry eye, infectious keratitis, and ocular trauma, can induce irregularities on the corneal surface and changes in corneal curvature. This occurs through mechanisms like the ocular surface microenvironment imbalance mediated by chronic inflammation, corneal scarring, tear film instability, and abnormal corneal biomechanical remodeling. Congenital disorders, including keratoconus, entropion, and ocular surface tumors, can also lead to astigmatism. These conditions do so by causing genetic or developmental abnormalities that alter the eyelid structure, disrupt corneal symmetry, or exert mechanical pressure. Notably, there can be synergistic effects between progressive corneal thinning seen in hereditary keratoconus and the inflammatory microenvironment changes associated with vernal keratoconjunctivitis. Therapeutic interventions, such as topical corticosteroids, cyclosporine eye drops, and surgical procedures, can improve both the primary conditions and the astigmatism. However, treatment strategies vary depending on the different etiologies. Current research has established associations between pediatric ocular surface diseases and astigmatism. Nevertheless, the specific developmental mechanisms, including the  maturation of the immune system, differences in corneal plasticity, and the interactive effects of multiple factors, remain incompletely understood.

蠕形螨是人类皮肤上最常见的寄生虫，在眼部主要寄居于毛囊、睑板腺及皮脂腺，可引起眼干、眼痒、异物感明显等眼部症状。目前已证实有2种寄生于人类的蠕形螨：毛囊蠕形螨和皮脂蠕形螨，二者均可诱发各类眼表疾病，如睑缘炎、睑板腺疾病、角膜病、翼状胬肉以及眼红斑痤疮等，但是由于疾病症状相似、检查遗漏以及认知不到位等主客观因素，该病易被误诊、漏诊。蠕形螨具有高度的年龄依赖性，并且可以在无症状的成年人中发现，因此蠕形螨的致病性一直存在争议，现有研究表明，蠕形螨可以通过直接损伤、诱发超敏反应和作为载体携带细菌等方式致病。蠕形螨的感染可以通过有效的手段进行检测，确诊后可通过热敷、眼睑清洁、局部或全身使用除螨药物进行治疗。了解蠕形螨在眼部疾病中的重要性对于准确诊断和适当的管理策略至关重要，近年来对于蠕形螨的研究越来越多，有必要对蠕形螨感染相关眼表疾病的诊断及治疗技术进行更新，因此本文综述了蠕形螨的病原学、流行病学、致病机制、检出方法，探讨了蠕形螨感染与各类眼表疾病之间的联系以及治疗方法，以期为蠕形螨感染相关眼表疾病的研究提供参考。

Demodex mites are the most common parasites found on human skin. They primarily reside in hair follicles, meibomian glands, and sebaceous glands of the eyes, and can trigger eye-related symptoms such as dry eyes, itchy eyes, and a pronounced foreign-body sensation. At present, it has been established that two types of Demodex mites parasitic in humans: Demodex follicle mite and Demodex sebum mite. Both types can induce various ocular surface diseases, including blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, corneal disease, pterygium and ocular rosacea. However, due to subjective and objective factors, such as similar disease symptoms, omission of examination and a lack of awareness, these diseases are easy to misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. Demodex mites exhibit a highly degree of age-dependence and can be detected in asymptomatic adults. Consequently, the pathogenicity of Demodex mites has been a subject of debate. Existing studies have shown that Demodex mites can cause diseases through direct injury, by inducing hypersensitivity reactions, and by acting as carriers for bacteria. Effective means are available for detecting Demodex mite infections. Treatment options include warm compresses, eyelid cleaning, and the use of topical or systemic anti-mite drugs. Understanding the significance of Demodex mites in ocular diseases is crucial for accurate diagnosis and the formulation of appropriate management strategies. In recent years, there has been a growing body of research on Demodex mite. It is necessary to update the diagnositic and therapeutic techniques  for ocular surface diseases associated with Demodex mite infection. Therefore, this paper reviews the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenic mechanism, and detection methods of Demodex mite. It also discusses the relationship between Demodex mite infection and various ocular surface diseases, as well as the corresponding treatment methods, with the aim of providing a reference for the research on ocular surface diseases related to Demodex mite infections. 

目的：调查新疆喀什地区英吉沙县芒辛镇60岁及以上老年人群眼底疾病患病率及其分布特征，分析该地区眼底疾病流行病学现状，为西部高海拔地区眼底疾病防控策略制定和基层眼健康服务体系建设提供科学依据和数据支撑。方法：采用横断面研究设计，于2024年5—6月对芒辛镇60岁及以上常住人口进行调查。纳入标准为年龄≥60岁、在当地连续居住≥6个月、自愿参与并签署知情同意书者。=采用标准化眼科检查包括视力测定、眼压、裂隙灯显微镜检查、眼底照相等，同时进行结构化问卷调查收集基本信息、生命体征测量和实验室检查。眼底疾病诊断严格按照国内外相关诊断标准执行，采用SPSS24.0软件进行统计分析，计算各类眼底疾病患病率及其95%置信区间。结果：共调查1 310名老年人，响应率为76.76%。研究对象中男性669人（51.1%），女性641人（48.9%），平均年龄68.4±6.6岁。眼底疾病总患病率为16.1%（95% CI：14.2~18.0）。各类眼底疾病患病率依次为：年龄相关性黄斑变性5.9%（77例），视神经萎缩2.8%（36例），黄斑前膜2.3%（30例），糖尿病性视网膜病变1.8%（23例），其他黄斑病变1.07%（14例）、高血压性视网膜病变0.99%（13例）。其他眼底疾病包括高度近视眼底改变、视网膜色素变性、黄斑裂孔、血管炎、视网膜出血等，患病率均低于0.38%。在糖尿病患者中，糖尿病性视网膜病变患病率为20.8%，与国内外相关研究结果基本一致。结论：新疆芒辛镇老年人群眼底疾病患病率较高，年龄相关性黄斑变性是最主要的眼底疾病类型。研究结果填补了西部高海拔地区眼底疾病流行病学数据空白，提示应建立针对性的分层筛查和防控体系，重点关注老年人的眼底健康管理，推广便携式眼底照相结合远程医疗的筛查模式，提升基层眼健康服务的可及性与质量。

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and distribution characteristics of fundus diseases among the elderly population aged 60 and above in Mangxin Town, Yingjisha County, Kashi, Xinjiang, and to analyze the epidemiological status of fundus diseases in this region, thereby providing a scientific basis and data support for the development of fundus disease prevention and control strategies and the construction of a primary eye health service system in high-altitude areas of Western China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2024 among the permanent residents aged 60 and above in Mangxin Town. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 60 years, local residence for ≥ 6 months, and voluntary participation with signed informed consent. Data were collected through standardized ophthalmological examinations (including visual acuity testing, intraocular pressure measurement, slit-lamp microscopy, and fundus photography), structured questionnaire surveys, vital sign measurements, and laboratory tests. Diagnoses of fundus diseases were strictly based on domestic and international diagnostic criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 to calculate the prevalence rates of various fundus diseases and their 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 1,310 elderly individuals were included, with a response rate of 76.76%. Among them, 669 (51.1%) were male and 641 (48.9%) were female, with a mean age of 68.4 ± 6.6 years. The overall prevalence of fundus diseases was 16.1% (95% CI: 14.2–18.0). The prevalence rates of specific fundus diseases were as follows: age-related macular degeneration, 5.9% (77 cases); optic atrophy, 2.8% (36 cases); epiretinal membrane, 2.3% (30 cases); diabetic retinopathy, 1.8% (23 cases); other macular diseases, 1.07% (14 cases); and hypertensive retinopathy, 0.99% (13 cases). Other fundus diseases, including high myopia-related fundus changes, retinitis pigmentosa, macular hole, vasculitis, and retinal hemorrhage, each had a prevalence of less than 0.38%. Among diabetic patients, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 20.8%, which is consistent with previous domestic and international studies. Conclusions: The prevalence of fundus diseases among the elderly in Mangxin Town, Xinjiang, is relatively high, with age-related macular degeneration being the most common type. This study fills a gap in the epidemiological data on fundus diseases in high-altitude regions of Western China. The findings highlight the need to establish a targeted stratified screening and prevention system, strengthen fundus health management in the elderly, and promote a screening model combining portable fundus photography with telemedicine to improve the accessibility and quality of primary eye health services.