Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of vision loss in elderly population. Among its subtypes, neovascular AMD (nAMD) has become a global focus in ophthalmological research due to its rapid progression and severe vision impairment. With the acceleration of population aging, the disease burden of nAMD is increasingly heavy, making it urgent to conduct in-depth research on its pathogenesis and explore effective therapeutic strategies. In recent years, the rapid development of high-throughput omics technologies has provided unprecedented opportunities to decipher the complex molecular pathological mechanisms of nAMD. Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and multi-omics integration analyses have not only helped to deeply explore disease-related key molecules, pathways, and networks but also provided new perspectives for discovering novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. This review systematically summarizes the recent advances in molecular omics technologies in nAMD research, focusing on findings from different omics approaches across various biological samples, and analyzes the advantages of multi-omics integration in revealing disease mechanisms and screening biomarkers, aiming to provide references for future research in this field.
