阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease，AD)是发生于老年期或老年前期的中枢神经系统退行性病变，以进行性认知功能障碍为特征。随着社会老龄化加剧，AD已成为全球公共卫生问题，亟需研发更敏感、便捷和经济的筛查技术进行早期防控。眼球运动与认知功能密切相关，且眼球运动检查有非侵入性、成本低、检查时间短等优点。研究眼球运动异常和认知功能障碍之间的相关性，有助于研发更简便易操作的认知功能障碍筛查工具。随着人工智能技术的发展，机器学习算法强大的特征提取和计算能力对处理眼球运动检查结果有显著优势。本文对既往AD患者与眼球运动异常之间的相关性研究进行综述，并对机器学习算法模型辅助下，基于眼球运动异常模式进行认知功能障碍早期筛查技术开发的研究前景予以展望。

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system that occurs in old age or early old age. It is characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction. With the world population aging, AD has become a global public health problem. The development of a more sensitive, convenient, and economic screening technology for AD is urgently needed. The eye movement function is closely related to cognitive function. Moreover, eye movement examination has advantages including non-invasiveness, low cost, and short examination time. Researches on the correlation between abnormal eye movement and cognitive dysfunction can help to develop a simple and easy-to-use screening tool for cognitive dysfunction. With the development of artificial intelligence technology, the dominant feature extraction and computing capabilities of machine learning algorithms have a significant advantage in processing eye movement inspection results. This article reviews the correlation between AD and eye movement abnormalities aiming to provide the research prospects of early screening technology development for cognitive dysfunction based on abnormal eye movement with the application of machine learning models.

目的：调查新疆英吉沙县7~16岁儿童和青少年近视前期 ( 屈光度≤+0.75 D且>-0.50 D)患病率及其相关因素,为该地区近视防控提供依据。方法：在2024年5—6月采用简单抽样法选取新疆喀什地区英吉沙县一所中学和芒辛镇一所小学的学生进行问卷调查、视力、散瞳验光、眼轴、眼前段、眼底检查等横断面评估，分析纳入等效球镜(spherical equivalent，SE)度数较高眼的数据，采用单因素和多因素逻辑回归分析人口学特征、家族史、用眼行为、生活习惯等潜在相关因素与近视前期的关系。结果：共纳入3 247名参与者，男性占50.14%，女性占49.86%。近视前期1 652人(50.88%)，近视621人(19.12%)，非近视974人(30.00%)。近视前期患病率为50.88%(95%CI:49.16%~52.60%)，近视患病率为19.12%(95%CI:17.81%~20.51%)。多因素回归分析显示，女性(OR=2.56, 95%CI:2.09~3.13, P<0.001)、较大年龄(OR=1.19, 95%CI:1.13~1.24 , P<0.001)和较长眼轴(OR=2.68, 95%CI: 2.31~3.11 , P<0.001)是近视前期的相关因素。结论：在新疆喀什地区英吉沙县7~16岁儿童和青少年中，半数处于近视前期，其相关因素包括年龄偏大、女性及眼轴偏长。

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of pre-myopia (defined as spherical equivalent ≤+0.75 D and >−0.50 D) and its related factors among children and adolescents aged 6–16 years in Yengisar County, Xinjiang, China, providing evidence for regional myopia prevention. Methods: In May and June 2024, a comprehensive assessment was carried out on students selected through simple sampling from a middle school in Yingjisha County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, and a primary school in Mangxin Town, Yingjisha County. ,The assessment included a questionnaire survey, visual acuity test, dilated eye refraction measurement, axial length measurement, anterior segment examination, and fundus examination. The data included eyes with high spherical equivalent (SE) power. Single-factor and multiple-factor logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between demographic characteristics, family history, eye-use behavior, lifestyle habits, and other potential related factors with pre myopia. Results: A total of 3,247 participants were included in the study, with 50.14% being male and 49.86% female. Among them, 1,652 (50.88%) individuals had preclinical myopia, 621 (19.12%) had myopia, and 974 (30.00%) had non myopia. The preclinical prevalence of myopia was 50.88% (95% CI: 49.16-52.60), and the prevalence of myopia was 19.12% (95% CI: 17.81-20.51). Multivariate regression analysis showed that female (OR=2.56, 95% CI: 2.09-3.13, P<0.001), older age (OR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.13-1.24, P<0.001), and longer axial length (OR=2.68, 95% CI: 2.31-3.11, P<0.001) were related factors in the preclinical stage of myopia. Conclusions: Among children and adolescents aged 7-16 in Yingjisha County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, Half were in the preclinical stage of myopia. The related factors include older age, female gender, and axial length.

目的：了解新疆喀什地区英吉沙县7~16岁儿童青少年弱视患病情况及其相关因素，为制定科学有效的眼健康防控策略提供依据。方法：选取新疆喀什地区英吉沙县3 261名在校儿童青少年，对其进行裸眼视力、最佳矫正视力、屈光度、眼位和眼底情况等检查，并通过问卷调查收集其基本人口学信息、近视家族史、用眼情况和睡眠情况，采用Logistic回归分析7~16岁儿童青少年弱视患病的相关因素。结果：英吉沙县儿童青少年弱视的患病率为1.99%（95%·CI: 1.51~2.47）。弱视患病率在学生类型、性别、近视家族史、主观睡眠质量、每天写作业时间、每天睡眠时间等方面比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05），在斜视、近视、远视、屈光参差、每天使用电子产品时间等方面比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。多因素回归分析结果显示，斜视、远视、屈光参差及每天使用电子产品时间与弱视相关，对应的OR值相应为3.82（95%CI: 1.93~7.58，P＜0.001）、10.88（95%CI: 4.85~24.40，P＜0.001）、13.54（95%CI:6.84~26.78，P＜0.001）和0.25（95%CI: 0.12~0.54, P＜0.001），合并斜视、远视或屈光参差的儿童青少年患弱视的风险增加。每天使用电子产品时间＞60 min的儿童青少年患弱视风险较使用时间≤60 min降低。弱视类型以屈光不正性弱视和屈光参差性弱视为主。结论：在新疆喀什地区英吉沙县7~16岁儿童青少年人群中，屈光不正和屈光参差是弱视患病的主要原因。斜视、远视、屈光参差、每天使用电子产品时间是弱视的影响因素。

Objective: To conduct a comprehensive investigation into the prevalence of amblyopia and its influencing factors among children and adolescents aged 7-16 in Yingjisha County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang. The ojective is to furnish a solid basis for formulating scientific and effective eye health prevention and control strategies. Methods: A total of 3,261 school-aged children and adolescents in Yingjisha County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, were selected for this study. The examinations included uncorrected visual acuity, best-corrected visual acuity, refractive error, ocular alignment, and fundus condition. A questionnaire was used to collect demographic information, family history of myopia, daily eye-use habits, and sleep status. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software, and logistic regression was employed to explore factors associated with amblyopia in children and adolescents aged 7-16. Results: The study revealed that the prevalence of amblyopia among children and adolescents in Yingjisha County was 1.99% （95% CI: 1.51-2.47）. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the prevalence of amblyopia across student type, sex, family history of myopia, subjective sleep quality, daily homework duration, or daily sleep duration. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in cases involving strabismus, myopia, hyperopia, anisometropia, and daily screen time. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that strabismus (OR = 3.82, 95% CI: 1.93-7.58, P < 0.001), hyperopia (OR = 10.88, 95% CI: 4.85-24.40, P < 0.001), and anisometropia (OR = 13.54, 95% CI: 6.84–26.78, P < 0.001) were positively correlated with amblyopia. Conversely, children and adolescents who used electronic devices for >60 minutes per day had a lower risk of amblyopia (OR = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.12-0.54, P < 0.001) compared to those with ≤60 minutes or less of daily screen time. The most common type of amblyopia was mixed amblyopia （60.00%）, followed by anisometropic amblyopia （23.08%）, refractive amblyopia （12.31%）, and strabismic amblyopia （4.62%）. Among mixed amblyopia cases, the combination of refractive amblyopia and anisometropic amblyopia was the predominant pattern （64.10%）. Conclusions: Refractive errors and anisometropia are the main causes of amblyopia. Strabismus, myopia, hyperopia, anisometropia and the duration of electronic device use are identified as influencing factors for amblyopia.

目的：探讨中国西北地区60岁以上人群晶状体厚度（lens thickness, LT）和晶状体相对位置（relative lens position,RLP）的影响因素以及与眼前房角结构的相关性，为探索晶状体在原发性闭角型青光眼疾病中的作用机制提供依据。方法：横断面研究，纳入2024年4—6月在新疆喀什地区英吉沙县社区人群中检查的60岁以上正常受检者，采用眼前节相干光断层扫描仪等，测量双眼眼球生物学参数。将患者右眼纳入研究范围，通过相关性分析和线性回归模型分析晶状体参数变化与房角结构的相关性。结果：性别、腰围和眼轴长度（axial length, AL）为RLP的独立预测因子。年龄越大，晶状体越厚，70岁前LT与AL呈正相关，眼轴、LT和RLP是眼前房角巩膜突前500 μm开放距离（AOD500）的独立预测因子，其多元线性回归方程为：AOD500=-2.501 4+0.083 3AL-0.115 7LT+7.0211RLP-0.0026Sex-0.0010身高。 结论：新疆喀什地区60岁以上人群中，女性、腰围大和眼轴短提示晶状体相对位置靠前，而晶状体厚度、相对位置以及眼轴显著影响眼前房角开放距离，成为闭角型青光眼发病的潜在危险因素。

Objective: To explore the influencing factors of lens thickness (LT) and relative lens position (RLP) in individuals aged 60 and above in Northwestern China, as well as their correlation with anterior chamber angle structure. The aim is to provide evidence for exploring the role of the lens in the pathogenesis of primary angle - closure glaucoma. Methods: A cross - sectional study was conducted. Normal subjects aged 60 and above were enrolled from community - based examinations in Yingjisha County, Kashgar region, Xinjiang, between April and June 2024. An anterior segment optical coherence tomography was used to measure ocular biological parameters of both eyes. Only the right eyes of the subjects were included in the analysis. The correlation between changes in lens parameter and angle structure was examined through correlation analysis and linear regression models. Results: Gender, waist circumference and axial length emerged as independent predictors of the relative lens position. As age increased, the lens became thicker. Before the age of 70, lens thickness was positively correlated with axial length. Axial length, LT and RLP were identified as independent predictors of the anterior chamber angle scleral spur anterior 500 - μ m - opening distance (AOD500). The multiple linear regression equation is as follows: AOD500 (mm) = -2.5014 + 0.0833AL (mm) - 0.1157LT (mm) + 7.0211RLP - 0.0026Sex - 0.0010Height (cm). Conclusions: Among individuals aged 60 and above in Northwest China, being female, having a large waist circumference, and a short axial length are indicative of a relatively anterior lens position Furthermore, lens thickness, its relative position, and axial length significantly affect the anterior chamber angle opening distance, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of angle-closure glaucoma.

目的：调查新疆喀什地区英吉沙县芒辛镇60岁及以上老年人群眼底疾病患病率及其分布特征，分析该地区眼底疾病流行病学现状，为西部高海拔地区眼底疾病防控策略制定和基层眼健康服务体系建设提供科学依据和数据支撑。方法：采用横断面研究设计，于2024年5—6月对芒辛镇60岁及以上常住人口进行调查。纳入标准为年龄≥60岁、在当地连续居住≥6个月、自愿参与并签署知情同意书者。=采用标准化眼科检查包括视力测定、眼压、裂隙灯显微镜检查、眼底照相等，同时进行结构化问卷调查收集基本信息、生命体征测量和实验室检查。眼底疾病诊断严格按照国内外相关诊断标准执行，采用SPSS24.0软件进行统计分析，计算各类眼底疾病患病率及其95%置信区间。结果：共调查1 310名老年人，响应率为76.76%。研究对象中男性669人（51.1%），女性641人（48.9%），平均年龄68.4±6.6岁。眼底疾病总患病率为16.1%（95% CI：14.2~18.0）。各类眼底疾病患病率依次为：年龄相关性黄斑变性5.9%（77例），视神经萎缩2.8%（36例），黄斑前膜2.3%（30例），糖尿病性视网膜病变1.8%（23例），其他黄斑病变1.07%（14例）、高血压性视网膜病变0.99%（13例）。其他眼底疾病包括高度近视眼底改变、视网膜色素变性、黄斑裂孔、血管炎、视网膜出血等，患病率均低于0.38%。在糖尿病患者中，糖尿病性视网膜病变患病率为20.8%，与国内外相关研究结果基本一致。结论：新疆芒辛镇老年人群眼底疾病患病率较高，年龄相关性黄斑变性是最主要的眼底疾病类型。研究结果填补了西部高海拔地区眼底疾病流行病学数据空白，提示应建立针对性的分层筛查和防控体系，重点关注老年人的眼底健康管理，推广便携式眼底照相结合远程医疗的筛查模式，提升基层眼健康服务的可及性与质量。

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and distribution characteristics of fundus diseases among the elderly population aged 60 and above in Mangxin Town, Yengisar County, Kashgar Prefecture, Xinjiang, and to analyze the epidemiological status of fundus diseases in this region, thereby providing a scientific basis and data support for the development of fundus disease prevention and control strategies and the construction of a primary eye health service system in high-altitude areas of Western China. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2024 among the permanent residents aged 60 and above in Mangxin Town. Inclusion criteria were age ≥ 60 years, local residence for ≥ 6 months, and voluntary participation with signed informed consent. Data were collected through standardized ophthalmological examinations (including visual acuity testing, intraocular pressure measurement, slit-lamp microscopy, and fundus photography), structured questionnaire surveys, vital sign measurements, and laboratory tests. Diagnoses of fundus diseases were strictly based on domestic and international diagnostic criteria. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 24.0 to calculate the prevalence rates of various fundus diseases and their 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 1,310 elderly individuals were included, with a response rate of 76.76%. Among them, 669 (51.1%) were male and 641 (48.9%) were female, with a mean age of 68.4 ± 6.6 years. The overall prevalence of fundus diseases was 16.1% (95% CI: 14.2–18.0). The prevalence rates of specific fundus diseases were as follows: age-related macular degeneration, 5.9% (77 cases); optic atrophy, 2.8% (36 cases); epiretinal membrane, 2.3% (30 cases); diabetic retinopathy, 1.8% (23 cases); other macular diseases, 1.07% (14 cases); and hypertensive retinopathy, 0.99% (13 cases). Other fundus diseases, including high myopia-related fundus changes, retinitis pigmentosa, macular hole, vasculitis, and retinal hemorrhage, each had a prevalence of less than 0.38%. Among diabetic patients, the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 20.8%, which is consistent with previous domestic and international studies. Conclusions: The prevalence of fundus diseases among the elderly in Mangxin Town, Xinjiang, is relatively high, with age-related macular degeneration being the most common type. This study fills a gap in the epidemiological data on fundus diseases in high-altitude regions of Western China. The findings highlight the need to establish a targeted stratified screening and prevention system, strengthen fundus health management in the elderly, and promote a screening model combining portable fundus photography with telemedicine to improve the accessibility and quality of primary eye health services.

手术前常规检查在临床诊疗中被广泛应用，但在一些低风险择期手术前对患者进行常规检查，对提高医疗质量并无帮助，反而降低了医疗效率，增加了医疗费用。为提高效率，一些地区、机构和专家学者陆续通过宣传教育、发表共识、制定指南等方式控制无指征术前常规检查，但效果仍依赖于执业者的重视程度和专业水平。大数据机器学习方法以其标准化、自动化的特点为解决这一问题提供了新的思路。在回顾已有研究的基础上，我们抽取2017至2019年在中山大学中山眼科中心进行眼科手术的3.4万名患者的病史和体格检查资料大数据，涵盖年龄、性别等口学信息，诊断、既往疾病等病史信息，视功能、入院时身体质量指数(BMI)等体格检查信息。并以此为基础使用机器学习方法预测术前胸部X线检查是否存在异常，受试者操作特性曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve，ROC)曲线下面积达到0.864，预测准确率可达到81.2%，对大数据机器学习精简术前常规检查的新方式进行了先期探索。

Preoperative routine tests are widely prescribed in clinical settings. However, these tests do not help improving the quality of medical care in low-risk elective surgery. Instead, they are associated with lower efficiency and increasing fees. To improve the efficiency, many regions, institutions, and scholars have attempted to reduce preoperative routine tests without indications through propaganda, education, consensus, and guidelines. Nevertheless, the effects are still highly dependent on the expertise and emphasis of practitioners. Machine learning based on big data provide a new solution with its standardization and automation. Through literature review, we extracted the big data, including demographic features such as sex and age, histories including diagnosis and chronic diseases, and physical examination features such as visual function and body mass index. A total of 34 000 patients undergone ocular surgeries in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen university from 2017 to 2019. Machine learning was adopted to predict the risk of finding abnormalities in chest X-ray examination, with an accuracy of 81.2%. Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve was 0.864. The study could be an early exploration into the field of simplifying preoperative tests by machine learning.