Purpose: To investigate the correlation of various corneal hysteresis (CH) factors in Chinese adults．

Methods: From January 2009 to November 2011, the healthy right eyes of a total of 292 adults were recruited into the study.  Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPG) and CH were measured using an ocular response analyzer (ORA). Central corneal thickness was measured using the ORA’s integrated handheld ultrasonic pachymeter. The IOLMaster was used to obtain the ocular biometric measurements including axial length, anterior chamber depth, and keratometric values. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test correlations between CH and quantitative factors. The chi-square test was used to detect differences in categorical values.

Results: Longer axial length (P=0.0001), lower IOPG (P=0.03),  older age (P=0.003), and thinner central corneal thickness (P=0.0001) were significantly associated with lower CH. The anterior chamber depth (P=0.34), gender (P=0.23), and corneal curvature (P=0.18) had no relationship to CH.

Conclusion: Various factors including axial length, intraocular pressure, age, and central corneal thickness can affect measurement of corneal biomechanical properties in Chinese adults. But the anterior chamber depth, gender, and corneal curvature were irrelevant to CH.

Purpose: To investigate the correlation of various corneal hysteresis (CH) factors in Chinese adults．

Methods: From January 2009 to November 2011, the healthy right eyes of a total of 292 adults were recruited into the study.  Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPG) and CH were measured using an ocular response analyzer (ORA). Central corneal thickness was measured using the ORA’s integrated handheld ultrasonic pachymeter. The IOLMaster was used to obtain the ocular biometric measurements including axial length, anterior chamber depth, and keratometric values. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to test correlations between CH and quantitative factors. The chi-square test was used to detect differences in categorical values.

Results: Longer axial length (P=0.0001), lower IOPG (P=0.03),  older age (P=0.003), and thinner central corneal thickness (P=0.0001) were significantly associated with lower CH. The anterior chamber depth (P=0.34), gender (P=0.23), and corneal curvature (P=0.18) had no relationship to CH.

Conclusion: Various factors including axial length, intraocular pressure, age, and central corneal thickness can affect measurement of corneal biomechanical properties in Chinese adults. But the anterior chamber depth, gender, and corneal curvature were irrelevant to CH.

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a major sight-threatening cause in diabetic patients. We review the long-term outcome of four approved pharmacotherapy for treating DME, including intravitreal injections of corticosteroids (dexamethasone implants and fl uocinolone acetonide inserts) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (ranibizumab and aflibercept). They all show superior ability to improve vision and reduce macular thickness, comparing with sham injections or macular focal/grid laser treatment. Anti-VEGF agents result in low incidence of severe ocular or systemic adverse effects, but glaucoma and cataract should be aware after intravitreal corticosteroids. Prompt treatment with these agents can lead to a better outcome.

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a major sight-threatening cause in diabetic patients. We review the long-term outcome of four approved pharmacotherapy for treating DME, including intravitreal injections of corticosteroids (dexamethasone implants and fl uocinolone acetonide inserts) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (ranibizumab and aflibercept). They all show superior ability to improve vision and reduce macular thickness, comparing with sham injections or macular focal/grid laser treatment. Anti-VEGF agents result in low incidence of severe ocular or systemic adverse effects, but glaucoma and cataract should be aware after intravitreal corticosteroids. Prompt treatment with these agents can lead to a better outcome.

Myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) can cause severe visual impairment in highly myopic patients. We review the randomized trials of two approved pharmacotherapy for treating mCNV, including intravitreal injections of ranibizumab and afl ibercept. These two vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antagonists show superior ability to improve vision and reduce macular thickness, comparing with sham injections or verteporfin photodynamic therapy (vPDT). There is no severe ocular or systemic adverse reaction reported in studies associated with ranibizumab and afl ibercept for mCNV. Prompt treatment with these agents can lead to a better outcome.

Myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) can cause severe visual impairment in highly myopic patients. We review the randomized trials of two approved pharmacotherapy for treating mCNV, including intravitreal injections of ranibizumab and afl ibercept. These two vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antagonists show superior ability to improve vision and reduce macular thickness, comparing with sham injections or verteporfin photodynamic therapy (vPDT). There is no severe ocular or systemic adverse reaction reported in studies associated with ranibizumab and afl ibercept for mCNV. Prompt treatment with these agents can lead to a better outcome.

The purpose of this article is to report a case with rubeosis iridis treated by intravitreal aflibercept. A 61-year-old man had iris neovascularization and scanty vitreous hemorrhage secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the right eye. Neither neovascularization of angle nor elevation of intraocular pressure was found. Single intravitreal afl ibercept 2 mg injection was performed. Rubeosis iridis disappeared on the next day. Scattered retinal laser photocoagulation was added 1 week later. There was no recurrence after 3-month follow-up. Aflibercept may serve as another anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) for treating rubeosis iridis.

The purpose of this article is to report a case with rubeosis iridis treated by intravitreal aflibercept. A 61-year-old man had iris neovascularization and scanty vitreous hemorrhage secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the right eye. Neither neovascularization of angle nor elevation of intraocular pressure was found. Single intravitreal afl ibercept 2 mg injection was performed. Rubeosis iridis disappeared on the next day. Scattered retinal laser photocoagulation was added 1 week later. There was no recurrence after 3-month follow-up. Aflibercept may serve as another anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) for treating rubeosis iridis.

Abstract: We reviewed randomized controlled trials associated with the intravitreal use of aflibercept for this article. These studies proved that aflibercept is an effective anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV), diabetic macular edema (DME), and macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion. The incidence of severe ocular or systemic complications after intravitreal administration of aflibercept was low.

Abstract: We reviewed randomized controlled trials associated with the intravitreal use of aflibercept for this article. These studies proved that aflibercept is an effective anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV), diabetic macular edema (DME), and macular edema associated with retinal vein occlusion. The incidence of severe ocular or systemic complications after intravitreal administration of aflibercept was low.