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2023年7月 第38卷 第7期11
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眼组学在神经退行性疾病中的研究进展

Research progress of oculomics in neurodegenerative diseases

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | - 发布时间:2024-11-18 收稿时间:2024/11/18 10:32:44 阅读量:25
作者:
关键词:
眼组学生物标志物视网膜神经退行性疾病
oculomics biomarker Retina neurodegenerative disease
DOI:
10.12419/24070504
收稿时间:
2024-07-05 
修订日期:
2024-08-30 
接收日期:
2024-09-30 

神经退行性疾病会损害大脑和神经系统的结构和功能,导致认知和行为能力逐渐下降,因此,早期诊断神经系统疾病可以促进预防、监测和治疗,从而改善患者的预后。眼与脑在结构和胚胎学上的相似之处为评估中枢神经系统的神经和微血管变化提供了潜在可能。眼组学是眼科学、遗传学和生物信息学的交叉学科,目标是开发快速、无创、具有成本效益的生物标志物,用于全身性疾病的筛查、诊断和风险分层。随着诊断和眼科成像技术的进步,用于检测眼的结构、功能和视觉变化的各项技术得到了快速发展。眼部生物标志物成为评估神经退行性疾病进展有前景的工具。文章采用眼部影像学(例如 OCT、OCTA)和电生理学(例如 VEP、ERG)等筛查方法检测眼部异常神经退行性疾病,总结了眼组学在神经退行性疾病的应用,包括阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、额颞叶痴呆、肌萎缩侧索硬化症和亨廷顿病,旨在为神经退行性疾病的诊断和治疗提供新的思路。尽管并非所有生物标志物都是疾病特异性的,但未来大数据、人工智能和眼组学的融合,有可能进一步深入了解这些神经退行性疾病。

Neurodegenerative diseases can damage the structure and function of the brain and nervous system, leading to a gradual decline in cognitive and behavioral abilities. Therefore, early diagnosis of neurological diseases can promote prevention, monitoring, and treatment, thereby improving the prognosis of patients. The structural and embryological similarities between the eyes and the brain provide potential for evaluating neurological and microvascular changes in the central nervous system. oculomics is an interdisciplinary field that combines ophthalmology, genetics, and bioinformatics, with the goal of developing rapid, non-invasive, and cost-effective biomarkers for screening, diagnosis, and risk stratification of systemic diseases. With the advancement of diagnostic and ophthalmic imaging technologies, various techniques for detecting the structure, function, and visual changes of the eye have been rapidly developed. Eye biomarkers have become promising tools for assessing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The article uses screening methods such as eye imaging (such as OCT, OCTA) and electrophysiology (such as VEP, ERG) to detect abnormal neurodegenerative diseases in the eyes. It summarizes the application of oculomics in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, aiming to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Although not all biomarkers are disease-specific, the integration of big data, artificial intelligence, and oculomics in the future may further deepen our understanding of these neurodegenerative diseases.

文章亮点

1. 关键发现

通过总结眼组学在神经退行性疾病的国内外现状,利用基于眼科影像学和电生理学来协助神经退行性疾病诊断方面具有重要前景,临床测试的协作努力对于验证已识别生物标志物的可靠性和临床适用性至关重要,有助于神经退行性疾病的诊断、监测和理解,发现眼组学可能有助于成为识别和监测神经退行性疾病进展有前景的工具。

2. 已知与发现

相较于许多其他更具侵入性的全身性疾病诊断和监测技术,眼组学具有优势,有助于快速筛查工作,采用眼部成像(例如 OCT、OCTA)和电生理学(例如 VEP、ERG)的无创、低成本且相对快速的筛查方法可以检测眼部异常,这可能有助于诊断和监测眼部异常神经退行性疾病,为寻找原发性中枢神经系统神经退行性疾病的可靠生物标志物提供了新的方向。 

3. 意义与改变

本文引入了“眼组学(Oculomics)”新的概念,强调了眼组学作为神经退行性疾病诊断工具的作用,对于神经科与眼科,尤其是眼部成像技术之间的学科交叉提供了很好的指导作用,这对早期干预和改善患者预后具有重要的意义。

       视网膜和视神经被认为是中枢神经系统的一部分,与大脑具有共同的发育起源、解剖学特征和生理特性,它可以被认为是中枢神经系统的延伸,这表明中枢神经系统疾病可能与独特的视网膜变化有关[1]。最轻微的视网膜结构异常也可能在任何临床症状出现之前提供中枢神经系统疾病的诊断证据。例如视网膜神经纤维层 (retinal nerve fiber layer,RNFL)厚度等眼部生物标志物的细微变化可能表明个体存在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer disease, AD)或帕金森病(idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, PD)等神经退行性疾病[1]。尽管早在18世纪就有学者报道了眼部生物标志物与全身健康和疾病之间的关联[2],但眼部表现与机体关系的研究直到2023年才被赋予了专业的术语:“眼组学(Oculomics)”[3]。 “眼组”表示与健康和疾病相关的宏观、微观和分子眼科特征的综合集合。通过整合多模态成像生成的信息来识别全身性疾病的特定眼部生物标志物,对眼球进行全面解密的学科称为“眼组学”[4]。眼组学的目标是开发快速、无创、具有成本效益的生物标志物来筛查和诊断全身性疾病,并对风险进行分层以优先治疗[5]。在过去十年中,眼科领域出现了可量化的高分辨率成像方式,这些方式通常是非侵入性、快速和广泛可用的,这种成像在评估眼部疾病方面具有毋庸置疑的实用性,而且,越来越多的证据表明其在识别全身性疾病的眼部生物标志物方面的作用[5]。本文主要总结基于眼科影像学和电生理学在神经退行性疾病的应用,包括AD、额颞叶痴呆(frontotemporal dementia, FTD)、PD、肌萎缩侧索硬化症(Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, ALS)和亨廷顿病(Huntington’s disease, HD),并讨论了眼组学在特定神经退行性疾病早期检测中的应用,这对早期干预和改善患者预后具有重要的意义。

1 眼组学与神经退行性疾病

       随着眼科成像方式的技术进步,人们对眼睛结构和功能的了解逐渐加深,从细胞水平到整个眼睛的无创和精确分析方法使得新的生物标志物和治疗靶点的发现成为可能。研究发现,角膜和瞳孔敏感性或反应的降低,以及泪液和晶状体成分的改变,可能与神经退行性疾病的病理变化有关[6]。眼底照相、光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography, OCT)和OCT血管成像 (OCT angiography, OCTA)等检查方式已成为眼科领域有效诊断、治疗和管理多种眼部疾病的重要工具。尽管周边视网膜中的玻璃膜疣等一些特征可能表明AD的进展[7],但眼底相机成像在神经退行性疾病中的应用并非特异性的[8]。OCT利用微米光捕获视网膜、视神经的高分辨率横截面图像[9]。OCTA进行扫描并将其重建为结构图像,使临床医生能够进一步评估视网膜微血管和脉络膜[10]。其他高效的视网膜眼科设备包括共焦扫描激光检眼镜(confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, SLO)和荧光寿命成像检眼镜(fluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscope, FLIO)。SLO可以利用激光照明与共焦光学结构相结合生成精细的图像[11]。FLIO利用激发荧光团的荧光寿命测量来检测视网膜变化[12]。所有这些设备可以单独使用或组合使用,以开发成本较低、侵入性较小的筛查方法。除了这些结构成像方式之外,功能电生理学,如视网膜电图(electroretinogram, ERG)、视觉诱发电位(visual evoked cortical potentials, VEP)在一些早期神经退行性疾病中表现出强大的预后预测价值[13]。眼动追踪技术近年来已应用于神经退行性疾病患者的认知功能评估,相较于传统的认知评估方法具有更高的时间和空间分辨率的定量价值[14]

2 眼组学在神经退行性疾病中的研究

2.1 阿尔茨海默病

       AD是最常见的原发性神经退行性疾病,通过早期识别和干预,可以延缓或预防AD的进展[15]。眼部生物标志物如RNFL变薄、眼部β淀粉样蛋白(A样蛋异常沉积和视网膜血管流量减少,可以在患者临床和认知能力下降之前发现神经病理变化[16]。 Farzinvash等[17]通过 OCT 评估和比较了25例轻中度AD患者和25名健康对照者的中央黄斑厚度(central macular thickness, CMT)和神经节细胞复合体(ganglion cell complex, GCC)厚度。结果发现,与对照者相比,AD 患者的GCC厚度和CMT 均有所降低(P <0.01),表明OCT可能有助于检测视网膜中可能的早期 AD 相关变化。Koronyo等[18]使用固体脂质姜黄素荧光染料和SLO来无创检测和量化23例AD患者和14名正常人视网膜中的淀粉样蛋白沉积物,还构建了视网膜淀粉样蛋白指数(retinal amyloid index, RAI)的全自动计算方法,该指数是对姜黄素荧光增加的定量测量,对 RAI 分数的分析表明,AD 患者的 RAI 比对照组增加了 2.1倍(P = 0.003 1),研究表明脂质姜黄素荧光和SLO的结合可能是一种更有前途的非侵入性AD检测方法。Sadda等[19]利用FLIO检测8名对照组和7例AD患者的眼睛,结果发现FLIO衍生参数与AD参与者脑脊液中的tau水平以及神经节细胞-内丛状层(ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer, GCIPL)厚度相关(P < 0.001)。因此,FLIO 是一种有用的 AD 简单、无创诊断工具。因此,上述研究表明, OCT、SLO、FLIO有利于揭示AD患者视网膜的结构变化,并在检测早期视网膜改变方面显示出有前景的作用,同时也可能是监测疾病进展的潜在新型生物标志物。
       OCTA是OCT的另一项新兴进步,它使临床医生能够检测AD中血流的变化。Moussa等[20]利用OCT和OCTA分析AD患者91眼和其他痴呆患者53眼的视网膜和脉络膜变化。结果显示,在20.87%的AD病例中,OCT显示4.39%的AD患者视网膜内层出现高反射沉积物,在AD患者中OCTA显示浅层毛细血管丛(superficial capillary plexus, SCP)和深层毛细血管丛(deep capillary plexus, DCP)的分形维数显著较高(P = 0.005),脉络膜毛细血管密度(choriocapillaris density)较低(P = 0.003),研究表明,OCT可以检测AD 中高反射沉积物的存在,可能反映了与视网膜外层破坏相关的 β-淀粉样蛋白沉积物,联合OCTA可以识别AD患者的微血管变化。Mavilio等[21]对17例AD相关轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment, MCI)患者、16例血管性痴呆(vascular dementia, VD)相关 MCI 患者和19名健康对照者进行了图形ERG(pattern ERG, PERG)检查,结果发现, 3组患者PERG的平均振幅显著降低(P < 0.05),但AD组仅弱于健康对照组,而AD组二次谐波相位的内在变化显著高于VD或健康对照组(P <0.001),表明使用 PERG 信号的变异性可能是诊断神经退行性疾病的一种新的有潜力的方式。Cheung等[22] 使用648例AD患者和3 240例无AD患者的12 949张视网膜照片用于训练、验证和测试深度学习模型。在内部验证数据集中,深度学习模型检测AD的准确率为83.6%,灵敏度为93.2%,特异度为82.0%,受试者操作特征曲线下面积(area under receiver operating characteristic curve, ROC AUC)为0.93,这项研究表明基于视网膜照片的深度学习算法可以很好地检测AD,显示出其在筛查AD的潜力。上述研究表明,大量的综合数据集和结合不同成像技术(如 OCT、OCTA 和PERG)的多模式方法对于细致检测和理解与疾病的关联将更加重要,眼组学有望改变AD的管理模式。

2.2 帕金森病

       早期检测PD并干预有利于延缓疾病进展,目前正在研究的PD眼部生物标志物包括视力、对比敏感度、色觉、瞳孔直径(自主神经系统功能障碍)和眼球运动(例如,扫视速度降低和扫视潜伏期增加)的变化[23]。Unlu等[24] 通过多焦点视网膜电图(multifocal ERG, mfERG)和谱域OCT(spectral domain OCT, SD-OCT)评估58例PD患者和30名健康对照者的眼睛功能和解剖学之间的相关性,结果发现,与健康对照者相比,PD患者的mfERG隐含时间延迟,振幅降低(P < 0.05),通过SD-OCT发现与对照组受试者相比,PD 患者视网膜内、外层均变薄、外丛状层(outer plexiform layer, OPL)体积增加(P < 0.05)。这项研究表明,SD-OCT和mfERG有可能作为评估PD眼科表现的非侵入性工具。Brien等[25]从121例PD患者和106名健康对照人群中收集了基于视频的眼动追踪数据,使用扫视、瞳孔和眨眼行为的特征来训练分类器,以预测 PD诊断的置信度分数,结果显示,分类器的受试者操作员特征ROC AUC为0.88,分类器达到83%的灵敏度和78%的特异度,通过快速、非侵入性的眼动追踪任务提取扫视、瞳孔和眨眼的生物标志物揭示了PD患者的复杂情况,可用作临床中的补充筛查工具。 PD的初步阶段可以通过影像生物标志物进行筛查,利用OCTA检测视网膜微血管损伤可以为监测PD严重程度提供强大的价值,Christou等[26]利用OCTA技术分析32例PD患者和46例健康对照者黄斑区(中央凹、旁中央凹和中央凹周围)和视网膜内层周围区域的微循环特征,结果发现PD患者的黄斑区旁中心凹、中心凹周围和总血管密度显著低于对照组(均 P < 0.001),表明在PD的早期阶段,黄斑区及其周围区域的视网膜已经发生变化,提示OCTA有可能是诊断PD的非侵入性工具,然而,在临床使用之前还需要进一步研究来确定OCTA参数[27]。除了检测微血管损伤外,研究还发现PD患者的SCP和GCIPL变薄,这表明视网膜微血管损伤可能会导致PD患者的神经变性[28]。Zhou等[29]利用VEP测试、OCTA和视力相关生活质量表评估24例PD患者和23名健康对照者视网膜微血管密度与视觉参数的相关性,结果发现与健康对照者相比,PD患者VEP结果中P100潜伏期延长(P = 0.041),视力相关生活质量综合评分降低,P100 潜伏期与黄斑鼻侧和上方的血管密度呈负相关(r =−0.328,P = 0.030; r = −0.302,P = 0.047),表明视网膜微血管密度降低与PD患者的视力障碍相关,视网膜微血管系统改变可能早于视力下降和视网膜结构改变发生,并有可能成为早期PD的有前途的诊断标志物。上述研究表明,利用眼部测量来协助PD诊断方面具有重要前景,临床测试的协作努力对于验证已识别生物标志物的可靠性和临床适用性至关重要,有助于PD的诊断、监测和理解,这进一步强调了眼组学作为PD诊断工具的作用。

2.3 额颞叶痴呆

       FTD是65岁以下人群中第二常见的痴呆类型,其特征是导致性格、语言和行为的改变[30]。遗传学、生物标志物研究和神经影像学的研究进展为FTD的诊断和治疗提供了新的视角[30]。目前遗传学研究已经确定了与FTD相关的几个基因(例如MAPT、GRN、C9orf72)[31]。尽管已经提出了一些生物标志物,但眼组学可能被证明是一种更具成本效益且侵入性较小的替代方案[32]。Esser等[33]利用OCTA评估了18例FTD 患者和18名健康对照者的视网膜和视盘灌注,结果发现,与健康对照组相比,患者视盘和黄斑区SCP的血流密度显著降低(< 0.001),研究表明使用OCTA对视网膜灌注进行定量分析可能有助于诊断和监测 FTD。大脑的额叶和颞区控制眼球运动,这通常表现为FTD患者扫视潜伏期的增加或平滑追踪增益的减少。Russell等[34]利用眼动追踪技术评估了19例FTD患者和22名健康对照者的注视稳定性、平稳追踪、扫视和反扫视, 与对照组相比,FTD组的注视稳定性指标受损,FTD组在反扫视任务中表现较差,这与执行功能密切相关,表明FTD患者动眼神经功能异常,这可能与抑制控制受损和执行功能障碍有关。由于大脑颞叶受累,FTD患者对物体识别或面部感知可能会很困难,而颞叶对于视觉处理很重要[35]。除了非影像学诊断技术外,视网膜生物标志物在FTD检测和诊断方面也显示出一定相关性。此外,Kim等[36]利用SD-OCT评估16名例FTD患者的视网膜层厚度变化,并与30名对照者的眼睛进行比较,发现FTD的视网膜外层厚度变薄持续存在,并且与疾病进展和严重程度相关,因此,SD-OCT结果具有作为FTD生物标志物的潜力。上述研究表明,OCT、OCTA、眼动追踪技术检测的眼部生物标志物,可能有助于识别和监测FTD。

2.4 肌萎缩侧索硬化

       对于ALS,目前尚无法治愈。早期诊断和干预对于ALS的治疗和预后改善至关重要。眼动追踪技术可以检测ALS患者眼球运动的细微变化,这种变化甚至出现在他们有明显的运动症状之前[37]。Proudfoot等[38]利用眼动追踪技术分析了61例ALS和7例原发性ALS患者的眼球运动,每6个月评估1次眼动追踪措施(包括反扫视、跟踪和视觉搜索任务),为期2年,结果显示,尽管基本扫视功能正常,但ALS患者在执行和视觉搜索任务方面受损,而原发性ALS患者的损伤更严重,总之,眼动追踪技术提供了一种客观的方法来评估ALS。利用OCT可以为检测ALS和测量治疗效果提供更客观的数据,Taufik等[39]使用OCT测量 21例ALS患者和21例健康对照的RNFL 厚度,结果发现ALS患者上象限的RNFL厚度明显比健康对照组薄(=0.008),然而,这些变化与ALS功能评分无关,这项研究表明OCT是检测ALS 患者疾病进展的一个有用的工具。Cennamo 等[40]利用SD-OCT分析48例   ALS患者和45名健康对照者的视网膜和脉络膜厚度,与对照组相比,ALS患者的中央凹下脉络膜厚度更厚[(357.95 ± 55.15) μm vs.(301.3 ± 55.80)μm,P < 0.001),这项研究表明脉络膜厚度与ALS疾病活动度之间的可能关联。然而,ALS中RNFL厚度变化的差异很难对疾病进展进行明确分级;未来OCT可能会与其他成像工具结合使用,以成为更可靠和可重复的预后评价方法。

2.5 亨廷顿病

       HD是一种罕见的常染色体显性遗传病,其特征是神经元进行性退化,导致认知、运动和行为障碍。由于需要基因突变识别和症状表现,HD的诊断可能具有挑战性,这可能需要数年时间才能诊断[41]。遗传、影像、血液和脑脊液生物标志物(如亨廷顿蛋白片段)可能有助于诊断和监测; 然而,它们都不能单独用于诊断HD[42]。眼组学可以更低的侵入性和更低的成本为诊断提供补充。相对于其他神经退行性疾病,由于HD患者的显性(已出现临床症状)和预显性(遗传了基因突变,但不表现出临床症状的差异),HD的视网膜参数表现出具有早期诊断和监测的潜力。Gouravani等[43]对9项利用OCT检测视网膜和脉络膜改变的研究进行了荟萃分析,包括241例HD患者、211例健康对照者,与健康对照者相比,HD患者眼的中心凹下脉络膜厚度显著减少(<0.000 1)。此外分析表明,HD 患者的颞侧pRNFL厚度明显比HC薄(= 0.001 2)。然而,HD前期参与者与健康对照者的颞侧pRNFL厚度差异无统计学意义(= 0.33)。研究表明,OCT可能是HD疾病进展的有用生物标志物。Shah等[44]使用OCTA测试12例HD参与者(24只眼)以及16名对照参与者(31只眼)的视网膜毛细血管密度和中心凹无血管区,与对照组相比,HD个体的浅表中心凹毛细血管密度较低,平均深中心凹毛细血管密度较高(<0.001),而组间平均中心凹无血管区差异无统计学意义,表明HD患者可能存在视网膜生物标志物的变化。此外,ERG在案例研究和多个小鼠模型中展示了检测早期HD的潜力。 全视野ERG显示双侧广泛的视杆细胞和视锥细胞通路功能障碍,mfERG显示视网膜功能障碍,P1 振幅减弱。在小鼠模型中也观察到类似的视网膜功能障碍和变性,但人体研究受到严重限制[45]。小鼠模型上的ERG记录表明视锥细胞和视杆细胞反应以及其他电生理反应严重降低异常,表明检测HD神经元病理的潜在诊断价值。总体而言,ERG可能是无创检测早期HD亚临床视网膜功能障碍的有效方法。然而,需要进行更大样本量的研究来确认电生理学是否可作为量化HD患者疾病进展的潜在生物标志物。

3 结论和展望

       眼组学的出现为寻找原发性中枢神经系统神经退行性疾病的可靠生物标志物提供了新的方向。与许多其他更具侵入性的全身性疾病诊断和监测技术相比,眼组学具有优势,有助于快速筛查工作。采用眼部成像(例如 OCT、OCTA)和电生理学(例如 VEP、ERG)的无创、低成本且相对快速的筛查方法可以检测眼部异常,这可能有助于诊断和监测眼部异常神经退行性疾病。未来对深度学习算法使用的特征的阐明可能会确定可用于预测疾病风险的更多特征,鉴于新兴数据集的规模和成像技术的复杂性,AI与眼组学的结合有可能进一步彻底改变神经退行性疾病诊断和治疗的方法。通过机器学习,对大型视网膜成像数据集的分析可用于发现病理学的新模式并有效地进行诊断。将机器学习算法集成到眼组学中将增强预测能力,从而实现更早的检测。然而,机器学习的作用不仅仅限于数据分析和模式识别。它将与临床前和临床领域协同使用,以建立与已识别生物标志物的一致性、保真度和临床相关性。眼组学的持续发展取决于临床方案的标准化、共享数据库的访问以及促进跨学科的洞察力,以充分发挥这项技术的潜力并改进神经退行性疾病的诊断和治疗。

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1、国家自然科学基金(82160195),广东省梅州市医药卫生科研立项课题(2023-B-32),广 东省梅州市人民医院科研培育项目(PY-C2021060)。
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (82160195),Medical and Health Research Project of Guangdong Meizhou (2023-B-32) , Research and cultivation project of Guangdong Meizhou People's Hospital (PY-2021060).()
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