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PEI联合房角分离及房角切开治疗中晚期CPACG合并白内障患者的临床观察

Observation of the therapeutic efficacy of phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation, goniosynechialysis and goniotomy in patients with advanced chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma complicated by cataract

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2025年9月 第40卷 第9期 737-744 发布时间:2025-09-28 收稿时间:2025/9/25 14:37:00 阅读量:55
作者:
关键词:
原发性慢性闭角型青光眼白内障超声乳化房角分离术房角切开术
chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma cataract phacoemulsification goniosynechialysis goniotomy
DOI:
10.12419/25022701
收稿时间:
2025-03-04 
修订日期:
2025-04-16 
接收日期:
2025-04-27 
目的:观察超声乳化白内障吸除人工晶状体植入术(phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation, PEI)联合房角分离术(goniosynechialysis, GSL)及房角切开术(goniotomy, GT)治疗中晚期原发性慢性闭角型青光眼(chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma , CPACG)合并白内障的安全性和有效性。方法:采用回顾性病例研究。收集2020年6月至2024年1月在成都市中西医结合医院行PEI联合GSL及GT的中晚期CPACG合并白内障患者94例133眼,观察最佳矫正视力(best corrected visual acuity, BCVA)、眼压、抗青光眼药物使用数量及术后并发症等情况。采用重复测量方差分析、Wilcoxon秩检验进行统计学处理。结果:术后1天,1周,1、3、6个月94例患者133眼的BCVA(logMAR)均较术前有所提升(P<0.05);从术后1天到6个月的所有随访时间点眼压均较术前明显下降(F = 189.79,P<0.001);术后6个月,患者使用的降眼压药物数量明显低于术前 ( = -2.392,P<0.001)。术后1周中31眼(23%)出现角膜水肿,15眼(11%)出现前房积血,均在1周内消退;术后1个月内1眼出现眼压反跳,予以前房穿刺放液等治疗后眼压恢复到正常范围。术后6个月,121眼(91%)手术完全成功,10眼(8%)手术条件成功。结论:PEI联合GSL及GT治疗中晚期CPACG合并白内障可有效地提高视力、降低眼压,且无严重并发症。
Objective: To observe the safety and efficacy of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation (PEI) combined with goniosynechialysis (GSL) and goniotomy (GT) in treating advanced chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma (CPACG) complicated by cataract. Methods: This was a retrospective case series study. We collected data from a total of 94 patients (133 eyes) who had advanced CPACG along with cataract and underwent PEI+GSL+GT at Chengdu Integrated TCM&Western Medicine Hospital between June 2020 and January 2024. We observed the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of anti-glaucoma drugs used, and postoperative complications. Repeated measures ANOVA and Wilcoxon rank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The BCVA (logMAR) at 1 day, 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery showed significant improvement compared to the pre-surgical values (F = 189.79,< 0.001); The IOP at 1 day, 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months post-surgery was significantly lower than that pre-surgical IOP (P < 0.001). The number of IOP-lowering drugs used at 6 months after surgery was also significantly reduced compared to the pre-surgical (Z = -2.392, P < 0.001). One week after surgery, corneal edema occurred in 31 eyes (23%) and hyphema in 15 eyes (11%) , both of which resolved spontaneously within 1 week. Within one month after surgery, 1 eye experienced an IOP spike, and the intraocular pressure returned to normal range after treatments such as anterior chamber puncture and drainage. Six months after surgery, the operation was completely successful in 121 eyes (91%), and conditionally successful in 10 eyes (8%), resulting in an overall surgical success rate of 99%. Conclusions: PEI combined with GSL and GT can effectively improve vision and reduce IOP in patients with advanced CPACG complicated by cataract, without causing serious complications.

文章亮点

1. 关键发现

 • 在 6 个月的随访期间,PEI 联合房角分离及房角切开治疗中晚期 CPACG 合并白内障可有效地提高视力、降低眼压,且无严重并发症,手术安全有效。

2. 已知与发现

 • 针对合并白内障的中晚期 CPACG,传统的手术方式为 PEI 联合小梁切除术,而术后难以避免浅前房、低眼压、恶性青光眼等并发症及风险。近年来,PEI 联合房角分离术 (goniosynechialysis, GSL) 逐步成为治疗 CPACG 的一种新的微创青白联合手术方式,可有效解除房角粘连,加深前房,减少虹膜与小梁网的接触面积,以减少房水外流的阻力,从而更好地降低眼压。房角切开术 (goniotomy, GT) 则可在解除房角粘连的基础上进一步打开小梁网 -Schlemm 管通路,开放受阻的房水流出途径,同时沟通前房和 Schlemm 管,增加房水的内引流。目前,关于 CPACG 进展至中晚期,且小梁网功能已显著受损的患者,采用 PEI 联合 GSL 及 GT 这一手术方式的疗效研究尚不多见。

3. 意义与改变

 • 本研究通过回顾性分析,评估 PEI 联合 GSL 及 GT 治疗合并白内障的中晚期 CPACG 患者的临床效果,分析手术前后患者的视力及眼压等指标变化。研究发现 PEI 联合 GSL 及 GT 用于治疗中晚期 CPACG 合并白内障的手术效果良好,创伤小、对患者影响轻微,在临床上易于开展和推广,可以作为治疗中晚期 CPACG 合并白内障的首选治疗方案。

       原发性闭角型青光眼(primary angle-closure glaucoma,PACG)是世界范围内高发病率的致盲性眼病之一 [1-2] 。预计到2040年, PACG在全球范围的患者人数将达3 400万,其中530万患者将面临失明风险,致盲率远高于原发性开角型青光眼[3-4]。针对合并白内障的中晚期原发性慢性闭角型青光眼(chronic primary angle-closure glaucoma,CPACG),传统的手术方式为超声乳化白内障吸除人工晶状体植入术(phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation, PEI)联合小梁切除术,然而术后难以避免浅前房、低眼压、恶性青光眼等并发症及风险[5-6]。近年来,PEI联合房角分离术(goniosynechialysis, GSL)已逐步发展为治疗CPACG的一种重要的微创青白联合手术方式,它可以有效解除瞳孔阻滞,加深前房深度,并机械性分离房角粘连处,减少虹膜与小梁网的接触面积,以减少房水外流的阻力,从而更好地降低眼压[7-8]。而在此基础上联合实施的房角切开术(goniotomy, GT),则能进一步切开功能异常的小梁网,直接开放小梁网-Schlemm管这一核心房水流出通路,它不仅增强了房水的内引流效率,更能与PEI、GSL产生协同作用,共同构建起一条从前房至Schlemm管的通畅引流途径,从而实现更高效、持久的降眼压效果[9-10]。目前,关于CPACG进展至中晚期,且小梁网功能已显著受损的患者,采用PEI联合GSL及GT这一手术方式的疗效研究尚不多见。为此,本研究通过回顾性分析,评估上述联合术式治疗合并白内障的中晚期CPACG患者的临床效果,分析手术前后患者的视力及眼压等指标变化。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象  

       采用回顾性研究,本研究通过成都市中西医结合医院伦理委员会审查(批件号:2024年YNYJ第034号),收集2020年6月至2024年1月在成都市中西医结合医院就诊并行PEI联合GSL及GT的中晚期CPACG合并白内障患者94例133眼的临床资料,其术前病情、相关检查及术后随访资料均被纳入评估,患者组成为男41例56眼,女53例77眼;年龄41~98(中位数71)岁 。
       纳入标准:1)性别、年龄不限;2)符合CPACG诊断标准[10];3)存在明显的白内障,且经临床医师评估需行PEI者;4)存在药物控制不佳的高眼压;5)患者及其家属知情同意,依从性良好,且随访时间不少于6个月,病历及检查资料完整。
       排除标准:1)有眼内手术史;2)房角结构检查不清;3)合并其他类型的青光眼,如继发性闭角型青光眼、新生血管性青光眼等;4)合并严重全身系统性疾病。本研究遵循《赫尔辛基宣言》,经成都市中西医结合医院伦理委员会批准,患者及其家属已签署研究知情同意书。

1.2 手术方法

       所有手术均由同一位术者完成。在颞上方透明角膜缘做2.2 mm的主切口,随后做一侧切口,连续环形撕囊后经由超声乳化技术吸除晶状体核和皮质,囊袋内植入可折叠人工晶状体。完成上述步骤后,依次进行GSL与GT操作。首先行GSL,前房内注入稀释卡巴胆碱(1﹕1)以收缩瞳孔,并注入足量黏弹剂维持前房深度,随后将显微镜镜头倾斜 45°,于角膜表面涂抹黏弹剂后放置房角镜,在房角镜直视下用黏弹剂分离周边虹膜前粘连,使房角开放范围达270°以上;继而行GT,使用Zeng's小梁切开刀(图1)经主切口进入前房,将刀头尖端插入主切口对侧的小梁网并进入 Schlemm 管,在房角镜直视引导下,沿小梁网及 Schlemm管内壁切开约120°范围(图2)。最后,彻底冲洗并吸除前房内残留的黏弹剂及可能存在的积血,并以水密方式闭合角膜切口。手术结束时,术眼涂以妥布霉素地塞米松眼膏并用无菌纱布遮盖。术后术眼的常规用药方案为:妥布霉素地塞米松滴眼液及双氯芬酸钠滴眼液,每日4次,并自术后第1周起每周递减1次,总疗程为1个月;若术后1周前房炎症反应消退稳定,则加用毛果芸香碱滴眼液,每日3次,持续使用至术后1个月。

图1 Zeng's小梁切开刀
Figure 1 Zeng’s Trabeculotome

20251014164615_0672.png

图2 在房角镜直视下分离粘连的房角
Figure 2 Separation of goniosynechiae under direct gonioscopic view

20251014164642_0383.png

1.3 观察指标

       所有患者术前均详细采集病史和抗青光眼药物使用情况,术前使用裂隙灯生物显微镜与前置镜行眼前后节段检查;使用非接触式眼压计(CT-1,日本TOPCON)测量眼压;采用国际标准对数视力表测定最佳矫正视力(记录为logMAR值);使用眼科光学生物测量仪(Optical Biometry, IOLMaster 700, 德国蔡司)测量眼轴长度并计算人工晶状体度数;使用超声生物显微镜(SW-3200L, 天津索维)评估前房深度及房角形态;使用裂隙灯生物显微镜与房角镜检查房角;使用血管成像OCT(RTVue XR,美国RPTOVUE)分析视盘神经纤维层厚度及视盘周围血管密度;使用视野分析仪(WZZ0322002417,德国蔡司)检查视野。本研究的术后随访时间点设定为术后1天、1周以及1、3、6个月,于各时间点分别采集并记录患者的视力、眼压、降眼压药物使用数量、手术并发症及再次手术情况。

1.4疗效标准[11]

       完全成功:术后不使用抗青光眼药物且眼压低于21 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。条件成功:使用2种及以下抗青光眼药物后眼压低于21 mmHg。手术失败:术后使用2种以上抗青光眼药物时眼压仍大于21 mmHg。手术总成功率=(完全成功眼数+条件成功眼数)/总眼数×100%。眼压反跳(IOP spike)定义为术后1个月内眼压在30 mmHg以上,与峰值前相比升高10 mmHg以上,然后又降低到21 mmHg以下[12]

1.5 统计学方法

       采用SPSS25.0软件进行统计分析,采用Shapiro-Wilk检验对计量资料进行正态性检验,符合正态分布的计量资料用x±s表示,采用重复测量方差分析比较手术前后各时间点的眼压差异;非正态分布数据以M(P25,P75)表示,采用Wilcoxon秩检验;P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料

       本研究共纳入行PEI联合GSL及GT治疗的中晚期CPACG合并白内障患者94例133眼,其中男40例56眼,女54例77眼;手术眼别右眼22例,左眼31例,双眼40例;年龄(70.25±9.57)岁。

2.2 手术情况

        本研究所纳入的94例(133眼)患者均顺利完成手术,具体手术成功率详见表1。

表1 纳入患者手术成功率(n=133)
Table 1. Surgical success rate of the enrolled patients (n=133)

指标

术后1

术后1

术后1个月

术后3个月

术后6个月

完全成功[( %)]

104(78)

108(81)

109(82)

114(86)

121(91)

条件成功[( %)]

0(0)

5(4)

13(10)

18(14)

10(8)

2.3 手术前后眼压及用药情况 

       纳入患者的术前平均眼压为(40.32±9.15)mmHg,相较于该基线水平,术后各时间点的平均眼压均较术前明显下降,差异具有统计学意义(F=189.79,P<0.001)。见表2及图3。

图 3 纳入患者手术前后眼压(n=133)
Figure 3 Intraocular pressure of the enrolled patients before and after surgery (n=133)

20251017163614_4724_thumb.png
       纳入患者在术后6个月使用抗青光眼药物0( 0,0) 种,明显低于术前用药2( 1,2)种,差异具有统计学意义( Z=-2.392,P<0.001)。

表2 纳入患者手术前后眼压比较(n=133)
Table 2. Comparison of intraocular pressure before and after surgery in the enrolled patients (n=133)

指标

术前

术后1

术后1

术后1个月

术后3个月

术后6个月

F

P

眼压(x±s)/mmHg

40.32±9.15

18.76±4.53

17.45±3.22

16.37±2.88

15.50±2.50

15.90±2.19

189.79

<0.001

眼压下降率/%

 

53

57

59

62

61

 

 

与术前成对比较

平均值差值

21.56

22.87

23.95

24.82

24.41

 

 

 

P

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

 

 

2.4 手术前后BCVA比较 

       纳入患者术前BCVA(logMAR)为0.40(0.22, 1.00),相较于该基线水平,术后各时间点BCVA均较术前有所提升,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。详见表3。

表3  纳入患者手术前后BCVA比较(n=133)
Table 3. Comparison of Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) before and after surgery in the enrolled patients (n=133)

指标

术前

术后1

术后1

术后1个月

术后3个月

术后6个月

BCVA(logMAR)

[M(P25,P75)]

0.40(0.22,1.00)

0.30(0.22,0.82)

0.22(0.10,0.52)

0.22(0.10,0.46)

0.22(0.10,0.46)

0.22(0.10,0.40)

Z

 

-2.207

-7.032

-8.144

-8.165

-8.530

P

 

0.027

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

<0.001

2.5术中和术后并发症

       术后1周中31眼出现角膜水肿(23%),15眼出现前房积血(11%),均在1周内消退;另有1例患者出现眼压反跳,予前房穿刺放液等治疗1个月后,眼压恢复到正常范围,至术后6个月随访时,该患者在未使用抗青光眼药物的情况下眼压<21 mmHg。本研究纳入患者未发生玻璃体腔积血、后弹力层脱离等严重并发症,所有患者均无需再次手术。

3 讨论

       微创青光眼手术的进步为中晚期CPACG的治疗带来了新的术式选择,其中,PEI联合GSL及GT凭借其微切口、创伤小、疗效确切以及并发症少等优势,日益受到临床关注[13-14]。该联合手术通过多重机制协同作用:PEI能够有效解除瞳孔阻滞,并加深前房深度;在此基础上,GSL可机械性地分离已形成的周边虹膜前粘连(peripheral anterior synechia,PAS),促使房角重新开放;而GT则通过切开或去除功能异常的小梁网,直接减少房水流入Schlemm管的阻力,三者相辅相成,从而更有效地降低眼压,提高手术成功率[15-16]
       然而,对于CPACG合并白内障的患者,在行PEI联合GSL后是否应进一步行GT仍有待探讨。目前国内、国外已有少量相关研究。张楠等[17]观察了PEI联合GSL与PEI联合GT治疗合并白内障的PACG的效果,发现两种手术方式均能有效地控制眼压并提高视力,其中PEI联合GT能更显著地降低眼压,但并发症风险较高,而PEI联合GSL则更有利于前房结构的恢复,且术后并发症较少。高思佳等[18]对比了PEI联合GSL和PEI联合GSL及GT治疗中晚期PACG合并白内障的疗效,结果术后6个月时2组患者的抗青光眼药物使用数量、BCVA、前房深度、房角关闭范围均较术前改善,但PEI联合GSL及 GT组平均降眼压效果及术后房角开放范围均优于PEI联合GSL组。一项回顾性病例研究分析了560例采用谷户钩行GT联合或不联合PEI治疗各类青光眼的疗效,其中包括71例PACG患者,最长随访时间达36个月,结果显示PACG患者术后眼压降低了31%,约64%的患眼在末次随访时使用抗青光眼药物后眼压可控制在15 mmHg以下[9]。一项前瞻性临床研究观察了采用Kahook双刃刀(Kahook dual blade,KDB)行PEI联合GSL及GT的11例PACG患者11眼,术后24个月眼压降低了约30%,抗青光眼药物减少了50%[19]。另一项回顾性研究同样观察了采用KDB行PEI联合GSL及GT的PACG患者24例42眼,结果95.2%的患眼在术后24个月眼压均不超过18 mmHg,且69.0%患眼无需使用抗青光眼药物[20]。Shokoohi-Rad等[21]将既往无眼内手术史的PACG患者61例63眼随机分为PEI联合GSL组和PEI联合GSL及GT组,观察2组患眼术后的眼压情况,结果发现PEI联合GSL及GT组的平均眼压降低效果(6.98 mmHg)优于PEI联合GSL组(4.60 mmHg),且在术后3个月及6个月时差异显著。一项多中心临床研究纳入了行PEI联合GSL及GT的晚期PACG患者83例83眼,随访1年,结果术后平均眼压[(14.2±2.6)mmHg]较术前[(27.4±7.3)mmHg]显著降低,且抗青光眼药物的平均种类由术前2.0种降至0.3种[22]。由此可见,PEI联合GSL及GT的降眼压效果比PEI联合GSL更加明显。
       本研究中,术后1周和1、3、6个月的手术总成功率均高于80%,且手术成功率随术后时间延长而升高,这表明PEI联合GSL及GT在术后早、中期均体现出很好的疗效。术后1天,1周,1、3、6个月眼压均较术前明显下降,BCVA均较术前有所提升,降眼压药物数量较术前显著减少。既往研究结果显示,小梁切除术后易发生浅前房、低眼压、脉络膜脱离、滤泡瘢痕化等并发症,而本研究中术后主要并发症为角膜水肿(23%)、前房积血(11%),并发症发生率明显低于小梁切除术,且未出现严重影响视力的并发症[23]
       术后观察期内,1例患者出现了眼压反跳现象,考虑其潜在原因为术后局部使用糖皮质激素,或前房积血对房角引流功能产生的暂时性影响。经停用糖皮质激素或待前房积血吸收等干预后,眼压可得到控制并恢复至正常范围内,与既往研究结果相似[19]
       既往研究指出,采用PEI联合GSL治疗中晚期CPACG时,即使术中实现360°房角分离,术后仍存在房角再粘连的风险,从而导致眼压回升,该文献报道了PEI联合GSL治疗CPACG合并白内障的临床疗效,结果显示术后1周时眼压下降最明显,之后随时间的推移缓慢升高[24]。本研究结果显示,患者眼压下降率在术后3个月达到峰值,且各时间点的下降幅度均高于术后1天水平。这一差异提示,在PEI与GSL松解房角粘连的基础上,联合GT可能进一步促使小梁网-Schlemm管通路实现更充分、持久的开放,从而增强房水引流效率,使降眼压的效果更加持久,与既往关于GT可优化房水流出通道功能的研究结论相一致[18,21]
       综上所述,本研究结果初步表明,在6个月的随访期间,PEI联合GSL及GT用于治疗中晚期CPACG合并白内障的手术效果良好,创伤小、对患者影响轻微,在临床上易于开展和推广,可以作为治疗中晚期CPACG合并白内障的首选治疗方案。需要指出的是,本研究存在一定的局限性:首先,本研究为回顾性研究,缺乏前瞻性随机对照及独立的对照组,可能引入选择偏倚;其次,相对较短的随访时间限制了评估结论的长期有效性。未来将延长随访时间并加入对照组进行比较,以更全面地评估PEI联合GSL及GT治疗中晚期CPACG合并白内障的有效性及安全性。

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