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眼睑基底细胞癌的诊疗新进展

Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of eyelid basal cell carcinoma

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2025年9月 第40卷 第9期 753-762 发布时间:2025-09-28 收稿时间:2025/9/25 14:37:45 阅读量:59
作者:
关键词:
眼睑基底细胞癌病理分型手术治疗Hedgehog通路
eyelid basal cell carcinoma pathological classification surgical treatment Hedgehog pathway
DOI:
10.12419/25022402
收稿时间:
2025-02-26 
修订日期:
2025-03-20 
接收日期:
2025-04-11 
眼睑基底细胞癌(basal cell carcinoma of eyelid, BCC)是眼附属器中最为常见的恶性肿瘤,近年来,其全球发病率呈持续上升趋势,且患者发病年龄有明显年轻化的倾向,这不仅增加了疾病的公共卫生负担,也对临床防治策略提出了更高要求。本文综述了眼睑BCC在诊疗领域的最新研究进展。在诊断方面,除传统组织病理学检查外,皮肤镜、反射共聚焦显微镜(reflectance confocal microscope, RCM)和光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography, OCT)等新技术的应用不仅显著提升了诊断灵敏度与特异度,更在肿瘤亚型鉴别和边界描绘方面展现出独特优势。在分子机制研究方面,代谢组学揭示了眼睑BCC存在显著的代谢重编程,包括脂质代谢、烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD)代谢、多胺代谢以及葡萄糖代谢等多条代谢通路的异常活化。更为前沿的空间代谢组学技术则将代谢信息与组织空间位置相结合,进一步验证了磺酸、羟基吡啶硫酮等特异性代谢物在肿瘤发生发展中的潜在生物标志物价值。治疗方面,除了传统手术治疗之外,放射治疗的技术革新,以及针对Hedgehog信号通路的靶向药物及免疫抑制剂等免疫疗法的突破,为晚期/转移性患者带来了革命性的治疗转机。文章旨在为未来的眼睑BCC预防和治疗策略提供新的见解,并为临床医生提供新的诊疗思路。
Eyelid basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most prevalent malignant tumor of the ocular adnexa, has seen a steady rise in global incidence, accompanied by a notable trend toward earlier onset. This trend not only exacerbates the public health burden but also imposes greater demands on clinical strategies for prevention and management. This article reviews the latest research progress in the diagnosis and treatment of eyelid BCC. In diagnostic practice, alongside conventional histopathological examination, the incorporation of novel technologies—such as dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), and optical coherence tomography (OCT)—has markedly enhanced diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, while offering distinct advantages in tumor subtype differentiation and margin assessment. Metabolomic analyses reveal pronounced metabolic reprogramming in eyelid BCC, with aberrant activation of lipid, NAD, polyamine, and glucose metabolism. Spatial metabolomics further supports the biomarker potential of metabolites such as taurine and pyrithione in tumor initiation and progression. Beyond conventional surgery, advances in radiotherapy, targeted Hedgehog pathway inhibitors, and immunotherapies have created new opportunities for advanced or metastatic eyelid BCC. This review highlights emerging strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, offering clinicians fresh perspectives for patient management.

文章亮点

1. 关键发现

 • 眼睑基底细胞癌 (basel cell carcinoma of eyelid, BCC) 近年来的发病率逐年上升,且有年轻化的趋势;新技术如皮肤镜、反射共聚焦显微镜和光学相干断层扫描提高了 BCC 的诊断准确性;代谢组学研究揭示了多胺代谢及葡萄糖代谢等异常可能成为潜在生物标志物;Hedgehog 通路抑制剂和免疫检查点抑制剂提高了晚期 BCC 中的治疗效果。

2. 已知与发现

 • 病理活组织检查依然是 BCC 诊断的金标准,但人工智能、反射共聚焦显微镜等新型辅助诊断技术为 BCC 的早期发现和干预提供了令人兴奋的新机遇。手术切除仍然是治疗的主要手段,而代谢重编程,尤其是在烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD) 代谢、多胺代谢和葡萄糖代谢中的变化,可能为 BCC 的早期诊断和靶向治疗开辟了新的方向。

3. 意义与改变

 • 本综述系统总结了 BCC 的诊断及治疗新进展,旨在为未来的预防和治疗提供新的见解以及为临床医生的诊治提供新的思路,具有重要的临床指导意义。

       眼睑基底细胞癌(basal cell carcinoma of eyelid,BCC)是一种源自表皮细胞的皮肤恶性肿瘤,是最常见的眼附属器恶性肿瘤,约占眼睑恶性肿瘤的85%~95%[1]。该病多发于60岁以上的老年人群体,尽管其死亡率较低,但其终生患病风险可高达20%~30%[2]。近年来,全球基底细胞癌的发生率持续上升,尤其在亚洲地区增幅显著[3],并且发病年龄呈年轻化趋势[4, 5]。传统的眼睑BCC诊疗方法和诊断标准大多参照皮肤基底细胞癌的临床共识。然而,眼睑BCC通常位于颌面部的敏感区域,具有解剖位置特殊,手术难度高等特点,基于此,本文总结了近期眼睑BCC的诊断及治疗进展,进而为未来的预防和治疗策略提供新的见解。

1 基底细胞癌的分类与分期

       基底细胞癌是一个异质性肿瘤群体,根据组织病理形态和临床症状分类,其亚型多达30余种,主要的亚型包括表浅型、结节型、溃疡型和浸润型[6, 7]
由于大多数基底细胞癌较易于治疗,即使是最严重的亚型通常也不会发生淋巴结转移,且远处转移极为罕见。因此TNM分类体系不适用于基底细胞癌,并且在大多数指南中不被推荐[8, 9]。用于黑色素瘤和鳞状细胞癌的皮肤T分期 (T0~T4),对于基底细胞癌也并不适用。
       欧洲皮肤肿瘤学会 (European Association of Dermato-Oncology, EADO) 提出将基底细胞癌分为“易于治疗的基底细胞癌” (easy-to-treat) 和“难治性基底细胞癌” (difficult-to-treat)。“易于治疗的基底细胞癌”包括最常见的类型,而“难治性基底细胞癌”则包括所有“局部晚期基底细胞癌” (locally advanced basal cell carcinoma, laBCCs),以及因某些原因导致治疗困难的常见基底细胞癌,主要有以下几种情况:1)肿瘤的大小或位置(如眼部、鼻部、唇部和耳部)导致的技术性难度,影响功能和美观;2)常与硬皮亚型或复发相关的不清晰边界;3)面部多次复发(通常需要更大的切除);4)患者有放射治疗史;5)患者不愿意接受手术后果;6)患者有影响手术进行的合并症。难治性基底细胞癌的类型非常异质化,治疗难度逐渐增加,复发风险也逐渐增大[8, 10]。 
       以下的4个分期涵盖了从常见的易于治疗的肿瘤到极少见的转移性病例的整个 BCC 范畴(表1)[8]

表1  欧洲皮肤肿瘤学会(EADO)基底细胞癌分类方法及对应眼睑基底细胞癌分类
Table 1. Classification of basal cell carcinoma by EADO and corresponding classification for eyelid basal cell carcinoma

分期

皮肤基底细胞癌

眼睑基底细胞癌

EADO  I

包括大多数基底细胞癌,属于易于治疗和低风险的类型

眼睑局限性小型BCC,无高危组织学亚型(如浸润型、基底鳞状型

EADO Ⅱ期

A期:由于肿瘤(特殊部位/模糊边界/复发史)或患者(健康状况/合并症/配合度差等因素),使管理更为复杂

A期:边界不清、位于特殊解剖部位(如内眦区、睑缘区)、存在复发史,或患者因素增加治疗复杂性(如老年或合并其他疾病)

B期:以及由于肿瘤数量多而难以治疗的基底细胞癌:常见型基底细胞癌 >10个; 复杂型基底细胞癌 >5个

B期:多发性眼睑基底细胞癌(>10个常见型或> 5个复杂型)

EADO Ⅲ期

A 期:位于非关键或功能性重要区域的大型/破坏性肿瘤

ⅢA期:较大或破坏性病变,但未累及眼睑功能结构,可通过手术治愈。

 

B 期:位于关键或功能重要区域(如口周、鼻部等)的大型和/或破坏性肿瘤。可通过手术治愈,但不可避免地会造成功能损害和/或肢体残缺

ⅢB期:累及功能关键区域(如睑缘、内眦)的大型或破坏性肿瘤,手术可治愈但会影响功能或外观

C 期:巨型和/或深度侵袭性肿瘤,累及皮肤外组织(如骨骼、肌肉、神经),导致极端临床情况。无论手术范围如何,预期无法通过手术治愈。

ⅢC期:侵犯深部结构(如眶骨、眼轮匝肌、泪腺或神经),手术难以治愈。

 

EADO Ⅳ期

代表转移性基底细胞癌

眼睑BCC已发生淋巴结或远处转移(如肺、肝、

2 诊断

       眼睑BCC好发于老年人,多见于女性。早期通常表现为无痛性结节性病变,病灶边缘呈珍珠状隆起,表面覆有痂皮、鳞屑,周围毛细血管扩张,继而中央部出现溃疡,糜烂、出血。超过80%的基底细胞癌瘤发生于头颈部,20%发生于眼周,眼周受累的部位从最常见到最不常见依次为下眼睑、内眦、上眼睑和外眦[1]
皮肤活组织检查(活检)为基底细胞癌的诊断金标准:1)溃疡(与近期外伤无关);2)多个蓝/灰色球状结构;3)叶状区域;4)大的蓝/灰色卵圆形巢;5)轮辐状区域;6)树枝状毛细血管扩张。出现至少1种表现可确诊。随着影像学设备的不断发展,出现了皮肤镜、反射共聚焦显微镜、光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography, OCT)甚至人工智能(artificial intelligence, AI)等多种新型辅助诊断方法,这些方法能够有效地辅助临床医生确诊基底细胞癌。

2.1非侵入性检查

       2.1.1皮肤镜
       皮肤镜是一种非侵入性技术,能够放大观察肉眼无法观察的皮肤细节和结构,显示皮肤不同层次的微观结构。常用的皮肤镜包括手持皮肤镜、计算机辅助数字系统或视频皮肤镜[11]
       皮肤镜能够显著提高基底细胞癌的诊断准确性,其灵敏度为98.6%,诊断概率为99%[12-15]。基底细胞癌的皮肤镜下结构可以分为3类:血管相关、色素相关和非血管/非色素相关。基底细胞癌的显著特征有以下几种:1)树状血管,树状血管具有高诊断准确性和94.1%的阳性预测值[16],呈亮红色,通常大于1 mm,并且因其位于表皮下方而十分明显。其主血管直径相对较大,并分支成更细的支脉。2)短小细血管扩张,基底细胞癌的另一种常见的血管模式,其特点是血管直径和长度均小于1 mm,且分支较少或没有分支。3)辐射状轮辐区,这是一种放射状的投射结构并汇聚于一个较暗的中央点,尽管在皮肤镜检查中较为罕见,但其对基底细胞癌具有很高的特异度。
       2.1.2 反射共聚焦显微镜
       反射共聚焦显微镜(reflectance confocal microscope,RCM)是一种非侵入性的光学成像技术,通过发射近红外光(830 nm)的低功率激光,对体内人体皮肤的薄切片进行视频速率成像[17]。作为一种辅助诊断工具,它可以用于进一步检查临床诊断和皮肤镜检查中特征不明确的病变。特别是在对美容要求较高的部位或难以获取活检样本的解剖部位。已有研究报道,反射共聚焦显微镜在口腔和生殖器黏膜及眼睑肿瘤的床旁评估中表现出色,其在眼睑皮肤癌(包括基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌和黑色素瘤)中的灵敏度为100%,特异度为69.2%[18]
       在反射共聚焦显微镜下,基底细胞癌通常表现为位于基底膜交界或乳头层真皮的肿瘤性聚集,呈现为“暗影像”(低反射的暗区,周围由明亮的成纤维细胞基质勾画出来),或 “亮肿瘤岛”(多边形的、带状的结构,周围被裂隙状的暗区包围)[19, 20]
       2.1.3 OCT
       OCT成像技术已在视网膜疾病的诊断中应用多年,近期研究表明其在眼周皮肤肿瘤的诊断中也表现出色。OCT能够生成与视网膜层成像类似的皮肤的横断面图像,并以类组织病理学的方式可视化皮肤病变。当OCT作为临床和皮肤镜检查的辅助手段用于基底细胞癌的诊断时,其诊断准确率从仅依靠临床评估的65.8%提高到加入皮肤镜检查后的76.2%,再通过结合OCT进一步提高至87.4%[21]
       在OCT中,83%的眼睑BCC可以观察到特征性的皮下低反射巢,并且对于临床表现不典型的病例也具有较高的诊断价值[22]
       在亚型识别方面,OCT对眼睑BCC亚型的诊断也表现出较高的准确性。OCT能够识别表浅基底细胞癌的裂隙、低反射卵形结构以及缺乏完全包围的卵形结构,这些特征是该亚型的重要预测指标[23]
       此外, OCT在肿瘤深度测量方面的精确度可与活检相媲美,OCT测量的深度与病理学活检之间具有极高的相关性,且测量差异均在0.1 mm以内[23]。这一发现在表浅基底细胞癌的临床治疗中具有突破性意义。目前,对于表浅眼睑BCC的治疗,通常倾向于采用非手术疗法,例如伊马替尼和光动力疗法。而对于深度小于0.4 mm的表浅眼睑BCC,采用伊马替尼治疗的复发率为0(平均随访期为34个月)[24]。OCT在深度测量中的优异表现,使得通过非侵入性技术诊断并确定表浅眼睑BCC深度成为可能,从而避免侵入性组织活检的需求。
       2.1.4 AI辅助图像识别
       鉴于眼球是体表器官中易于获取影像数据的部位,且眼科诊疗高度依赖于眼部图像的分析处理,人工智能在眼科疾病的筛查和初步诊断中发挥了至关重要的作用。基于智能手机的眼科人工智能应用——眼表黑色肿物智能诊断系统“粤睛晶”微信小程序已正式上线。眼睑BCC因其外观容易混淆其他病变,即使经验丰富的眼科医生通常也需借助裂隙灯显微镜等设备才能初步鉴别,而普通人更易将恶性肿物误认为普通痣,从而延误最佳治疗时机。“粤睛晶”小程序基于深度学习算法,实现了便捷的图像分析功能。用户仅需上传一张眼表照片,即可快速获得对眼表黑色肿物的初步诊断建议(图1)。该系统不仅为普通患者提供了一种简便高效的疾病筛查手段,也为早期发现和干预提供了重要的时间窗口,有望在眼表恶性肿瘤的早期识别和精准医疗中发挥积极作用。

图1  粤睛晶-微信小程序使用界面
Figure.1  Yue Jing Jing-WeChat mini program user interface

20251011170635_6511.png

2.2 侵入性检查

       2.2.1 皮肤活检
       皮肤活检是基底细胞癌的诊断金标准。活检取材行病理检查能够确诊其亚型并评估复发风险;其次,在控制性切除手术过程中,活检能够协助医生明确手术切缘有无肿瘤组织残留,为保证手术效果提供重要依据[25]
        2.2.2 肿瘤标志物、代谢物检测
       随着高通量代谢组学技术和微流控芯片技术的迅速发展,肿瘤标志物及代谢物的测定已经具备了小样本量、低成本、高效率和实时监测的显著优势。这些技术不仅在肿瘤的早期诊断、分期评估和预后预测中起到了至关重要的作用,还为肿瘤治疗的监测及个体化治疗策略的制定提供了强有力的支持[26]
       近年来,基底细胞癌的肿瘤标志物和代谢物研究取得了显著进展。针对基底细胞癌患者血浆代谢物的研究发现,与正常人群相比,基底细胞癌患者的脂质标志物水平普遍升高,特别是高密度脂蛋白和胆固醇水平的升高,且这一变化具有统计学显著性[27]。此外,通过电穿孔活检采集基底细胞癌皮肤组织的高通量脂质组学研究表明,基底细胞癌皮肤组织中磷脂和神经酰胺显著升高,与正常皮肤组织相比具有显著差异[28]。这些发现不仅为基底细胞癌的早期诊断提供了新的线索,也揭示了脂质代谢在其发生发展中的潜在致病作用。
       眼睑BCC的代谢组学研究提示,该病在NAD代谢、多胺代谢和葡萄糖代谢方面出现了显著的代谢重编程。此外,来自NAD代谢途径的代谢物(如烟酰胺、烟酰胺核苷、N1-甲基烟酰胺)在眼睑BCC预测模型中表现出最高的灵敏度、特异度和预测准确性,表明NAD代谢途径中的代谢物可能成为眼睑BCC的潜在生物标志物或治疗靶点[29]。进一步的单细胞和空间代谢组学联合分析也发现,大量脂质代谢产物在眼睑BCC中被激活,且这些变化可能与癌细胞的能量供应相关。与正常皮肤相比,眼睑BCC肿瘤样本中牛磺酸、脱氧鸟苷酸、磷酸乙醇胺和羟基吡啶硫酮的高表达,提示它们可能作为潜在的肿瘤代谢标志物[30]。然而上述研究成果尚未在临床中得以验证。希望未来能进一步开展大规模临床研究,以评估各类潜在代谢标志物在实际诊断中的准确性和可行性。

3 治疗

       眼睑BCC的主要治疗方法包括手术治疗、放射治疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗和局部治疗。其中,手术切除是首选方案,标准方法为控制性病灶切除结合眼睑重建[31]。根据欧洲BCC共识指南,约10%的病例被归类为“难治性”病例。这些病例的特点包括肿瘤较大、位置特殊、边界不清、复发或合并其他复杂疾病[6]。在这些复杂情况下,对于局部laBCC或mBCC患者,可能需要选择其他治疗手段,例如Hedgehog通路抑制剂(如vismodegib或sonidegib)[32, 33],或免疫检查点抑制剂(如程序性死亡受体1抗体programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1抗体)[33]。这些新型疗法为难治性病例提供了有效的治疗。

3.1 手术治疗

       眼睑BCC手术治疗的目标是完全切除肿瘤并恢复眼睑的功能性和美观性,通常采用控制性病灶切除联合眼睑成形。控制性病灶切除具体做法:距离肿物边缘适宜的距离外标记手术切除位置,完整切除肿物。当前的指南建议,对于低风险肿瘤,手术切缘范围应在距离肿物边缘2~5 mm;而对于高风险病变,切缘范围则需扩大至5~15 mm[34-36]。随后,在病灶各侧切取约1~2 mm宽的周围组织。将切下的组织按部位编号并注明位置,与瘤体一同送病理检查。若病理报告显示某一边缘仍然有肿瘤组织残留,则需在相应位置扩大切除范围,直至所有切缘经病理检查证实无肿瘤组织残留。之后将根据患者眼睑缺损的具体情况进行个性化眼睑成形手术(图2)。

图2  内眦处眼睑基底细胞癌患者眼外观照相
Figure.2  External appearance photographs of a patient with medial canthal eyelid basal cell carcinoma

20251011170658_6047.png
(A)手术前肿瘤外观;(B)控制性病灶切除术后第1天;(C)皮瓣转移联合眼睑重建术后手术第1天;(D)术后1个月。
(A) Tumor appearance before surgery; (B) Postoperative day 1 after controlled lesion excision; (C) Postoperative day 1 after combined flap transfer and eyelid reconstruction; (D) One month after surgery.
       肿瘤大小是预测临床风险特征的关键因素。一项涵盖16 066例病变的荟萃分析表明,对于小于2 mm的非硬斑病样病变,3 mm的手术切缘足以实现95%的治愈率[37]。然而,对于具有高风险特征的大于2 cm肿瘤,则需要至少13 mm的安全切缘,以确保相同的完全切除确定性[38]。在临床边界清晰的色素性基底细胞癌中,仅2~3 mm的切缘即可达到99%的切除率[39, 40]。在重建选择有限且计划在显微手术中进行后续重建的部位,也可以考虑采用更小的切缘[41, 42]

3.2 放射治疗

       放射治疗作为重要补充治疗手段,主要应用于手术未能完全切除且存在残留肿瘤(微观或宏观)的情况。此外,它也可用于治疗具有神经周围浸润的高风险侵袭性基底细胞癌患者、广泛局部侵袭性BCC(laBCC)或者复发性BCC。据统计,约25%的眼眶侵袭型眼睑BCC复发患者仅接受放射治疗[43, 44]。文献报道,间质近距离放射治疗在初治未接受治疗的BCC患者中的治愈率为92.5%,而对于手术切除后残留或复发的BCC患者,治愈率为88%[45]

3.3 靶向治疗

       基底细胞癌的发生与Hedgehog信号通路的激活密切相关,这一激活在90%以上的病例中都能检测到。目前,已经获得批准的Hedgehog抑制剂Vismodegib和Sonidegib在局部laBCC和mBCC等晚期基底细胞癌中的治疗表现出显著效果,总体缓解率超过50%,且患者的中位缓解持续时间超过24个月[32]。此外靶向治疗对于手术后复发的局部晚期患者,或因手术可能引发视力丧失、复视或眼部及眼眶结构丢失等问题的患者,也有显著疗效[46]。Vismodegib还用于治疗基底细胞痣综合征(Gorlin综合征),该病无法通过手术治疗,并涉及眼周区域和面部的多种皮肤病变[47]
       然而,由于Hedgehog抑制剂存在显著的不良反应,其在临床应用中的使用受到了限制[32, 47, 48]。尽管已有多种管理策略用于应对这些不良反应,但这些策略尚未得到广泛推广和实施。同时,研究也已观察到Vismodegib和Sonidegib的耐药性问题[49, 50]。为克服耐药性,研究者提出了多种可能的解决方案,包括开发新一代Hedgehog抑制剂(如Taladegib,目前正在进行临床试验)[51],以及针对HH信号通路中其他关键成分的药物治疗。然而,这些策略仍面临挑战,尚未完全解决相关问题。

3.4 免疫治疗

       免疫检查点是免疫系统的抗原屏障,旨在防止体内细胞被免疫功能正常的细胞识别。癌细胞利用这一机制,逃避免疫系统的监视,从而维持其隐匿状态。免疫检查点抑制剂通过突破这些抗原屏障,使得T细胞等免疫细胞能够识别并攻击肿瘤细胞。多项研究表明,PD-1抗体在局部或转移性基底细胞癌治疗中的初步效果显著[52, 53]。目前,针对基底细胞癌的PD-1抗体Cemiplimab的批准研究正在进行中[54],在这种背景下,PD-1抗体将在眼眶侵袭型眼睑BCC患者的术前或术后的辅助治疗中展现出巨大的潜力,并且在某些严重病例中,有助保留眼部功能。

3.5 局部治疗

       基底细胞癌的局部治疗主要用于皮肤科,在眼科领域较为少见。由于眼睑BCC患者最常用的治疗手段为手术治疗,因此只有在患者对手术有严重顾虑时,才考虑使用这些局部治疗[55]
       3.5.1 超脉冲CO2激光治疗
       眼睑BCC的治疗不仅旨在彻底消除肿瘤、避免局部复发并尽量减少并发症,还需充分考虑患者对面部容貌恢复的需求,以确保达到良好的美学效果。CO2超脉冲激光可以精确去除病变组织,同时将热扩散到周围组织的程度降至最低,从而减少损伤和瘢痕形成,因此可以作为一种新型的基底细胞癌辅助治疗方法。一项研究提出使用刮除术清除基底细胞癌肿瘤组织后,对病灶周围2~5 mm的边缘皮肤及刮除部位进行2~4次脉冲CO2激光照射,结果显示该治疗的总体治愈率达106例(93.8%),其中97例(85.8%)实现了良好至优秀的疗效[56]。值得关注的是,该方法的复发率仅为6.2%,且因为激光治疗后不会导致解剖结构变形,从而可以在复发早期精准定位并轻松评估肿瘤范围,因此对于多发性直径小于2 cm、浅表型、色素型或结节型临床亚型且无侵袭性病理特征的基底细胞癌病灶,刮除术联合超脉冲CO2激光可以作为一种潜在的替代治疗方案,并且可以获得令人满意的美容效果。然而对于微结节型、浸润型病理亚型,或直径大于1 cm的硬化型临床亚型病灶,则不推荐使用。
       3.5.2 冷冻疗法 
       冷冻治疗(Cryotherapy)是一种在眼科领域广泛应用的治疗技术,通过极低温度处理各种眼部疾病,利用液氮快速冻结组织能最有效地杀死癌细胞,通过破坏小血管则可治疗许多良性病变。冷冻治疗现已应用于外路手术治疗视网膜脱离、视网膜血管瘤、复发性翼状胬肉以及视网膜母细胞瘤的治疗中。
       对于基底细胞癌的治疗也有研究表明,该治疗方法的平均随访5年复发率为7.6%[57]。但由于冷冻治疗后通常会出现瘢痕,这可能增加掩盖复发的风险,因此仍需进一步的对比研究来进行验证。

4 结语

       近年来,通过对病理分型及分类分期系统的深入研究,以及非侵入性影像学技术如皮肤镜、反射共聚焦显微镜、OCT等的应用,眼睑BCC的诊断准确性与早期发现率得到了显著提高。同时,人工智能辅助诊断和高通量代谢组学技术的发展,为该病的早期筛查、亚型识别以及个体化治疗方案的制定提供了新的契机。
       本文通过总结眼睑BCC在诊断、分类分型及治疗策略上的研究进展,加深了对眼睑BCC的生物学特性和临床特征的认识,也为未来制定更精准、更高效的诊疗策略提供了重要依据,为患者的长期管理和预后改善奠定了基础。

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