您的位置: 首页 > 2023年3月 第38卷 第3期 > 文字全文
2023年7月 第38卷 第7期11
目录

NMOSD合并HIV感染/AIDS的诊疗:病例报告并文献复习

Diagnosis and treatment of NMOSD associated with HIV infection/AIDS: case report and literature review

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2023年3月 第38卷 第3期 214-224 发布时间:2023-03-01 收稿时间:2023/3/27 8:44:51 阅读量:6071
作者:
关键词:
视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病人体免疫缺陷病毒获得性免疫缺陷综合征
neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders human immunodeficiency virus acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
DOI:
10.12419/j.issn.1000-4432.2023.03.14
收稿时间:
 
修订日期:
 
接收日期:
 
报告一例视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders,NMOSD)合并人体免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染/获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS),并通过文献复习,总结其发病机制、临床特征、治疗及预后。检索文献包括7篇英文文献(8个病例),1篇中文文献,共报道9例NMOSD合并HIV感染/AIDS病例,结合本文报道的1例共10例,其中5例为女性,5例为男性,3例HIV感染/AIDS为新发,其他病例的HIV感染/AIDS发病均早于NMOSD。临床表现上,7例均为视神经炎和脊髓炎同时或相继发生,2例表现为单相病程或复发性脊髓炎,1例仅表现为双眼相继发生的视神经炎,10例患者头或脊髓MRI均有典型的视神经或脊髓异常信号,伴或不伴强化。2例患者未进行水通道蛋白4(aquaporin protein-4,AQP4)抗体IgG检测,其余8例中5例AQP4抗体阳性、3例阴性。针对AIDS的治疗,10例患者中,8例接受了高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(highly active antiretroviral therapy,HAART)。针对NMOSD的治疗,10例患者中,急性期有8例患者接受糖皮质激素冲击治疗、3例患者接受血浆置换、2例接受丙种球蛋白治疗,序贯治疗期有6例患者接受免疫抑制剂治疗,其中1例因高胆红素血症停药。发生视神经炎的7例中,2例患者经治疗仍失明、5例视力部分恢复,发生脊髓炎的8例中,5例患者遗留截瘫或轻瘫、3例肌力部分恢复。1例因严重并发症去世。NMOSD合并HIV感染/AIDS临床较罕见,预后差,往往遗留严重的视力障碍及瘫痪等,临床治疗较为棘手,糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂并非使用禁忌证,但制定治疗决策前需要充分考虑风险与获益的平衡。
A case of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders(NMOSD) complicated with human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(AIDS) was reported, and the pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis were summarized through the literature review. The retrieved literatures included seven English literatures (eight cases) and one Chinese literature, in which a total of nine cases of NMOSD co-infected with HIV infection/AIDS were reported. Combined with the case reported in this paper, the total number of cases was ten, among which five cases were female and five cases were male, three cases of HIV infection/AIDS were newly developed, and the other cases had earlier onset of HIV infection/AIDS than NMOSD. In terms of clinical manifestations, seven cases all had simultaneous or sequential optic nerve and myelitis, two patients presented with a uniphasic course or recurrent myelitis, and one case presented only with bilateral optic neuritis occurring sequentially in both eyes. All ten patients had typical abnormal signals of the optic nerve or spinal cord with or without enhancement on cranial or spinal MRI. Two patients did not undergo AQP4 antibody IgG testing , and of the remaining seven cases, five were positive for AQP4 antibodies and three were negative. For AIDS treatment, eight of the ten patients received highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART). For NMOSD treatment, among the ten patients, eight patients received intravenous methylprednisolone,three patients received plasmapheresis, and two patients received intravenous immunoglobulin in the acute phase. Six patients received immunosuppressive therapy during the sequential treatment period, and one of them was discontinued due to hyperbilirubinemia. Of the seven cases with optic neuritis, two patients remained blind after treatment and five had partial recovery of vision. Of the eight cases with myelitis, five patients were left with paraplegia or mild paralysis, and three had partial recovery of muscle strength. One case died due to serious complications.NMOSD combined with HIV infection/AIDS is rare in clinic and has a poor prognosis. Patients are often left with severe visual impairment and paralysis. Clinical treatment is quite difficult, hormones and immunosuppressive agents are not considered as contraindications. Treatment decisions need to be made with fully considered about the balance of risks and benefits.
视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病(neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders,NMOSD)是一组自身免疫介导的累及视神经和脊髓的中枢神经系统炎性脱髓鞘疾病[1],临床上罕见。据统计,NMOSD在中国的发病率约为0.278/(10万人·年),儿童约为0.075/(10万人·年),成人约为0.347/(10万人·年)[2]。NMOSD合并人体免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染/获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)临床上更为罕见,且NMOSD急性期治疗以大剂量静脉注射甲泼尼龙(intravenous methylprednisolone,IVMP)为主,序贯治疗需予免疫抑制剂以预防或减少复发[3],但因HIV感染/AIDS患者本身存在免疫缺陷,因此对于NMOSD合并HIV感染/AIDS的患者,尤其是在患者HIV病毒载量较高或CD4+T淋巴细胞数量低下时,使用IVMP以及免疫抑制剂的安全性目前尚无大样本量研究验证,本文报道一例NMOSD合并HIV感染的女性患者的临床特点、诊疗经过以及预后,并结合文献进行总结、分析,重点讨论NMOSD合并HIV感染/AIDS治疗方案的制定以及其预后,以提高临床医生对此类疾病的认识。

1 病例报告

患者,女性,67岁,因“右眼视力下降伴眼球转动痛15d”2022年4月15日于我院眼科就诊,患者15 d前无明显诱因出现右眼视力下降,伴眼球转动痛,伴色觉改变,自觉视物变暗,不伴视物遮挡、视物变形、眼胀、畏光等不适,不伴呃逆、恶心、呕吐,不伴四肢无力、麻木、疼痛、感觉障碍等不适,未予诊治。现患者自觉上述症状逐渐加重,遂到我科门诊求诊,门诊以“右眼视神经炎”收入院。既往史:确诊AIDS3年,长期口服富马酸替诺福韦二吡呋酯片0.3 g每晚睡前1次,拉米夫定片0.3 g每晚睡前1次,洛匹那韦利托那韦片500 mg每日2次,在当地疾控中心定期复查。1年前患者曾因“左眼眼痛4 d,突发视物不见10 h”于我院就诊,诊断“左眼视神经炎”,予营养神经、改善微循环对症治疗,未予IVMP等治疗,因患者个人原因未继续诊治,患者自诉其后左眼视力由无光感逐渐恢复至眼前数指。否认冶游史,余无特殊。专科查体:双眼最佳矫正视力:右眼光感(Light perception,LP),光定位不准,左眼数指(counting finger,CF)/40 cm。双眼相对性瞳孔传入障碍(relative afferent pupillary defect,RAPD)阳性,双眼眼底呈豹纹状改变,右眼视乳头充血水肿,边界不清,左眼视盘边界清,色稍淡(图1)。双眼眼底荧光素血管造影(2021年4月20日):右眼未见异常荧光,左眼视盘早期呈强荧光,荧光逐渐增强,晚期视盘荧光素渗漏,提示左眼视神经炎(图2)。2022年3月28日双眼眼底荧光素血管造影:右眼视盘早期呈强荧光,荧光逐渐增强,晚期视盘荧光素渗漏,左眼未见异常荧光,提示右眼视神经炎(图3)。视盘OCT:右眼视盘视神经纤维层水肿、增厚,左眼视盘视神经纤维层萎缩、变薄(图4)。黄斑OCT:双眼黄斑区视网膜形态正常,层间未见异常信号(图5)。双眼视觉诱发电位(visual evoked potential,VEP)潜伏期明显延长,振幅重度降低。眼眶增强核磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI):右侧视神经增粗,眶内段及管内段可见长T2信号,T1可见不均匀强化,左眼视神经较对侧稍细小,T1强化较对侧稍减低(图6)。头颅MRI:左侧额叶皮层下少许缺血、腔梗灶。中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病自身抗体谱检测(CBA法):水通道蛋白4(aquaporin protein-4,AQP4)抗体IgG阳性(1∶1000),髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白抗体IgG阴性,髓鞘碱性蛋白抗体IgG阴性。CD4细胞851个/μL,HIV病毒载量<20 cp/ml。血常规、生化、凝血检查未见异常,抗核抗体(+),抗Ro-52抗体(+),余自身抗体谱未见异常。风疹病毒IgG(+),巨细胞病毒IgG(+)。诊断: NMOSD,HIV感染。予营养神经,改善微循环,拟予IVMP,与患者及家属(患方)沟通后,患方考虑激素可能导致的风险,要求暂不使用激素,经充分与患方沟通,予以静脉注射人免疫球蛋白治疗[0.4 g/(kg?d)连用5d]。经治疗5d,患者视力右眼由LP提升至手动(hand moving,HM)/20 cm,左眼无明显变化,予出院。患者回家后自觉双眼视力较前逐渐好转,故再次就诊于我院,要求使用激素治疗,入院后充分告知激素治疗的风险、可能的获益以及注意事项,予以IVMP(甲泼尼龙1.0g/d连用3 d,0.5g/d连用3 d,0.25g/d连用3 d,0.125g/d连用3 d),同时予护胃、维持电解质平衡、预防骨质疏松等对症治疗,经治疗患者右眼视力由HM/20cm提升至CF/30cm,左眼视力由CF/40 cm提升至0.02,后改口服泼尼松60 mg/d,序贯减量。一个半月后复查右眼视盘水肿消失,边界清,视力维持在右眼CF/30 cm,左眼0.02。
20230327084419_1013.png
图 1 双眼眼底照相
Figure 1 Fundus photograph of both eyes
(A) 右眼视盘充血水肿,边界不清;(B) 左眼视盘边界清 ,色稍淡 ;(C、D) 经治疗一个半月后,右眼视盘水肿消失,边界清。
(A) right eye with congested and edematous optic papillae with unclear borders; (B) left eye with clear and slightly pale optic disc borders; (C、D)The right optic disc edema disappeared and has a clear borders after one and a half months of treatment.
20230327090055_2040.png
图 2 FFA(2021-04-20)
Figure 2 FFA examination(2021-04-20)
右眼未见异常荧光,左眼视盘呈强荧光,荧光逐渐增强,晚期视盘荧光素渗漏。
It showed no abnormal fluorescence in the right eye and strong fluorescence in the optic disc of the left eye, with gradually increasing fluorescence and late fluorescein leakage from the optic disc.
20230327090120_2665.png
图 3 FFA(2022-03-28)
Figure 3 FFA examination(2022-03-28)
右眼视盘早期呈强荧光,荧光逐渐增强,晚期视盘荧光素渗漏,左眼未见异常荧光。
It showed no abnormal fluorescence in the left eye and strong fluorescence in the optic disc of the right eye, with gradually increasing fluorescence and late fluorescein leakage from the optic disc.
20230327090314_0199.png
图 4 视盘 OCT
Figure 4 OCT examination of the optic disc
右眼视盘视神经纤维层水肿、增厚,左眼视盘视神经纤维层萎缩、变薄。
It showed edema and thickening of the optic nerve fiber layer in the right eye and atrophy and thinning of the optic nerve fiber layer in the left eye.
20230327090505_8516.png
图 5 黄斑 OCT
Figure 5 OCT examination of the macula
双眼黄斑区视网膜形态正常,层间未见异常信号。
It showed the morphology of retina in macular region of both eyes is normal, and no abnormal signal is found between layers.
20230403094940_2900.png

图 6 眼眶增强 MRI
Figure 6 Enhanced MRI of the orbit
右侧视神经增粗,眶内段及管内段可见长 T2 信号,T1 可见不均匀强化,左眼视神经较对侧稍细小,T1 强化较对侧稍减低 .
It showed that the right optic nerve was thickened, with long T2 signal and uneven T1 reinforcement in the intraorbital and tubular segments, and the left optic nerve was slightly smaller than the contralateral one, and the T1 reinforcement was slightly reduced compared with the contralateral one.

2 文献复习

2.1 中文检索

登陆中国知网https://www.cnki.net/,点击高级检索分别输入并列检索词“视神经脊髓炎、HIV、免疫缺陷”;登陆万方数据库 https://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/index.html,点击高级检索,题名或主题词中包含“视神经脊髓炎、HIV、免疫缺陷”。选择全部文献类型,中文文献截止时间为2022 年 5 月。

2.2 外文文献检索

登陆PubMed网站 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/,分别输入检索词,检索策略为((NMOSD)OR(neuromyelitis optica spectr um disease)OR(neuromyelitis optica))AND((AIDS)OR(HIV)),不限检索年限、检索语言及文献种类,外文文献截止时间为 2022年5月。

2.3 文献纳入和排除标准

纳入标准:文献类型为个案报道;病例符合2015 国际 NMO 诊断小组修订的 NMOSD 诊断标准,并且合并明确的 HIV 感染 /AIDS;病例资料完整、有具备诊断意义的检查、检验结果,有明确的随访及预后指标。排除标准:非英文、非中文文献,实验研究、综述和述评等。

2.4 文献检索结果

有关 NMOSD 合并 HIV 感染 /AIDS 的病例报告较少,共检索符合纳入标准的文献包括7篇英文文献 (8 例患者 ),1 篇中文文献,共报道 9 例NMOSD 合并 HIV 感染 /AIDS 病例。其中 4 例为女性、5 例为男性,3 例 HIV 感染 /AIDS 为新发,其他病例 HIV 感染 /AIDS 发病均早于 NMOSD。临床表现上,7 例均为视神经和脊髓炎同时或相继发生,2 例表现为单相病程或复发性脊髓炎,9 例患者头颅或脊柱 MRI 均有典型的视神经或脊髓异常信号,伴或不伴强化;2 例患者未进行 AQP4 抗体 IgG 检测,其余7例中 5 例 AQP4 抗体阳性、3例阴性;针对 AIDS 的治疗,9 例患者中,7例接受了 HAART,其中 Salazar 等[4]报道的 1 例,在AIDS 病程中除 HAART 外还接受了 1 个周期的白介素 -2 (IL-2) 治疗。针对 NMOSD 的治疗,8 例患者中,急性期有7例患者接受激素冲击治疗、3例患者接受血浆置换、1 例接受了丙种球蛋白治疗,序贯治疗期有 6 例患者接受了免疫抑制剂治疗,其中 1 例因高胆红素血症停药。NMSOD 合并 HIV感染 /AIDS 总体预后欠佳,发生视神经炎的 7 例中,2 例患者经治疗仍失明、4 例视力部分恢复,1 例视力恢复良好,发生脊髓炎的 8 例中,5 例患者遗留截瘫或轻瘫,3 例肌力部分恢复。1 例因严重并发症死亡 ( 见表1)

表1 9例NMOSD合并HIN感染/AIDS患者的基本情况
Table 1 Basic information of nine patients with NMOSD associated with HIV infection/AIDS

20230406103506_5234.png

3 讨论

NMOSD 通常以眼部症状发病首诊于眼科,或以神经系统症状发病首诊于神经内科,NMOSD 合并 HIV 感染 /AIDS 在临床上较为罕见。目前认为NMOSD 的发病机制以外周体液免疫为主,细胞免疫和体液免疫均参与其中。病因尚未明确,可能与感染、免疫、氧化应激、环境等诸多因素有关。AQP4 在抗体阳性的 NMOSD 发病机制中起了关键性作用[12],AQP4-IgG 抗体通过血脑屏障,进入中枢神经系统,与主要表达在星形胶质细胞足突的AQP4 抗原结合,启动补体依赖的细胞毒作用和抗体依赖的细胞毒作用,使炎症反应持续并增强,最终导致严重的功能缺陷和残疾[13]。AIDS的发病机制主要是 HIV 直接或间接损害、破坏 CD4+T 淋巴细胞,导致细胞免疫缺陷[14]。NMOSD与AIDS同时发生,其可能发病机制为:1)HIV 病毒的直接复制或病毒产物可激活免疫细胞,引起免疫紊乱[15];2)HIV 病毒可改变血脑屏障的通透性[16],使得外周血中的 AQP4 抗体和 T 淋巴细胞进入中枢神经系统;3)HIV 病毒直接损伤星形胶质细胞[17];4)AIDS 高效抗逆转录病毒治疗中免疫重建炎性综合征引起的免疫系统失调[18]。此外,在NMOSD 合并 HIV 感染 /AIDS 的诊断中,需要注意鉴别 HIV 本身引起的相关脊髓病,其特点为脊髓白质发现空泡,主要侵及侧索及后索,以胸髓为最明显,表现为类似亚急性联合变性,为进行性痉挛性截瘫、共济失调和尿失禁[19]。本例患者AQP4 抗体阳性,提示 AQP4 抗体在 NMOSD 的发病中可能占主导作用,HIV 病毒可能通过改变血脑屏障或直接损伤星形胶质细胞,促进病情发展。患者抗核抗体 (+),抗 Ro-52 抗体 (+),一定程度上佐证了患者存在自身免疫功能的紊乱。
Silvia 等在 2014 年报道了 1 例 HIV 感染合并NMOSD 的患者具有多发性硬化和 NMOSD 重叠的特征,并总结了 16 例与 HIV 感染相关的中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病,68%(11/16) 出现双侧视神经炎,67%(10/16) 出现胸横贯性脊髓炎。脑脊液检查结果表明白细胞计数、蛋白质和髓鞘碱性蛋白增加,髓鞘碱性蛋白在 100%(7/7) 报告的病例中升高,提示存在脱髓鞘疾病[5]。研究表明,HIV 蛋白和人脑蛋白之间,可能存在分子模拟,源自 HIV-1糖蛋白 V3 环 (gp120) 产生的单克隆抗体可与至少3 种人脑蛋白反应,这可能是 HIV 患者在早期阶段出现中枢神经脱髓鞘损伤的机制之一[20]
NMOSD 急性期治疗主要包括 IVMP、血浆置换 (plasmapheresis,PE) 及免疫吸附(immunoadsorption,IA)、静脉注射人免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin,IVIg),可减轻急性期症状、缩短病程、改善残疾程度和防治并发症。序贯治疗主要包括免疫抑制剂和单克隆抗体药物,以预防或减少复发[3]。然而,因 HIV 感染 /AIDS本身存在免疫缺陷,以上针对 NMOSD 的治疗,尤其是 IVMP 以及免疫抑制剂使用的安全性目前尚无相关大样本研究验证,因此,NMOSD 合并 HIV感染 /AIDS 的治疗值得深入思考。
对于急性发作或复发 NMOSD 患者,IVMP 治疗可迅速阻断病情进展,其机制为 IVMP 可抑制由B 淋巴细胞转化为浆细胞的过程,减少抗体生成,从而干扰细胞免疫[21]。由于 HIV 感染 /AIDS 本身存在细胞免疫缺陷,因此,在使用激素时,临床医生往往需要考虑更多的因素。尽管如此,合并 HIV 感染 /AIDS 并不是激素使用的绝对禁忌。本文中总结的 10 例 NMOSD 合并 HIV 感染 /AIDS患者中,8 例接受了 IVMP 治疗,治疗过程中均未出现严重并发症,其中包括 3 例 CD4+T 淋巴细胞低下的患者。研究表明,激素可安全、有效地治疗某些对 HAART 或血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂无反应的 HIV 相关性肾病患者[22],注射激素“替沙莫林”可以减少 HIV 感染者的肝脏脂肪并防止肝纤维化 [23],表明在合并 HIV 感染 /AIDS 时,激素并非使用禁忌。研究者曾进行了一项随机对照试验来探讨泼尼松与 HARRT 联合应用的免疫学、病毒学应答及安全性,24 例 CD4+T 淋巴细胞计数>200/μL 的患者随机进入泼尼松组和安慰剂组,予泼尼松 40 mg/d 治疗 8 周后转为 20 mg/d 治疗 4周,CD4+T 淋巴细胞中位数与基线相比有增高趋势但未达统计学意义,未发现泼尼松对免疫激活和凋亡标志物表达的影响,也未观察到泼尼松对 T淋巴细胞针对抗原和有丝分裂原应答的影响,提示泼尼松在有效的 HAART 前提下用于 HIV 感染 /AIDS 患者有一定的安全性[24],但在后期随访中发现泼尼松组 2 例患者发生了股骨头死,提示在使用激素时,应注意激素其他常见不良反应,包括电解质紊乱以及血糖、血压、血脂异常等。注意补钾、钙及维生素 D,较长时间应用激素可加用双磷酸盐类药物,以预防骨质疏松、股骨头坏死等并发症。同时,在使用激素时,应密切关注 HIV病毒载量及 CD4+T 淋巴细胞数量,以及 CD4+T淋巴细胞与 CD8+T 淋巴细胞比值 (CD4+/CD8+ 比), 因 CD4+/CD8+比值是 HIV感染 /AIDS 患者 HAART 后长期免疫功能重建状态评估的重要指标之一[25]
由于 AIDS 为自身免疫缺陷性疾病,免疫抑制剂的使用曾经被严格限制,但随着 HAART 的出现,免疫抑制剂亦不再是合并 AIDS 疾病的绝对禁忌。研究表明,经 HAART 治疗后的 HIV 患者有 20%~30% 会出现免疫重建不全现象,考虑可能与机体内免疫异常激活相关[24],因此,免疫抑制剂在有效的 HAART 治疗前提下,可能在一定程度上有助 AIDS 患者的免疫重建[26-27]。吗替麦考酚酯 (Mycophenolate Mofetil,MMF) 具有抑制 T、B 淋巴细胞增殖作用,减少 AQP4-IgG 抗体产生,可抑制 NMOSD 复发。硫唑嘌呤作为一种高效的免疫抑制剂,是临床上使用最广泛的多发性硬化症、器官移植以及各种自身免疫性疾病治疗药物,其可抑制 DNA、RNA 及蛋白质的合成,从而抑制T 淋巴细胞和 B 淋巴细胞的增殖。但 AIDS 本身为T 淋巴细胞免疫缺陷,因此 MMF 和硫唑嘌呤用于治疗 NMOSD 合并 AIDS 的安全性目前尚无大样本量临床研究。利妥昔单抗为抗 CD20 单克隆抗体,可选择性耗竭B淋巴细胞,因而被广泛用于包括NMOSD 在内的自身免疫性神经系统疾病,因此利妥昔单抗可能是 NMOSD 合并 AIDS 序贯治疗的较好选择[28]。白介素 -6(interleukin-6,IL-6) 能促进浆细胞的生存并提升 AQP4 抗体的分泌能力,托珠单抗作为一种重组人源化抗 IL-6 受体单克隆抗体,可在最上游阻断 IL-6 信号通路,抑制致病性自身抗体的生成,从而达到治疗 NMOSD目的[29]。萨特利珠单抗 (Satralizumab,SA237) 是一种运用SMART? 再循环技术的人源化 IgG2 单抗,靶点为 IL-6 受体,可最大化抑制 IL-6 信号转导,同时最小化安全性风险。FDA 批准萨特利珠单抗作为NMO/NMOSD 的突破性治疗药物[30],在 HIV 感染 /AIDS 患者体内的 IL-6 水平升高,因此托珠单抗和萨特利珠单抗可能成为 NMOSD 合并 HIV 感染 /AIDS 续贯治疗的潜在治疗药物。本文总结的9 例患者中,2 例患者在复发时选择利妥昔单抗治疗,且未产生明显的不耐受。虽然 2 例患者均同时联合血浆置换或免疫球蛋白治疗后无明显获益,但由于样本量较小,并不能否定其疗效。
PE 可从血液循环中消除病理性 AQP4-IgG 抗体和细胞因子。IVIg 通过免疫细胞以及炎症级联网络的调节而发挥其抗炎与免疫调节的重要作用[31],两者对与免疫系统的影响相对较小,可作为 NMOSD 合并 HIV/AIDS 时的联合治疗手段之一。本文总结的 9 例患者中,有 3 例使用 PE,2 例使用 IVIg,均未产生不良反应,本例报道的病例中,使用 IVIg 后患者视力右眼由感光提升至HM/20 cm,且未产生不良反应,提示 IVIg 对本例患者有较好获益。对于本例患者,双眼重度视力低下,丧失生活自理能力,即使视力从光感仅提升至手动,也极大地增强了患者信心,有利于提高后续治疗的依从性。
综上所述,NMOSD 合 并 HIV/AIDS 临床罕见,预后较差,往往遗留严重的视力障碍及瘫痪等,临床治疗也十分棘手,虽然目前研究表明,NMOSD 合并 HIV/AIDS 的免疫功能紊乱状态不是激素和免疫抑制剂的使用禁忌,但临床医生仍然需要谨慎考虑治疗的风险与获益的平衡,充分与患者及家属沟通,制定治疗决策前,需全面评估患者的全身情况,若治疗的风险远大于获益,采用姑息治疗也是一种可行策略。

开放获取声明

本文适用于知识共享许可协议 (Creative Commons),允许第三方用户按照署名(BY)-非商业性使用(NC)-禁止演绎(ND)(CCBY-NC-ND)的方式共享,即允许第三方对本刊发表的文章进行复制、发行、展览、表演、放映、广播或通过信息网络向公众传播,但在这些过程中必须保留作者署名、仅限于非商业性目的、不得进行演绎创作。详情请访问:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/。
1、Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders[ J]. Neurology, 2015, 85(2): 177-189Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders[ J]. Neurology, 2015, 85(2): 177-189
2、中国免疫学会神经免疫学分会, 中华医学会神经病学分会神经免疫学组, 中国医师协会神经内科分会神经免疫专业委员会. 中国视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病诊断与治疗指南[ J]. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2016, 23(3): 155-166.
The Neuroimmunology Branch of the Chinese Immunological Society, the Neuroimmunology Group of the Neurology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and the Neuroimmunology Professional Committee of the Neurology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in China[ J]. Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology, 2016, 23(3): 155-166.
中国免疫学会神经免疫学分会, 中华医学会神经病学分会神经免疫学组, 中国医师协会神经内科分会神经免疫专业委员会. 中国视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病诊断与治疗指南[ J]. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2016, 23(3): 155-166.
The Neuroimmunology Branch of the Chinese Immunological Society, the Neuroimmunology Group of the Neurology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and the Neuroimmunology Professional Committee of the Neurology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in China[ J]. Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology, 2016, 23(3): 155-166.
3、黄德晖, 吴卫平, 胡学强. 中国视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病诊断与治疗指南(2021版)[ J]. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2021, 28(6): 423-436.
Huang DH, Wu WP, Hu XQ.Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in China(2021 Edition)[ J]. Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology. 2021, 28(6): 423-436.
黄德晖, 吴卫平, 胡学强. 中国视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病诊断与治疗指南(2021版)[ J]. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2021, 28(6): 423-436.
Huang DH, Wu WP, Hu XQ.Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in China(2021 Edition)[ J]. Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology. 2021, 28(6): 423-436.
4、Salazar R, Cerghet M, Shad A, et al. NMO-IgG positive relapsing longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) in a seropositive HIV patient[ J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2013, 115(9): 1873-1875.Salazar R, Cerghet M, Shad A, et al. NMO-IgG positive relapsing longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) in a seropositive HIV patient[ J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2013, 115(9): 1873-1875.
5、Delgado SR , Maldonado J, Rammohan KW. CNS demyelinating disorder with mixed features of neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis in HIV-1 infection:case report and literature review[ J]. J Neurovirol, 2014, 20(5): 531-537.Delgado SR , Maldonado J, Rammohan KW. CNS demyelinating disorder with mixed features of neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis in HIV-1 infection:case report and literature review[ J]. J Neurovirol, 2014, 20(5): 531-537.
6、Olson D, Moen A, Barr E, et al. An 8-year-old boy with ascending paralysis[ J]. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc, 2015, 4(4): 385-388.Olson D, Moen A, Barr E, et al. An 8-year-old boy with ascending paralysis[ J]. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc, 2015, 4(4): 385-388.
7、杨丽萍, 贺绍月, 许可, 等. HIV感染合并视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病一例报道并文献复习[ J]. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2022, 29(1): 40-44.
Yang LP, HE SY, Xu K, et al. HIV associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a case report and literature review[ J].Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology, 2022, 29(1): 40-44.
杨丽萍, 贺绍月, 许可, 等. HIV感染合并视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病一例报道并文献复习[ J]. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2022, 29(1): 40-44.
Yang LP, HE SY, Xu K, et al. HIV associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a case report and literature review[ J].Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology, 2022, 29(1): 40-44.
8、Blanche P, Diaz E, Gombert B, et al. Devic’s neuromyelitis optica and HIV-1 infection[ J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2000, 68(6): 795-796.Blanche P, Diaz E, Gombert B, et al. Devic’s neuromyelitis optica and HIV-1 infection[ J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2000, 68(6): 795-796.
9、Feyissa A M, Singh P, Smith R G. Neuromyelitis optica in patients with coexisting human immunodeficiency virus infections[ J]. Mult Scler, 2013, 19(10): 1363-1366.Feyissa A M, Singh P, Smith R G. Neuromyelitis optica in patients with coexisting human immunodeficiency virus infections[ J]. Mult Scler, 2013, 19(10): 1363-1366.
10、Mathew T, Avati A, D'Souza D, et al. HIV infection associated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: clinical features, imaging findings, management and outcomes[ J]. Mult Scler Relat Disord, 2019, 27: 289-293.Mathew T, Avati A, D'Souza D, et al. HIV infection associated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: clinical features, imaging findings, management and outcomes[ J]. Mult Scler Relat Disord, 2019, 27: 289-293.
11、Bhigjee AI, Moodley AA, Roos I, et al. The neuromyelitis optica presentation and the aquaporin-4 antibody in HIV-seropositive and seronegative patients in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa[ J]. South Afr J HIV Med, 2017, 18(1): 684Bhigjee AI, Moodley AA, Roos I, et al. The neuromyelitis optica presentation and the aquaporin-4 antibody in HIV-seropositive and seronegative patients in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa[ J]. South Afr J HIV Med, 2017, 18(1): 684
12、Crane JM, Lam C, Rossi A, et al. Binding affinity and specificity of neuromyelitis optica autoantibodies to aquaporin-4 M1/M23 isoforms and orthogonal arrays[ J]. J Biol Chem, 2011, 286(18): 16516-16524.Crane JM, Lam C, Rossi A, et al. Binding affinity and specificity of neuromyelitis optica autoantibodies to aquaporin-4 M1/M23 isoforms and orthogonal arrays[ J]. J Biol Chem, 2011, 286(18): 16516-16524.
13、Mader S, Kümpfel T, Meinl E. Novel insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic possibilities reveal further differences between AQP4-IgGand MOG-IgG-associated diseases[ J]. Curr Opin Neurol, 2020, 33(3): 362-371.Mader S, Kümpfel T, Meinl E. Novel insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic possibilities reveal further differences between AQP4-IgGand MOG-IgG-associated diseases[ J]. Curr Opin Neurol, 2020, 33(3): 362-371.
14、Levy JA. HIV and the pathogenesis of AIDS[ J]. J Neurovirol, 1995, 1(3/4): 322.Levy JA. HIV and the pathogenesis of AIDS[ J]. J Neurovirol, 1995, 1(3/4): 322.
15、Younas M, Psomas C, Reynes J, et al. Immune activation in the course of HIV-1 infection: causes, phenotypes and persistence under therapy[ J]. HIV Med, 2016, 17(2): 89-105.Younas M, Psomas C, Reynes J, et al. Immune activation in the course of HIV-1 infection: causes, phenotypes and persistence under therapy[ J]. HIV Med, 2016, 17(2): 89-105.
16、Sellner J, Hemmer B, Mühlau M. The clinical spectrum and immunobiology of parainfectious neuromyelitis optica(Devic) syndromes[ J]. J Autoimmun, 2010, 34(4): 371-379.Sellner J, Hemmer B, Mühlau M. The clinical spectrum and immunobiology of parainfectious neuromyelitis optica(Devic) syndromes[ J]. J Autoimmun, 2010, 34(4): 371-379.
17、Lutgen V, Narasipura SD, Barbian HJ, et al. HIV infects astrocytes in vivo and egresses from the brain to the periphery[ J]. PLoS Pathog, 2020, 16(6): e1008381.Lutgen V, Narasipura SD, Barbian HJ, et al. HIV infects astrocytes in vivo and egresses from the brain to the periphery[ J]. PLoS Pathog, 2020, 16(6): e1008381.
18、Tsang CSP, Samaranayake LP. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after highly active antiretroviral therapy: a review[ J]. Oral Dis, 2010, 16(3): 248-256.Tsang CSP, Samaranayake LP. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after highly active antiretroviral therapy: a review[ J]. Oral Dis, 2010, 16(3): 248-256.
19、Rezaie A, Parmar R , Rendon C, et al. HIV-associated vacuolar myelopathy: a rare initial presentation of HIV[ J]. SAGE Open Med Case Rep, 2020, 8: 2050313X20945562.Rezaie A, Parmar R , Rendon C, et al. HIV-associated vacuolar myelopathy: a rare initial presentation of HIV[ J]. SAGE Open Med Case Rep, 2020, 8: 2050313X20945562.
20、Pandey V, Tiwari G, Mall VS, et al. Interaction between gp120 and ligand in HIV-1 env protein: molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations[ J]. AIP Conf Proc, 2019, 2142(1): 110031.Pandey V, Tiwari G, Mall VS, et al. Interaction between gp120 and ligand in HIV-1 env protein: molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations[ J]. AIP Conf Proc, 2019, 2142(1): 110031.
21、Vandewalle J, Luypaert A , De Bosscher K , et al. Therapeutic mechanisms of glucocorticoids[ J]. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 29(1): 42-54Vandewalle J, Luypaert A , De Bosscher K , et al. Therapeutic mechanisms of glucocorticoids[ J]. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 29(1): 42-54
22、Eustace JA , Nuermberger E, Choi M, et al. Cohort study of the treatment of severe H IV-assoc iated nephropathy w ith corticosteroids[ J]. Kidney Int, 2000, 58(3): 1253-1260.Eustace JA , Nuermberger E, Choi M, et al. Cohort study of the treatment of severe H IV-assoc iated nephropathy w ith corticosteroids[ J]. Kidney Int, 2000, 58(3): 1253-1260.
23、Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Feldpausch MN, et al. Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial[ J]. Lancet HIV, 2019, 6(12): e821-e830.Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Feldpausch MN, et al. Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial[ J]. Lancet HIV, 2019, 6(12): e821-e830.
24、Wallis RS, Kalayjian R, Jacobson JM, et al. A study of the immunology, virology, and safety of prednisone in HIV-1-infected subjects with CD4 cell counts of 200 to 700 mm -3[ J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2003, 32(3): 281-286.Wallis RS, Kalayjian R, Jacobson JM, et al. A study of the immunology, virology, and safety of prednisone in HIV-1-infected subjects with CD4 cell counts of 200 to 700 mm -3[ J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2003, 32(3): 281-286.
25、荆凡辉, 吕玮, 李太生. HIV感染者免疫功能重建新视角: CD4/CD8比值[ J]. 中国艾滋病性病, 2018, 24(6): 643-646.
Jin F W, Lv W, Li TS. A new perspective of immune function reconstruction in HIV-infected people: CD4/CD8 ratio[ J]. AIDS and STD in China,2018, 24(6): 643-646.
荆凡辉, 吕玮, 李太生. HIV感染者免疫功能重建新视角: CD4/CD8比值[ J]. 中国艾滋病性病, 2018, 24(6): 643-646.
Jin F W, Lv W, Li TS. A new perspective of immune function reconstruction in HIV-infected people: CD4/CD8 ratio[ J]. AIDS and STD in China,2018, 24(6): 643-646.
26、Sun S, Kong W, Cui X, et al. The abnormal distribution of NK cell subsets before HAART treatment may be related to the level of immune reconstitution in HIV patient[ J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2021, 96: 107784.Sun S, Kong W, Cui X, et al. The abnormal distribution of NK cell subsets before HAART treatment may be related to the level of immune reconstitution in HIV patient[ J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2021, 96: 107784.
27、Markowitz M, Vaida F, et al. The virologic and immunologic effects of cyclosporine as an adjunct to antiretroviral therapy in patients treated during acute and early HIV-1 infection[ J]. J Infect Dis, 2010, 201(9): 1298-1302.Markowitz M, Vaida F, et al. The virologic and immunologic effects of cyclosporine as an adjunct to antiretroviral therapy in patients treated during acute and early HIV-1 infection[ J]. J Infect Dis, 2010, 201(9): 1298-1302.
28、Pellkofer HL, Krumbholz M, Berthele A, et al. Long-term followup of patients withneuromyelitis optica after repeated therapy with rituximab[ J]. Neurology, 2011, 76(15): 1310-1315.Pellkofer HL, Krumbholz M, Berthele A, et al. Long-term followup of patients withneuromyelitis optica after repeated therapy with rituximab[ J]. Neurology, 2011, 76(15): 1310-1315.
29、Zhang C, Zhang M, Qiu W, et al. Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial[ J]. Lancet Neurol, 2020, 19(5): 391-401Zhang C, Zhang M, Qiu W, et al. Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial[ J]. Lancet Neurol, 2020, 19(5): 391-401
30、Traboulsee A, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, et al. Safety and efficacy of satralizumab monotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial[ J]. Lancet Neurol, 2020, 19(5): 402-412.Traboulsee A, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, et al. Safety and efficacy of satralizumab monotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial[ J]. Lancet Neurol, 2020, 19(5): 402-412.
31、Liu X, Cao W, Li T. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins in the treatment of severe acute viral pneumonia: the known mechanisms and clinical effects[ J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 1660.Liu X, Cao W, Li T. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins in the treatment of severe acute viral pneumonia: the known mechanisms and clinical effects[ J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 1660.
32、Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders[ J]. Neurology, 2015, 85(2): 177-189.Wingerchuk DM, Banwell B, Bennett JL, et al. International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders[ J]. Neurology, 2015, 85(2): 177-189.
33、中国免疫学会神经免疫学分会, 中华医学会神经病学分会神经 免疫学组, 中国医师协会神经内科分会神经免疫专业委员会. 中国视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病诊断与治疗指南[ J]. 中国神经免 疫学和神经病学杂志, 2016, 23(3): 155-166.
The Neuroimmunology Branch of the Chinese Immunological Society, the Neuroimmunology Group of the Neurology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and the Neuroimmunology Professional Committee of the Neurology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in China[ J]. Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology, 2016, 23(3): 155-166
中国免疫学会神经免疫学分会, 中华医学会神经病学分会神经 免疫学组, 中国医师协会神经内科分会神经免疫专业委员会. 中国视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病诊断与治疗指南[ J]. 中国神经免 疫学和神经病学杂志, 2016, 23(3): 155-166.
The Neuroimmunology Branch of the Chinese Immunological Society, the Neuroimmunology Group of the Neurology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and the Neuroimmunology Professional Committee of the Neurology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in China[ J]. Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology, 2016, 23(3): 155-166
34、黄德晖, 吴卫平, 胡学强. 中国视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病诊断与 治疗指南(2021版)[ J]. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2021, 28(6): 423-436.
Huang DH, Wu WP, Hu XQ.Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in China(2021 Edition)[ J]. Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology. 2021, 28(6): 423-436.
黄德晖, 吴卫平, 胡学强. 中国视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病诊断与 治疗指南(2021版)[ J]. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2021, 28(6): 423-436.
Huang DH, Wu WP, Hu XQ.Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in China(2021 Edition)[ J]. Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology. 2021, 28(6): 423-436.
35、Salazar R, Cerghet M, Shad A, et al. NMO-IgG positive relapsing longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) in a seropositive HIV patient[ J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2013, 115(9): 1873-1875.Salazar R, Cerghet M, Shad A, et al. NMO-IgG positive relapsing longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) in a seropositive HIV patient[ J]. Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 2013, 115(9): 1873-1875.
36、Delgado SR , Maldonado J, Rammohan KW. CNS demyelinating disorder with mixed features of neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis in HIV-1 infection:case report and literature review[ J]. J Neurovirol, 2014, 20(5): 531-537.Delgado SR , Maldonado J, Rammohan KW. CNS demyelinating disorder with mixed features of neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis in HIV-1 infection:case report and literature review[ J]. J Neurovirol, 2014, 20(5): 531-537.
37、Olson D, Moen A, Barr E, et al. An 8-year-old boy with ascending paralysis[ J]. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc, 2015, 4(4): 385-388.Olson D, Moen A, Barr E, et al. An 8-year-old boy with ascending paralysis[ J]. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc, 2015, 4(4): 385-388.
38、杨丽萍, 贺绍月, 许可, 等. HIV感染合并视神经脊髓炎谱系疾 病一例报道并文献复习[ J]. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2022, 29(1): 40-44.
Yang LP, HE SY, Xu K, et al. HIV associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a case report and literature review[ J].Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology, 2022, 29(1): 40-44.
杨丽萍, 贺绍月, 许可, 等. HIV感染合并视神经脊髓炎谱系疾 病一例报道并文献复习[ J]. 中国神经免疫学和神经病学杂志, 2022, 29(1): 40-44.
Yang LP, HE SY, Xu K, et al. HIV associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a case report and literature review[ J].Chinese Journal of Neuroimmunology and Neurology, 2022, 29(1): 40-44.
39、Blanche P, Diaz E, Gombert B, et al. Devic’s neuromyelitis optica and HIV-1 infection[ J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2000, 68(6): 795- 796.Blanche P, Diaz E, Gombert B, et al. Devic’s neuromyelitis optica and HIV-1 infection[ J]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2000, 68(6): 795- 796.
40、Feyissa A M, Singh P, Smith R G. Neuromyelitis optica in patients with coexisting human immunodeficiency virus infections[ J]. Mult Scler, 2013, 19(10): 1363-1366.Feyissa A M, Singh P, Smith R G. Neuromyelitis optica in patients with coexisting human immunodeficiency virus infections[ J]. Mult Scler, 2013, 19(10): 1363-1366.
41、Mathew T, Avati A, D'Souza D, et al. HIV infection associated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: clinical features, imaging findings, management and outcomes[ J]. Mult Scler Relat Disord, 2019, 27: 289-293.Mathew T, Avati A, D'Souza D, et al. HIV infection associated neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: clinical features, imaging findings, management and outcomes[ J]. Mult Scler Relat Disord, 2019, 27: 289-293.
42、Bhigjee AI, Moodley AA, Roos I, et al. The neuromyelitis optica presentation and the aquaporin-4 antibody in HIV-seropositive and seronegative patients in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa[ J]. South Afr J HIV Med, 2017, 18(1): 684.Bhigjee AI, Moodley AA, Roos I, et al. The neuromyelitis optica presentation and the aquaporin-4 antibody in HIV-seropositive and seronegative patients in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa[ J]. South Afr J HIV Med, 2017, 18(1): 684.
43、Crane JM, Lam C, Rossi A, et al. Binding affinity and specificity of neuromyelitis optica autoantibodies to aquaporin-4 M1/M23 isoforms and orthogonal arrays[ J]. J Biol Chem, 2011, 286(18): 16516-16524.Crane JM, Lam C, Rossi A, et al. Binding affinity and specificity of neuromyelitis optica autoantibodies to aquaporin-4 M1/M23 isoforms and orthogonal arrays[ J]. J Biol Chem, 2011, 286(18): 16516-16524.
44、Mader S, Kümpfel T, Meinl E. Novel insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic possibilities reveal further differences between AQP4-IgGand MOG-IgG-associated diseases[ J]. Curr Opin Neurol, 2020, 33(3): 362-371.Mader S, Kümpfel T, Meinl E. Novel insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic possibilities reveal further differences between AQP4-IgGand MOG-IgG-associated diseases[ J]. Curr Opin Neurol, 2020, 33(3): 362-371.
45、Levy JA. HIV and the pathogenesis of AIDS[ J]. J Neurovirol, 1995, 1(3/4): 322.Levy JA. HIV and the pathogenesis of AIDS[ J]. J Neurovirol, 1995, 1(3/4): 322.
46、Younas M, Psomas C, Reynes J, et al. Immune activation in the course of HIV-1 infection: causes, phenotypes and persistence under therapy[ J]. HIV Med, 2016, 17(2): 89-105.Younas M, Psomas C, Reynes J, et al. Immune activation in the course of HIV-1 infection: causes, phenotypes and persistence under therapy[ J]. HIV Med, 2016, 17(2): 89-105.
47、Sellner J, Hemmer B, Mühlau M. The clinical spectrum and immunobiology of parainfectious neuromyelitis optica(Devic) syndromes[ J]. J Autoimmun, 2010, 34(4): 371-379.Sellner J, Hemmer B, Mühlau M. The clinical spectrum and immunobiology of parainfectious neuromyelitis optica(Devic) syndromes[ J]. J Autoimmun, 2010, 34(4): 371-379.
48、Lutgen V, Narasipura SD, Barbian HJ, et al. HIV infects astrocytes in vivo and egresses from the brain to the periphery[ J]. PLoS Pathog, 2020, 16(6): e1008381.Lutgen V, Narasipura SD, Barbian HJ, et al. HIV infects astrocytes in vivo and egresses from the brain to the periphery[ J]. PLoS Pathog, 2020, 16(6): e1008381.
49、Tsang CSP, Samaranayake LP. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after highly active antiretroviral therapy: a review[ J]. Oral Dis, 2010, 16(3): 248-256.Tsang CSP, Samaranayake LP. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after highly active antiretroviral therapy: a review[ J]. Oral Dis, 2010, 16(3): 248-256.
50、Rezaie A, Parmar R , Rendon C, et al. HIV-associated vacuolar myelopathy: a rare initial presentation of HIV[ J]. SAGE Open Med Case Rep, 2020, 8: 2050313X20945562.Rezaie A, Parmar R , Rendon C, et al. HIV-associated vacuolar myelopathy: a rare initial presentation of HIV[ J]. SAGE Open Med Case Rep, 2020, 8: 2050313X20945562.
51、Pandey V, Tiwari G, Mall VS, et al. Interaction between gp120 and ligand in HIV-1 env protein: molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations[ J]. AIP Conf Proc, 2019, 2142(1): 110031.Pandey V, Tiwari G, Mall VS, et al. Interaction between gp120 and ligand in HIV-1 env protein: molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations[ J]. AIP Conf Proc, 2019, 2142(1): 110031.
52、Vandewalle J, Luypaert A , De Bosscher K , et al. Therapeutic mechanisms of glucocorticoids[ J]. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 29(1): 42-54.Vandewalle J, Luypaert A , De Bosscher K , et al. Therapeutic mechanisms of glucocorticoids[ J]. Trends Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 29(1): 42-54.
53、Eustace JA , Nuermberger E, Choi M, et al. Cohort study of the treatment of severe H IV-assoc iated nephropathy w ith corticosteroids[ J]. Kidney Int, 2000, 58(3): 1253-1260.Eustace JA , Nuermberger E, Choi M, et al. Cohort study of the treatment of severe H IV-assoc iated nephropathy w ith corticosteroids[ J]. Kidney Int, 2000, 58(3): 1253-1260.
54、Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Feldpausch MN, et al. Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial[ J]. Lancet HIV, 2019, 6(12): e821-e830.Stanley TL, Fourman LT, Feldpausch MN, et al. Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial[ J]. Lancet HIV, 2019, 6(12): e821-e830.
55、Wallis RS, Kalayjian R, Jacobson JM, et al. A study of the immunology, virology, and safety of prednisone in HIV-1-infected subjects with CD4 cell counts of 200 to 700 mm -3[ J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2003, 32(3): 281-286.Wallis RS, Kalayjian R, Jacobson JM, et al. A study of the immunology, virology, and safety of prednisone in HIV-1-infected subjects with CD4 cell counts of 200 to 700 mm -3[ J]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2003, 32(3): 281-286.
56、荆凡辉, 吕玮, 李太生. HIV感染者免疫功能重建新视角: CD4/ CD8比值[ J]. 中国艾滋病性病, 2018, 24(6): 643-646.
Jin F W, Lv W, Li TS. A new perspective of immune function reconstruction in HIV-infected people: CD4/CD8 ratio[ J]. AIDS and STD in China,2018, 24(6): 643-646.
荆凡辉, 吕玮, 李太生. HIV感染者免疫功能重建新视角: CD4/ CD8比值[ J]. 中国艾滋病性病, 2018, 24(6): 643-646.
Jin F W, Lv W, Li TS. A new perspective of immune function reconstruction in HIV-infected people: CD4/CD8 ratio[ J]. AIDS and STD in China,2018, 24(6): 643-646.
57、Sun S, Kong W, Cui X, et al. The abnormal distribution of NK cell subsets before HAART treatment may be related to the level of immune reconstitution in HIV patient[ J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2021, 96: 107784.Sun S, Kong W, Cui X, et al. The abnormal distribution of NK cell subsets before HAART treatment may be related to the level of immune reconstitution in HIV patient[ J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2021, 96: 107784.
58、Markowitz M, Vaida F, et al. The virologic and immunologic effects of cyclosporine as an adjunct to antiretroviral therapy in patients treated during acute and early HIV-1 infection[ J]. J Infect Dis, 2010, 201(9): 1298-1302.Markowitz M, Vaida F, et al. The virologic and immunologic effects of cyclosporine as an adjunct to antiretroviral therapy in patients treated during acute and early HIV-1 infection[ J]. J Infect Dis, 2010, 201(9): 1298-1302.
59、Pellkofer HL, Krumbholz M, Berthele A, et al. Long-term followup of patients with neuromyelitis optica after repeated therapy with rituximab[ J]. Neurology, 2011, 76(15): 1310-1315.Pellkofer HL, Krumbholz M, Berthele A, et al. Long-term followup of patients with neuromyelitis optica after repeated therapy with rituximab[ J]. Neurology, 2011, 76(15): 1310-1315.
60、Zhang C, Zhang M, Qiu W, et al. Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial[ J]. Lancet Neurol, 2020, 19(5): 391-401.Zhang C, Zhang M, Qiu W, et al. Safety and efficacy of tocilizumab versus azathioprine in highly relapsing neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (TANGO): an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 2 trial[ J]. Lancet Neurol, 2020, 19(5): 391-401.
61、Traboulsee A, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, et al. Safety and efficacy of satralizumab monotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial[ J]. Lancet Neurol, 2020, 19(5): 402-412.Traboulsee A, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, et al. Safety and efficacy of satralizumab monotherapy in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial[ J]. Lancet Neurol, 2020, 19(5): 402-412.
62、Liu X, Cao W, Li T. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins in the treatment of severe acute viral pneumonia: the known mechanisms and clinical effects[ J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 1660.Liu X, Cao W, Li T. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulins in the treatment of severe acute viral pneumonia: the known mechanisms and clinical effects[ J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 1660.
1、西南医科大学校级基金资助计划 (2020ZRQNB040);四川省科技计划资助 (2022YFS0611)。This work was supported by Research Project of Institutions of Southwest MedicalUniversity (2020ZRQNB040); Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2022YFS0611).()
上一篇
下一篇
其他期刊
  • 眼科学报

    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    承办:中山大学中山眼科中心
    主编:林浩添
    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    浏览
  • Eye Science

    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    承办:中山大学中山眼科中心
    主编:林浩添
    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    浏览
推荐阅读
出版者信息
目录