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眼肌型重症肌无力检测方法的现状及研究进展

Current status and research advances of detection methods for ocular myasthenia gravis

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2021年11月 第36卷 第11期 928-934 发布时间: 收稿时间:2023/8/17 16:56:24 阅读量:4965
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关键词:
重症肌无力眼肌型自身抗体检测方法
ocular myasthenia gravis autoimmune disease autoantibody detection methods
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2021.07.01
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眼肌型重症肌无力(ocular myasthenia gravis,OMG)是一种累及神经肌肉接头突触后膜的自身免疫性疾病。OMG波动性的临床特征易导致较高的漏诊率和误诊率,严重影响患者的生活质量。因此,检测方法在早期确诊OMG中发挥重要作用。本文围绕临床检查、新斯的明试验、自身抗体检测、电生理检测等方面对OMG检测方法作一综述,以期为OMG的早期确诊提供有益的指导。
Ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) is an autoimmune disease involving the postsynaptic membrane of the neuromuscular junction. The fluctuation of OMG and the clinical characteristics of fatigue easily lead to a high rate of missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Therefore, detection methods play an important role in the early diagnosis of OMG. In this paper, OMG detection methods were reviewed in clinical examination, neostigmine test, autoantibody detection, electrophysiological detection, and other aspects, in order to provide useful guidance for the early diagnosis of OMG.
重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)是一种由抗体介导的自身免疫性疾病,影响突触后膜神经肌肉接头,导致波动性肌无力,活动时加重,休息时改善[1]。眼肌型重症肌无力(ocular myasthenia gravis,OMG)是MG中累及眼外肌、提上睑肌和眼轮匝肌的一种类型,以波动性及易疲劳性的上睑下垂和复视为特征[2]。高达85%的MG患者以OMG起病,50%的MG患者在整个病程中仅出现眼部的症状[2]。高达46%的OMG患者在发病1年内没有得到正确诊断,常误诊为甲状腺相关眼病或漏诊[3]。如何早期确诊OMG是目前的热点及难点。本文围绕OMG的检测方法现状及研究进展进行综述,以期为早期确诊OMG提供有益的指导。

1 临床检查

OMG有以下几种简单易行及无创的临床检查方法:冰敷试验、休息试验、疲劳试验、Cogan眼睑颤动征(Cogan lid twitch,CLT)、强制闭眼试验(forced eyelid closure test,FECT)及新斯的明试验。每一种临床检查方法结合波动性及易疲劳性肌无力的特点都有助于协助诊断OMG。

1.1 冰敷试验

冰敷试验(ice-pack test)具有简单、安全、有效、可重复等优点,是诊断OMG的一线检测方法。其原理主要为低温状态下抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性,提高神经递质的利用率,改善终板的突触传递。检查者将从?18 ℃的冰箱中拿出装满水且已完全结冰的冰袋放置在闭合的眼睑上2~5 min;若以眼外肌无力为主,则将冰袋同时置于双眼;若存在无运动障碍的上睑下垂,则将冰袋置于受累较重眼。在冰敷试验前后,可以给患者拍照,以提供客观记录,记录冰敷前后的睑裂高度或斜视度数[4]。冰敷后睑裂高度增加≥2 mm或斜视度数改善一半及以上即为冰敷试验阳性。冰敷试验前4~6 h不服用胆碱酯酶抑制剂。研究[5-7]表明冰敷试验比单独休息试验改善上睑下垂更明显,表明疗效改善不仅仅是闭眼休息所致。一项前瞻性队列研究[8]比较了冰敷试验和单纤维肌电图对于诊断OMG的准确性,结果显示:冰敷试验的灵敏度为86%,特异性为79%,与单纤维肌电图检测结果无显著差异,表明冰敷试验具有和单纤维肌电图相似的敏感性和特异性,可作为一线检测方法。冰敷试验可作为单纤维肌电图的补充试验,冰敷试验和单纤维肌电图均阳性时对OMG的阳性预测值高达95%[9]

1.2 休息试验和疲劳试验

休息试验和疲劳试验原理是基于OMG肌无力休息时改善、活动后加重的特点[10]
疲劳试验是瞩患者持续尽量向上注视2 min,随后眼睑因疲劳引起了上睑下垂加重≥1.5 mm或复视症状明显加重则为疲劳试验阳性[11]。睑裂高度变化的截止值≤1.5 mm时,诊断MG的敏感性为36.7%,特异性为96.7%;睑裂高度变化的截止值≤1.0 mm时,诊断MG的敏感性和特异性分别为46.7%和80.0%;睑裂高度变化的截止值≤0.5 mm时,敏感性为73.3%,特异性为60.0%[11]。研究[11]表明:尽量向上注视2 min诱导疲劳后行冰敷试验的灵敏度比常规冰敷试验高30%。
休息试验是嘱患者在一个安静暗房里闭目休息30 min,休息后上睑下垂改善≥2 mm或复视症状较休息前明显缓解,但在之后的30 s~5 min内会再次出现OMG的症状和体征,即为阳性结果[12]。休息试验诊断OMG的敏感性和特异性分别为99%、91%[12]

1.3 Cogan 眼睑颤动征

CLT是MG典型的症状,可作为OMG的一种临床检查。嘱患者尽量向下注视15 s,再尽量向上注视紧接着向正前方注视,上眼睑出现短暂的向上颤动则为CLT试验阳性。CLT生理机制尚不清楚。Singman等[13]连续观察了117例患者后发现:在1 9例显示CLT阳性的患者中,有1 8例诊断为M G;9 8例显示CLT阴性的患者中,有6例诊断为MG,其敏感性为75%,特异性接近99%。

1.4 强制闭眼试验

FECT是由CLT试验演变而来的旨在辅助诊断OMG的一种简单的临床检查。患者被嘱紧闭眼睑5~10 s,以确保提上睑肌完全放松;观察者坐在患者正前方,与患者眼睛处于同一高度,用指压固定眉毛,尽量减少额肌的作用,然后嘱其快速睁开眼睛。若眼睑向上过度的收缩后又下垂,则为阳性结果。在一项研究[14]中,FECT对OMG的诊断的敏感性及特异性分别为94%、91%。

1.5 新斯的明试验

新斯的明是一种可逆的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂,通过抑制突触间隙乙酰胆碱水解而发挥作用,以辅助诊断 OMG 。新斯的明试验起效速度快及作用持久,可充分观察上睑下垂和复视的变化情况,而且安全、可靠。成人肌肉注射1.0~1.5 mg新斯的明和同时肌肉注射0.5 mg阿托品以减轻M样胆碱的毒副作用;儿童剂量酌减,肌肉注射0.02~0.04 mg/kg新斯的明,最大剂量不超过1.0 mg,试验前6~8 h停用溴吡斯地明[15]。注射后每10 min记录1次,持续记录60 min,比较注射前后上睑下垂和复视的变化,肌无力明显改善者为阳性,根据QMG评分准确判断结果[15]

2 自身抗体的检测

OMG的发病机制与抗体的介导密切相关,血清抗体的检测是诊断OMG的重要手段,相关抗体包括:乙酰胆碱受体抗体(acetylcholine receptors antibody,AChR-Ab)、肌肉特异性酪氨酸激酶受体抗体(muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibody,MuSK-Ab)和低密度脂蛋白受体相关蛋白4抗 体(low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 antibody,LRP4-Ab)等。AChR-Ab和MuSK-Ab均阴性被称为血清阴性。部分M G患者具有针对其他细胞外或细胞内靶点的抗体,如连接素抗体(titin antibody,Titin-Ab)、兰尼碱受体抗体(ryanodine receptor antibody,RyR-Ab)、聚集蛋白抗体(agrin antibody,Agrin-Ab)、电压门控性钾通道蛋白Kv1.4抗体和皮层蛋白(cortactin)抗体等。表1总结了上述抗体的常用检测方法、临床情况、胸腺情况和主要的抗体类型。

2.1 AChR-Ab

AChR-Ab一直是OMG及GMG最常检测到及最具特异性的抗体[16]。AChR-Ab是以IgG1和IgG3为主,均具有补体活性,其与突触后膜AChR结合后激活经典补体途径,降低突触后膜对乙酰胆碱的敏感性,加速AChR的降解,最终导致肌无力的发生。
目前用于AChR-Ab的检测方法有放射免疫沉淀法(radioimmunoprecipitation assay,RIPA)、酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay , ELISA) 、细胞基础测定法(cell-based assays,CBA)等。RIPA目前广泛应用于AChR-Ab的检测[17]。RIPA检测AChR-Ab诊断OMG特异性和敏感性分别为99%、50%[18]。但放射性的使用限制RIPA的可用性。可替代RIPA的检测方法ELISA检测AChR-Ab的敏感性不如标准的RIPA[17],因而不如RIPA应用广泛。CBA是近几年研发出的一种抗体与抗原结合在细胞膜上的方法,可检测到使用先前方法无法检测出的AChR-Ab[19]。使用CBA可使50%血清阴性OMG患者检测出AChR-Ab[17]。CBA需要较高的设备及操作技能,难以常规应用。
最近的研究[20-21]显示:AChR-Ab在OMG中的敏感性高于70%,尤其是男性患者。AChR-Ab在绝大多数伴有胸腺瘤的MG患者检测呈阳性[22]。现有研究[16]显示:AChR-Ab滴度高的患者进展为GMG的风险高,AChR-Ab水平在48.0 nmol/L及以上的患者,特别是首次检测超过100.0 nmol/L的患者会快速进展为GMG。

表1 OMG自身抗体常用检测方法、临床情况、胸腺情况和主要的抗体类型

Table 1 Common detection methods, clinical conditions, thymus conditions and main antibody types of OMG autoantibodies

2.2 MuSK-Ab

MuSK是一种跨膜酪氨酸激酶受体,在形成成熟且有功能的神经肌肉接头中起关键作用,被激活后能引起AChR在突触后膜聚集。与AChR-Ab不同,MuSK-Ab以lgG4为主,既不能激活补体,也不能诱导抗原内化,而是通过直接抑制蛋白功能而导致肌无力。
检测 MuSK-Ab 的方法主要有 RIPA 、ELISA、荧光免疫沉淀反应试验(fluorescence immunoprecipitation assay,FIPA)和CBA等 。MuSK-Ab通常由RIPA进行检测[17]。ELISA不常用于检测MuSK-Ab。作为RIPA的非放射性替代品,FIPA具有与RIPA相同的灵敏度[23]。FIPA可以通过用不同的荧光染料标记每个抗原来同时检测AChR-Ab和MuSK-Ab,从而减少诊断的成本和时间[17]。CBA检测MuSK-Ab在近几年也取得了进展。
国内外目前尚未对OMG患者的MuSK-Ab流行病学进行系统调查,关于MuSK-Ab的OMG的报道也很少[24]。有研究[25]发现:用CBA在8%血清阴性M G患者中检测出了MuSK-Ab,其中血清阴性OMG患者占了38%。最近一项队列研究[26]调查了175名眼部症状至少持续了2 4个月的OMG患者,发现MuSK-Ab阳性率为4.7%。MuSK-Ab阳性的MG的患者通常不会出现胸腺异常,胸腺切除术的效果欠佳[27-28]。MuSK-Ab滴度可能与疾病严重程度相关[29-30]。多项研究[26,31-32]发现MuSK-Ab阳性的OMG患者进展为GMG的风险高。

2.3 LRP4-Ab

LRP4-Ab属于低密度脂蛋白受体家族,抗体类型主要以lgG1为主,通过破坏LRP4与Agrin的相互作用来抑制MuSK的激活和AChR的磷酸化,进而破坏神经肌肉接头的功能[33]。检测LRP4-Ab的方法主要有RIPA、ELISA、CBA等。
研究[33-34]表明:LRP4-Ab仅在1%~2.9%血清阴性M G患者和0.8%~1.7%的M G患者中阳性表达,大部分患者为OMG。一项荟萃分析[35]结果表明:LRP4-Ab阳性的MG患者通常以眼肌无力起病,多为女性,LRP4-Ab阳性的OMG患者高达58.3%,与胸腺瘤无明显相关,对溴吡斯的明或泼尼松的治疗效果好。

2.4 横纹肌抗体

约10%的M G患者的AChR-Ab、MuSk-Ab和LRP4-Ab血清学检测呈阴性,被称为血清三阴性MG[36]。15%~50%的MG患者存在其他自身抗体,包括横纹肌抗体、Agrin-Ab、皮层蛋白抗体等[36]。横纹肌抗体主要针对几种肌肉纤维蛋白,包括Titin、RyR受体、Kv1.4等。
2.4.1 Titin-Ab
Titin肌联素在骨骼肌细胞中含量丰富,在肌肉收缩中发挥重要的作用,其抗体大多以lgG1为主[37]。检测LRP4-Ab的方法主要有RIPA、ELISA、CBA等。
Titin-Ab具有明显的年龄相关性和胸腺瘤相关性,多见于晚发型非胸腺瘤MG和早发型胸腺瘤MG患者[38]。Titin-Ab是早发性MG胸腺瘤的标志物,其敏感性和特异性超过了90%[39]。有研究[40]发现在近1/3的AChR-Ab阴性OMG患者检出了Titin-Ab。
2.4.2 RyR-Ab
RyR是位于肌浆网膜的钙通道,通过介导Ca 2+从肌膜释放到细胞质,参与兴奋收缩耦合机制,其抗体大多以lgG1与lgG3为主。RyR-Ab可以用粗肌浆网的蛋白质印迹法检测,也可以用含有RyR主要免疫原域的融合蛋白的ELISA检测[41]
与Titin-Ab相似,RyR-Ab也与胸腺瘤明显相关,RyR-Ab在MG胸腺瘤患者中检出率多达75%[42]。有研究[38]报道RyR-Ab在OMG患者阳性率为40%。
2.4.3 电压门控性钾通道蛋白 Kv1.4 抗体
Kv1.4主要在中枢神经系统神经元中表达,控制突触前乙酰胆碱的释放。Kv1.4也存在于骨骼和心脏肌肉中。针对日本M G人群中Kv1.4抗体的研究[43-44]显示:11%~18%的MG患者存在Kv1.4抗体,且其存在与严重症状、肌无力危象和胸腺瘤相关。

2.5 其他抗体

除上述抗体外,M G中还有其他几个抗原靶点,这些蛋白包括Agrin、Rapsyn、皮质蛋白、胶原Q(ColQ)等。
Agrin是一种由运动神经元分泌的蛋白聚糖,与肌肉LRP4结合,激活信号级联,引起AChR聚集。检测Agrin-Ab的方法主要有ELISA、CBA。在2%~15%的MG患者中发现了Agrin-Ab,包括血清阴性的M G患 者[40,45-47],同时在健康对照或其他神经系统疾病(如多发性硬化症、肌萎缩侧索硬化和视神经脊髓炎)患者样本中检测不到Agrin-A b,支持了Agrin-Ab作为MG特异性自身抗体的诊断价值[17]。Agrin-Ab阳性与胸腺瘤明显相关[36]。Agrin-Ab阳性的患者表现为轻度到重度的症状和对治疗的中度反应,因此Agrin-Ab的早期发现可以指导疾病管理[40]
目前尚不清楚Rapsyn抗体、胶原Q抗体和Cortactin抗体在MG的诊断和发病机制的作用,仍需进一步研究[38]

2.6 其他血清学检测

Jiang等[48]首次报道了外周血单核细胞的异常表达/调控的miRNAs在M G的发病及进展中起重要作用。随后的研究[49]提出了血清样本的miRNA谱。尽管miR-30e-5p在人类中的确切作用尚需进一步阐明,但推测miR-30e-5p水平升高可能会降低与维持骨骼肌稳态和代谢有关的重要蛋白的表达 。miR-30e-5p在所有OMG患者中的敏感性为96%,在晚发型OMG患者中的敏感性为100%[49]。miR-30e-5p可以作为OMG进展为GMG的潜在预测生物标志物,尤其是对于晚发型OMG患 者(年龄≥50岁)。

3 电生理学检查

3.1 重复神经电刺激

电生理学检查在诊断血清抗体阴性的临床症状疑似OMG患者中具有很大的价值。重复神经电刺激(repetitive neuroelectrical stimulation,RNS)是目前最常用于诊断OMG的神经电生理检查技术,敏感性较低(11%~35%),但特异性较高(89%~98%)[24]。临床医师通常采用低频(2~5 Hz) RNS检查患者的眼轮匝肌、提上睑肌以额肌。

3.2 单纤维肌电图

研究[18]表明:单纤维肌电图(single-fibre electromyography,SFEMG)在诊断OMG方 面优 于 RNS , 在 OMG 和 GMG 中的敏感度分别为80%、94%。SFEMG的敏感度与被检测的肌肉和临床表现有关,其中对眼轮匝肌的敏感性最高。Giannoccaro等[50]研究发现:OMG患者中眼轮匝肌SFEMG的诊断敏感性和特异性分别为79%、80%;同时发现了诊断的敏感性与临床表现有关,单纯上睑下垂的OMG患者SFEMG敏感性为91%,上睑下垂合并复视的 SFEMG敏感度高达98%,两者差异没有统计学意义,而单纯复视的OMG患者的SFEMG敏感度仅为32%,故对检测结果的分析应结合患者的临床表现。

3.3 重复性眼前庭诱发肌源性电位

重复性眼前庭诱发肌源性电位(repetitive ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials,RoVEMP)是一种新的简单无创的神经电生理学检查,与RNS和SFEMG相比,它能够检测眼外肌的神经肌肉传递[51]。检查者在患者每只眼睛下方放置两个表面电极,用于记录下斜肌的肌源性活动,同时额头上放置1个地面电极,以20~30 Hz的频率进行。RoVEMP试验诊断OMG和GMG的灵敏度分别为80%、63%[51]。RoVEMP可有效区分M G患者与健康对照(敏感性71%~89%,特异性64%~86%)[52]和其他神经肌肉疾病患者(敏感性67%,特异性82%)[51]。 与RNS和SFEMG相比,RoVEMP检测快速(10~15 min),侵入性小,且易于操作,在抗体检测阴性、RNS结果阴性和单纯眼肌无力的诊断困难患者中,其在OMG诊断方面具有明显的价值。这种无创技术是一种很有前途的诊断工具,值得在进一步的研究中证实。

4 其他检查

OMG的发生都与胸腺密切相关,因而所有被诊断为OMG的患者都应该接受胸部CT或MRI检查来评估胸腺瘤。其他自身免疫性疾病也常与MG患者共病。其中甲状腺疾病最为常见,发病时影响高达22%[53]。因此,常规筛查甲状腺功能可以及时发现并治疗甲状腺疾病,有利于改善肌无力的症状[54]

5 结语

综上所述,随着医学技术的发展及对OMG的重视,越来越多的检测方法可以用来协助OMG的诊断。尤其是近年来抗体检测手段提高,增加了诊断的敏感性及特异性,为减少OMG患者的漏诊和误诊提供了技术支持。我们期待在后续的工作中能更深入地探究OMG的新型生物标志物,为早期确诊OMG供新的思路。

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1、广州市科技计划项目 (201803040011)。
This work was supported by Guangzhou Science and Technology Project, China (201803040011)()
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