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高度重视眶尖部小肿瘤的正确诊断与合理治疗

High attention on the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of small orbital apical tumors

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年11月 第37卷 第11期 843-848 发布时间: 收稿时间:2022/12/6 0:55:57 阅读量:5828
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眶尖肿瘤诊断影像学检查手术治疗内窥镜
orbital apical tumors diagnosis imaging examination surgery endoscope
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.11.05
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眶尖部肿瘤为眼科罕见疾病,但因其所处位置特殊,对机体,特别是视神经功能危害极大,错误的诊断、不规范合理的治疗不仅不能解决问题,甚至会对机体造成严重的不可挽回的损害。目前针对眶尖部肿瘤的诊断、治疗多建立在医生的主观认知与经验的基础上,尚未达成共识。本文通过分析眶尖部肿瘤的临床特点,结合以往漏诊、误诊、误治的临床案例,阐述眶尖肿瘤正确诊断的关键要点;同时,结合不同临床案例,客观分析治疗方案,尤其是手术方式、路径,为眶尖部肿瘤的合理化治疗提供依据,以期规范眶尖部肿瘤的诊断和治疗,提高治疗成功率。
Although orbital apical tumor is a rare ophthalmic disease, its special location can cause great harm to the body, especially to the function of the optic nerve. Misdiagnosis and improper treatment are not only unable to solve the problem, but also irretrievably harmful to the body. At present, there is no consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of orbital apical tumors, which are mostly based on subjective cognition and experience of doctors. In this paper, the clinical characters of orbital apical tumors were analyzed through the past clinical cases of misdiagnosis and mistreatment, and the key points of proper diagnosis of orbital apical tumors were expounded. Meanwhile, by combining with different clinical cases, the treatment plans, especially the surgical approaches, were analysed to provide a basis for the appropriate treatment of orbital apical tumors, in order to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of orbital apex tumor, and improve the success rate of treatment.
      眶尖肿瘤是一种非常独特的眼眶肿瘤,临床少见。眼眶由7块骨头围绕,呈锥形状,而眶尖为其最后端,由蝶骨小翼、蝶骨大翼、腭骨眶突包绕而成,为筛后孔、视神经孔、眶上裂所在区域,90%以上支配眼部的神经、血管均从此处进入眼眶[1]。由此不难想象眶尖肿瘤的复杂性、危害性,以及处理的困难性、危险性与挑战性。近年来,随着高分辨率计算机断层扫描(high resolution computed tomography,HRCT)及磁共振(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)等高分辨率影像技术、微卫星导航技术、内窥镜微创技术等迅速发展,眶尖肿瘤的诊断、治疗取得了一系列突破,但也涌现出了许多问题,需要进行临床理性分析并引起高度重视。

1 临床表现

      眶尖部为视神经、动眼神经、外展神经、三叉神经眼支等颅神经及血管汇聚区域,且与海绵窦、颈动脉紧密毗邻。因此,与大多数普通眶内肿瘤常表现为眼球突出不同,眶尖肿瘤以眶尖部相应颅神经病变症状为主,如视力下降、上睑下垂、眼肌麻痹及疼痛、瞳孔改变等,严重程度取决于肿瘤生长部位、肿瘤大小、肿瘤生长速度和病程[2-3]。虽然该区域内肿瘤生长缓慢,但在此深邃、狭小、极其复杂的解剖区域中,即使很小的肿瘤亦会导致严重病变,特别是对视神经等神经、血管的压迫,引起视神经轴索凋亡,最终严重损害视神经功能[4]。如果肿瘤长期存在且持续生长,不仅会与眶尖部神经血管形成紧密粘连,还极可能通过眶上裂、视神经孔向颅内生长蔓延,导致相应症状与体征。

2 诊断与鉴别诊断

      因为眶尖为一非常拥挤、狭窄的解剖间隙,供肿瘤生长的空间十分有限,肿瘤多为良性且生长缓慢、隐匿,早期可无任何症状、体征。随着肿瘤生长,逐渐对眶尖区域颅神经、血管等造成压迫而多表现出缓慢的视力下降、视物黑朦、眼痛及头痛等,但因起病极其隐匿,病程缓慢,患者通常难以察觉,许多患者多因头晕、头痛、体检等在进行CT或MRI检查时才发现。出现视力下降者早期极易被漏诊或误诊为视神经炎等,导致病情延误。漏诊或误诊的主要原因[5-8]主要在于:1)眶尖肿瘤早期患者眼底多正常,除视力下降外,无其他任何症状、体征,难以被发现;2)对于视乳头水肿患者,未详细询问病史,仅凭眼底表现、检查便武断为视神经炎等,特别是部分患者给予激素治疗后,视乳头水肿稍微减轻,视力一定程度提升;3)对于视神经萎缩患者,往往归因于视神经炎或青光眼等眼病,未进一步追溯病因,以至于诊断和治疗聚焦于视神经萎缩本身;4)部分眼科医生知识结构相对单一,对影像学检查不够重视,对此类患者往往漏做CT或MRI检查。部分即使进行了CT或MRI检查,但因为CT扫描方式不能很好地显示出眶尖、视神经等结构,或扫描层厚太厚而肿瘤太小,往往被忽略,或者进行常规MRI检查,而未进行脂肪抑制与强化,结果肿瘤信号被脂肪或周围组织信号混杂而导致误判,不能发现眶尖处的小肿瘤。因此,对于眶尖肿瘤的诊断,特别是无明确原因视力下降的患者,除常规眼底检查外,尚需特别关注患者病史和发病特点,例如视神经炎患者往往起病急,视力下降严重,但眶尖肿瘤患者视力下降一般缓慢。对于一些激素治疗病情反复或者无效的患者,更需提高警惕,进行全面、系统、规范、详细的检查,力求不漏诊、误诊。此外,要特别重视影像学检查的规范性。一般对眼眶施行HRCT扫描,应采视神经管位,冠状位、水平位缺一不可,且层厚最好不超过1mm;做眼眶MRI检查时,除了上述要求外,要进行增强+脂肪抑制,以清晰显示肿瘤的位置、大小、形状和累及范围,精确判断肿瘤与周围结构的关系,这一点在眶尖肿瘤诊断中至关重要[9-10]。B超虽然是眼眶肿瘤诊断中常用检查,但因其穿透力低,难以对眶尖部位进行真正准确地观察。此外,肿瘤的性质判断决定了手术的目的,在手术方式的选择中也具有重要的意义。术者须根据患者的年龄、性别、症状、体征,结合肿瘤位置、大小、毗邻关系等影像学特征,尽可能判断肿瘤的性质。对于一些边界清晰的良性肿瘤,如海绵状血管瘤、神经鞘瘤等,手术以完整切除为主,可根据肿瘤的位置、大小等特点选择合适的手术径路。但对于一些肿瘤边界不清、炎性和/或恶性肿瘤,治疗以药物为主,手术多以活检为目的,手术方式的选择则需考虑达到最小创伤。还有一些性质的肿瘤,如胶质瘤和脑膜瘤等,则需要考虑进行多种径路联合手术,力求尽可能完整切除肿瘤,减少肿瘤的复发以及向颅内蔓延的可能[11-13]

3 治疗方法

      针对眶尖肿瘤的治疗,主要有观察、手术与放疗3种方式[14-17]。由于眶尖位置的复杂性与特殊性,该区域的肿瘤手术对医生而言是一个巨大的挑战,甚至一直被视为眼眶手术的“禁区”。因此,对于视功能较好、无明显自觉症状或病情不严重的患者,绝大多数采取定期随访、观察方式;待视功能下降,甚至严重下降时,在万不得已的情况下选择手术或姑息性手术治疗。因忌惮手术的危险性与不可靠性,部分学者尝试采用γ刀治疗,但一方面大部分眶尖肿瘤对γ刀治疗不敏感,且不同肿瘤放疗的剂量不同,目前尚处于相对摸索阶段;另一方面,即使直线粒子加速器等的问世提高了γ刀精准定位,但实际上对于眶尖这一特殊的部位,目前很难真正做到精准放射[16-17]。近年来,随着内镜微创技术、微卫星手术导航系统等的迅速发展,眶尖部肿瘤手术治疗取得了一系列的突破[18-21],有望成为眶尖肿瘤理想的治疗方式。手术方式选择需以肿瘤位置、大小、性质、累及范围、与周围组织结构粘连与否等为主要依据而进行精准设计[18,22-24]

3.1 深外侧开眶手术径路

      深外侧开眶手术径路于1888年由Kronlein首次提出,后经多次改良,是过去眶尖肿瘤最主要的手术方式,最适合于位于眶上裂前方蝶骨大翼前端、视神经外侧、上方、下方的眶尖部肿瘤。该径路从眼眶外上方眉弓处至外眦部做一“S”形皮肤切口,然后尽可能截取眶外侧壁骨瓣,直至蝶骨大翼,并磨薄骨质近中颅窝处以尽可能暴露整个眶外侧壁,然后切开肿瘤相应位置眶筋膜,仔细分开外直肌与上直肌或下直肌之间的肌间膜进入肌锥内,最后进行精细分离操作以摘除肿瘤。一方面,因为眶尖部肿瘤一般很小,术中精准定位实际上相当困难;另一方面,该术式尽管去除了眶外侧深部骨质,但空间十分狭窄、深邃,加之该处血液供应特别丰富,暴露不足、操作空间有限、因出血明显以致术中精细分离困难等限制了其应用[23,25]。近年来有研究[19,26]将微卫星导航系统与内窥镜微创技术相结合,在去除眶外侧壁骨质后利用导航系统对眶尖部肿瘤实现精准定位与术中实时追踪;同时,充分利用内窥镜良好的照明、放大倍率下精细操作的特点,从眶入路成功摘除眶尖深部外侧神经鞘瘤、海绵状血管瘤,操作方便、视野清晰、止血彻底、微创且术后效果理想等,值得临床推广。

3.2 经颅 - 眶手术径路

      针对眶尖部肿瘤,特别是累及眶上裂、蝶鞍、海绵窦以及视神经管等结构的颅-眶沟通性肿瘤,神经外科医生往往选用前入路开颅(经额入路)或侧入路开颅手术(经翼点入路)。该术式通过祛除眶尖顶部骨质和/或深外侧的蝶骨嵴骨质以获取眶尖区域颅底额叶、颞叶之间的术野暴露和手术空间;然后,在手术显微镜直视下,经过眼外肌间隙进入眶尖而摘除肿瘤。对于累及海绵窦的眶尖肿瘤,该术式在应对潜在剧烈出血时有明显优势。通常情况下,眶内肿瘤很少会突破硬脑膜侵犯大脑,因此该术式一般无需切开硬脑膜,对脑组织干扰较小。近年来,随着神经外科医生手术技术的进步,该术式得到了一定应用,获得了良好的效果[27],但存在手术操作复杂、机体创伤大、潜在的颅内与眶内并发症风险等缺陷。脑脊液漏、视力丧失、上睑下垂、复视、手术瘢痕、脑卒中等均为该术式常见并发症[14,24,28]

3.3 内窥镜下经蝶筛手术径路

      与传统的“头灯”下手术模式比较,内窥镜除提供了更明亮的全景视野、更理想的放大倍率外,术者可以根据操作需要灵活自如地变换照明的角度、方向与距离,从而达到在极其狭窄、深邃的空间里非常准确而精细地进行切、割、剪、锐性分离等手术操作,对周围正常组织损伤极少。我们2008年率先联合内直肌断腱术,采取内镜下经蝶筛径路进行肌锥内眶尖深部视神经内侧小海绵状血管瘤的手术摘除获得成功[29]。随着手术技巧的娴熟与改进,目前无需内直肌断腱术即可实施顺利摘除。在此基础上,我们利用内镜下经蝶筛径路先后实现对位于眶尖深部视神经出眶口处、眶尖深部视神经外侧、视神经管内段视神经鞘内肿瘤的切除获得成功[18,30]。特别有意义的是,对于绝大多数因眶尖肿瘤压迫导致视神经严重萎缩与视神经功能严重低下的患者,肿瘤摘除后视力可显著甚至完全恢复。推测该手术的机制为充分利用鼻腔这一天然通道,在内窥镜下施行筛窦切除与蝶窦开放后,无需对眶内及颅内组织造成任何干扰即可直接到达眶尖最深处,然后在内窥镜直视下进行精准辨识视神经、动眼神经、眶内血管、眼外肌、海绵窦等重要眶尖结构,再通过精准操作,将肌锥内外乃至视神经管内的肿瘤与正常组织精细分离,最终完整摘除。目前,该技术在国内外广泛推广,极可能成为当今眶尖肿瘤手术摘除的主流术式[31-33]。对于每一位眶尖肿瘤患者,必须反复查看HRCT、MRI等影像资料,精准判断肿瘤位置,特别是与视神经、眶上裂之间的毗邻关系,再制订手术方案,包括术中从哪里切开眶筋膜与肌腱,从哪里分离肿瘤,分离肿瘤时如何避免视神经、血管损伤等。同时,我们强调,术前一定要根据影像资料尽可能明确肿瘤的性质,海绵状血管瘤、神经鞘瘤、脑膜瘤还是其他肿瘤?不同的肿瘤术中的手术操作往往完全不一样,例如海绵状血管瘤可以用钳子夹住后再进行精细分离,但神经鞘瘤却不能夹持,只能术中轻轻彻底分离。另外,术中必须止血彻底,术野必须暴露清晰,切忌盲目地分离、剪切、夹持等。与传统的径路、经眶手术比较,尽管内镜照明良好、放大倍率直视下视野清晰、操作精准、无颜面部瘢痕、微创及术后视神经功能恢复理想等,但是该手术方式亦存在一定的局限性。首先,该术式对手术医生的素质要求非常高,不仅要对眼眶解剖基础知识和眼眶外科操作了如指掌,还必须具备非常娴熟而精巧的鼻内镜鼻颅底外科操作技术,特别是在内镜下经鼻径路实施眶内肿瘤紧密粘连带的分离操作时,动作必须精准、轻柔、仔细,这对术者的心理承受能力也是一种严峻考验,因为眶尖深部布满了极其丰富的血管、神经,稍不慎就会发生大出血、视力丧失等并发症。目前,笔者亦发现采取此手术径路进行眶尖肿瘤手术摘除失败甚至发生严重并发症的不在少数,应该引起注意。其次,狭窄的鼻腔提供的可操作空间十分有限,在处理一些粘连紧密的肿瘤时,术者和助手之间的有机配合要求极高。最后,对于一些位置特殊、侵犯范围广的肿瘤,如眶尖外上方、累及眶上裂的和颅眶沟通性肿瘤,单纯采用内窥镜经鼻微创径路可能无法安全、完整地摘除肿瘤,需要联合其他手术径路或特制的手术器械[34-35]

4 结语

      正确诊断和合理治疗眶尖肿瘤对全世界眼科医生来说均是一个巨大挑战。与普通眼眶肿瘤比较,眶尖肿瘤发病隐匿、位置刁钻、肿瘤细小、影像特征不典型,要及时、正确诊断存在相当困难。特别是面对一个眶尖肿瘤患者,手术的复杂性、难度、风险均极大,这对医生提出了更高的要求。因此,在面对此类肿瘤时,医生必须提高警惕,全面分析患者病史、症状、体征,要特别重视影像学检查的辨识,对肿瘤的位置、大小、性质、与邻近组织的关系作出精准判断。然后,在此基础上,结合术者的技术特点作出最明智、理性的判断,制订最合理、个性化的手术方式,尽可能确保手术成功,减少机体创伤与并发症,以救治更多的病患者。

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