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眼移植物抗宿主病的临床诊疗新进展

Research progress on clinical diagnosis and treatment of ocular graft-versus-host disease

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2024年6月 第39卷 第6期 299-305 发布时间:2024-06-28 收稿时间:2024/8/28 16:36:37 阅读量:772
作者:
关键词:
眼移植物抗宿主病异基因造血干细胞移植临床诊疗
ocular graft-versus-host disease allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation clinical diagnosis and treatment
DOI:
10.12419/24071402
收稿时间:
2024-05-02 
修订日期:
2024-05-22 
接收日期:
2024-06-14 
随着移植技术逐年发展,异基因造血干细胞移植患者的生存期延长,长期并发症成为影响患者预后及生活质量的主要原因。眼移植物抗宿主病是异基因造血干细胞移植术后最常见的眼部并发症,发生率可高达50%以上。根据发病时间可分为急性及慢性眼移植物抗宿主病,临床上最常以慢性炎症及眼表组织纤维化为特点,主要表现为干眼和不同程度的角结膜炎,治疗较为棘手,可不同程度影响患者视觉质量及生活质量,严重可致盲。近年来眼移植物抗宿主病越来越受到国内外学者重视,其发病机制、临床特点、诊断及治疗相关研究逐渐深入,文章针对眼移植物抗宿主病的临床诊疗新进展进行综述。总体而言,眼移植物抗宿主病早期识别仍较为困难,早期诊断策略有待进一步探索。目前治疗对眼移植物抗宿主病的效果较为有限,或缺乏充足的循证医学证据,临床上缺乏针对不同严重程度及疾病活动度的分级诊疗策略,未来有待进一步探索新的治疗靶点及疾病活动监测指标,将有助于改善患者长期预后及生活质量。
Despite advancements in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation techniques leading to improved overall survival rates, long-term complications have emerged as the primary contributors to poor prognosis and diminished quality of life. Ocular graft-versus-host disease (oGVHD), a prevalent complication affecting over 50% of patients post-transplantation, frequently manifests as refractory dry eye, often accompanied by keratoconjunctivitis. Patients with oGVHD routinely suffer from visual impairment and a decline in their quality of life.Currently, research into the mechanisms, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of oGVHD has progressively deepened. This article reviews the latest advancements in the clinical diagnosis and management of oGVHD. Notably, there is a pressing need for strategies focused on early diagnosis and treatment, as early recognition of oGVHD remains challenging. Existing treatments for oGVHD either exhibit limited efficacy or lack robust clinical evidence to support their use as the best available options.Further research is imperative to develop tiered diagnostic and treatment approaches, including the exploration of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers for disease detection. Such endeavors hold the promise of enhancing patients' long-term prognosis and quality of life.

文章亮点

1. 关键发现

通过广泛搜集眼移植物抗宿主病临床研究,深入总结临床诊疗新进展。

2. 已知与发现

眼移植物抗宿主病是异基因造血干细胞移植术后的常见并发症。
近年来眼移植物抗宿主病发病机制、临床特点、诊断及治疗相关研究逐渐深入。
眼移植物抗宿主病早期识别仍较为困难,有待进一步探索早期诊疗策略。

3. 意义与改变

深入了解眼移植物抗宿主病临床诊疗新进展有助于未来进一步研究及诊疗新策略探索,对于改善患者长期预后及生活质量具有重要意义。

       造血干细胞移植( hematopoieticstem cell transplantation, HSCT)是目前多种血液系统疾病的有效
治疗方法,包括自体HSCT及异基因HSCT(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, alloHSCT)。据血液骨髓移植全球网络(Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation, WBMT)报道,目前全球超过100万例HSCT患者,近年实施HSCT每年达8万例[1]。我国近年HSCT病例数量同样快速增长,2019年全国实施HSCT达1万例,其中alloHSCT占78%[2]。随着移植技术逐年发展,HSCT患者的生存期延长,长期并发症影响患者生活质量且可能提高致残率及致死率,故HSCT术后慢病管理亟须重视。移植物抗宿主病(graft-versus-host disease, GVHD)是alloHSCT最主要的并发症,是患者非复发死亡的重要原因,是由于供体来源的异体免疫细胞对受体器官或组织的免疫攻击所导致[3]。GVHD可影响全身多个器官,常见皮肤、肺部、胃肠道、肝脏、眼部、黏膜及肌肉骨骼系统受累。其中眼移植物抗宿主病(ocular graft-versus-host disease, oGVHD)alloHSCT术后最常见的眼部并发症,可累及全眼表,根据发病时间可分为急性oGVHD及慢性oGVHD。近年来oGVHD越来越受到国内外学者的重视,其发病机制、临床特点、诊断及治疗相关研究逐渐深入,本文将针对oGVHD的临床诊疗新进展进行综述。

1 发病机制

       急性oGVHD较为少见,主要为细胞介导免疫反应攻击泪腺和结膜所致。目前认为急性GVHD主要由于主要组织相容性(major histocompatibility complex, MHC)不匹配所致,供体淋巴细胞对受体组织抗原产生免疫反应,导致T细胞活化和炎症因子释放,从而触发级联反应,引起组织器官受损。急性GVHD主要包括3个阶段[4]:1)抗原提呈细胞(antigen presenting cells, APCs)活化,促炎因子包括肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α)、γ干扰素(interferon-gamma, IFN-γ)、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1及IL-6等释放,引起组织直接损伤; 2)APCs与供体T细胞协同刺激(如CD28+T细胞与CD80+/CD86+ APCs协同作用;TNF-α激活APCs与T细胞)导致供体T细胞活化、增殖及分化(Th1/Th2反应失衡),炎症因子释放,尤其Th1相关细胞因子IL-2、IFN-γ等是促进急性GVHD的重要因素(最主要过程);3)细胞炎症反应导致细胞凋亡,引起靶器官损伤。活化的炎症细胞如CD8+或CD4+细胞毒性T细胞、自然杀伤细胞,及TNF-α、IFN-γ等细胞因子释放共同导致受体组织受损。
       慢性oGVHD主要损伤机制为慢性炎症及眼表组织纤维化。目前慢性GVHD的过程尚未被完全阐明,其表现类似于自身免疫疾病如干燥综合征、Grave's病等,以炎症反应导致纤维化及胶原破坏为特点[5]。慢性GVHD的炎症过程以Th2介导免疫反应为特点,伴随IL-4、IL-10、转化生长因子-β1(transforming growth factor-β1, TGF-β1)及IFN-γ等细胞因子释放。B细胞同样具有重要作用,其介导自身抗体释放,同时作为APCs诱发及维持慢性炎症反应。此外,树突状细胞(dendritic cells, DCs)对于维持自身免疫反应的慢性过程具有重要意义。动物模型发现趋化因子在慢性oGVHD病理过程的作用,有学者进一步在临床患者结膜印迹细胞发现细胞间黏附因子-1(intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, ICAM-1)表达增多,提示结膜上皮细胞ICAM-1表达增多为oGVHD进展的标志[6]。同时,结膜趋化因子CXC配体CXCL9、CXCL10、CXCL11、CXCR3上调。此外,泪液IL-10、IL-6、TNF-α与眼表炎症及oGVHD严重程度密切相关[7]。有学者报道,泪液IL-8/CXCL8及IP-10/CXCL10水平对于疾病诊断的灵敏度(86.36%)及特异度(95.24%)较高[8]。IL-8/CXCL-8通路与多个系统性疾病及眼部疾病密切相关,可能为慢性oGVHD瘢痕化过程的重要病理机制。

2 临床特点

2.1 发生率和危险因素

       急性oGVHD由于缺乏统一的诊断标准,既往研究以病例报道为主。2015年一项研究根据美国国立卫生研究院(National Institutes of Health, NIH)诊断标准将alloHSCT后100 d内确诊的oGVHD定义为急性oGVHD,发生率约为1.33%[9]。另一研究根据Jabs等[10]提出的oGVHD结膜急性表现(见后述)诊断结膜急性GVHD,发生率为9.5%[11]
       慢性oGVHD发生率及危险因素根据不同诊断标准、研究时间、地区及人群存在一定差异。有研究者根据NIH标准发现,在完成至少2年随访中,慢性oGVHD的发生率为33.33%,危险因素包括原有糖尿病、alloHSCT再次回输、慢性GVHD累及器官多[9]。沙特阿拉伯的一项研究将alloHSCT术后新发干眼即定义为oGVHD,oGVHD的5年累计发病率为56.98%,仅发现原发病为急性髓系白血病及急性淋巴细胞白血病为发病危险因素[12]。意大利的一项研究根据国际慢性oGVHD共识小组(The International Chronic Ocular GVHD Consensus Group, ICOGCG)诊断标准进行oGVHD诊断,发现oGVHD的5年累计发病率为49.7%,其危险因素包括受体年龄大,供体来源于女性、外周血干细胞,急性GVHD病史[13]。另一项在丹麦的研究却发现,根据ICOGCG诊断标准,oGVHD的5年累计发生率在清髓患者为18%,相应危险因素包括原发病为恶性血液病,移植前ST低于10 mm/5 min,供体来源于女性、非亲属、外周血干细胞,以及3~4级急性GVHD病史;在非清髓患者为35%,危险因素为移植前ST低于10 mm/5 min,受体年龄大[14]。一项2015年的多中心研究同时根据NIH标准及患者报告的Lee眼部症状评分发现,oGVHD的2年累计发病率高达57%[15]。同年另一项哥伦比亚学者进行的研究有类似发现,即根据NIH诊断标准,oGVHD的发病率约为52.7%,危险因素包括高加索人,供体EB病毒阳性,GVHD累及皮肤、口腔、肝脏,以及NIH慢性GVHD评分高[16]。而另一项2012年的研究显示,根据NIH诊断标准,oGVHD发病率约为38%,危险因素包括急性皮肤GVHD、女性供体-男性受体[17]。根据上述研究提示,慢性oGVHD的发病率约在33%~57%,系统性GVHD病情重可能为重要危险因素。

2.2 临床表现

       急性oGVHD以结膜表现为主,早在1989年,Jabs等[10]提出其表现在排除感染因素下分为4阶段:1)结膜轻度充血;2)结膜充血伴水肿或浆液性分泌物;3)假膜性结膜炎;4)假膜性结膜炎伴角膜上皮缺损。
       慢性oGVHD主要表现为干眼和不同程度的角结膜炎,可引起严重眼表结构破坏,包括顽固性眼表炎症及整个泪腺功能单位的破坏,可不同程度影响患者视觉质量及生活质量[18]。目前认为oGVHD至少包括3个重要的生物学过程:泪腺功能障碍、角结膜炎症及睑板腺功能障碍(meibomian gland dysfunction, MGD)。持续性的眼表炎症可累及全眼表,包括表现为泪膜失衡、泪腺纤维化或萎缩、睑缘病变及MGD、结膜充血或增殖改变、上方角膜缘角结膜炎、角膜缘干细胞功能障碍、角膜上皮缺损甚至溃疡穿孔等角膜并发症、眼表组织瘢痕化等[19]
       慢性炎症及眼表组织纤维化是慢性oGVHD的重要特征,其中慢性炎症在临床上主要表现为结膜充血,在共聚焦显微镜下可出现角结膜DCs活化以及球形免疫细胞增多等炎症改变;眼表组织纤维化在临床上最直观表现为睑结膜瘢痕,泪腺纤维化或萎缩伴随泪液分泌量显著减少,甚至有报道可同时出现眼类天疱疮表现[20]。尽管慢性oGVHD患者和alloHSCT术后未发生oGVHD的患者的MGD发病率接近,但在共聚焦显微镜下慢性oGVHD患者可出现更为明显的睑板腺纤维化改变及炎症细胞浸润[21]。此外,也有学者认为前葡萄膜炎可能为慢性oGVHD较为罕见的临床表现之一[22]

3 诊断

       目前NIH慢性GVHD国际共识(2005年[23]及2014年[24])主要用于GVHD全面诊断及严重程度评估,其诊断效度较高,且能有效评估疾病严重程度。NIH诊断标准主要根据新发干眼,满足以下任意一项且合并至少一个眼外器官GVHD即可诊断:1)双眼泪液分泌试验(Schirmer's test, ST)均值≤5 mm/5 min;2)裂隙灯证实新发的干燥性角结膜炎且双眼ST均值在6~10 mm/5 min。
       Ogawa等[25]在2013年提出ICOGCG诊断标准,通过眼表疾病指数(ocular surface disease index, OSDI)、ST、角膜荧光素染色(cornealfluorescein staining, CFS)及结膜充血评分,结合有无系统性GVHD活动进行诊断;合并系统性GVHD者,ICOGCG评分≥6分诊断为oGVHD;无合并系统性GVHD者,ICOGCG评分≥8分诊断为oGVHD。该诊断标准更全面提出oGVHD诊断及严重程度分级方法,但仍对患者早期诊断存在局限,且对轻症患者存在一定局限性[26]。Ogawa等[27]在2022年通过多中心慢性oGVHD共识小组ICOGCG评分进行进一步评价,发现ICOGCG评分与NIH 2014年评分高度一致,且建议无论是否发生系统性GVHD,都可将ICOGCG评分≥6用于临床研究诊断oGVHD。
       目前慢性oGVHD常未能被及时诊断,诊断延迟的患者疾病严重程度往往更重[28]。NIH在2020年GVHD国际共识中提出亟须寻找早期诊断手段的需求,尤其最常受累并造成不可逆损害的三大器官(皮肤/筋膜、眼、肺),目前仍难以实现GVHD早期诊疗[29]。目前oGVHD诊断标准最明显的问题在于许多患者直到出现不可逆的临床表现才达到诊断标准,因此亟须进一步探索oGVHD早期诊断指标。

4 治疗

       oGVHD的治疗原则包括维持泪膜稳态、减轻眼表炎症、促进角膜上皮修复等局部治疗,必要时联合全身治疗。全身治疗主要应用于合并其他器官GVHD和(或)难治性重度oGVHD患者,目前主流药物为糖皮质激素和环孢素、他克莫司等钙调磷酸酶抑制剂;其他免疫抑制剂包括西罗莫司、霉酚酸酯、甲氨蝶呤等,靶向药物Janus激酶( Janus kinase, JAK)抑制剂芦可替尼等,Rho相关卷曲螺旋蛋白激酶2(Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2, ROCK2)抑制剂贝舒地尔,生物制剂利妥昔单抗等,体外光化学疗法,静脉注射间充质干细胞也具有一定治疗效果[30]。应注意权衡免疫抑制过强或长期全身应用免疫抑制剂可降低移植物抗肿瘤效应,增加患者感染、继发肿瘤风险,同时需注意可能带来眼部不良反应。有学者指出,儿童alloHSCT术后全身大剂量应用环孢素可能促进干眼发生[31],且全身应用环孢素的患儿可能发生眼底微血管病变[32]。亦有报道全身应用他克莫司及更昔洛韦治疗的患者出现眼球运动障碍[33]
       目前常用局部治疗药物包括人工泪液等眼表润滑剂、糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂等抗炎药物,以及成纤维上皮细胞生长因子等。而非药物治疗手段包括血清点眼,泪点栓塞、接触镜等物理治疗,以及羊膜遮盖、角膜移植等手术治疗。近年来也有学者报道重组脱氧核糖核酸酶I滴眼液[34]、胰岛素滴眼液[35]等用于oGVHD治疗。
       有不同研究报道局部环孢素、他克莫司、糖皮质激素对oGVHD的疗效。早在1998年有学者提出局部使用1%环孢素能有效改善oGVHD角膜上皮病变及抑制角膜溶解[36]。后续不同研究报道局部0.05%环孢素对oGVHD有一定疗效,但可能存在刺激感[37];而0.1%环孢素对oGVHD疗效不明确,但亦有学者提出从移植前3-5月开始用0.1%环孢素可抑制结膜T细胞活化,从而预防oGVHD发生[38]。在2004年有学者提出,1%泼尼松龙能有效治疗慢性GVHD相关瘢痕性结膜炎[39]。0.03%他克莫司眼膏能有效改善oGVHD眼表炎症[40]。一项随机对照研究对比局部他克莫司及甲泼尼龙治疗oGVHD的安全性及有效性,发现他克莫司更能有效改善oGVHD症状及除ST以外的体征,但用药时烧灼感更明显[41]。应注意局部糖皮质激素用药可能存在眼压升高、增加病毒性角膜炎风险等不良反应。
       有较多研究探索血清点眼在oGVHD的治疗效果。多项研究发现不同浓度的自体血清点眼均能有效改善oGVHD,能有效抑制结膜上皮细胞凋亡,且能一定程度改善角膜神经密度及知觉,但需注意存在一定感染风险,且可能促进结膜上皮细胞HLA-DR异常表达、朗格汉斯细胞增多[42]。值得注意的是,在全身使用免疫抑制剂的患者自体血清中可检测到环孢素、麦考酚酯,可能对oGVHD有联合治疗效果[43]。其他血制品包括自体血小板裂解液、供体或健康亲属来源血清、脐带血清等同样能有效治疗oGVHD[44]
       已有部分研究报道巩膜镜在oGVHD的治疗效果,能有效改善患者症状、减少用药频次、改善患者视觉效果及生活质量[45]。软性接触镜同样能有效用于治疗oGVHD[46]。泪点栓塞对于oGVHD亦具有一定疗效,需注意可能存在泪点栓反复脱落风险,经泪点烧灼治疗同样有效[47]
       羊膜在oGVHD治疗中具有较为广泛用途,包括治疗急性或重度oGVHD、联合口腔黏膜移植行穹隆重建、多层羊膜填充治疗临近角膜穿孔或已穿孔患者[48]。对于急性oGVHD患者,一旦出现结膜假膜则应尽快去除,并联合局部糖皮质激素和(或)免疫抑制剂等治疗。亦有报道羊膜移植联合应用供体来源的角膜缘和结膜干细胞行眼表重建手术,包括将角膜缘干细胞培养、移植用于治疗oGVHD角膜缘干细胞功能障碍[49]。部分严重oGVHD患者需考虑结膜瓣遮盖、睑缘缝合、角膜移植等手术治疗,成分角膜移植及穿透性角膜移植均已用于治疗oGVHD角膜穿孔、角膜白斑等,但持续性眼表炎症的存在往往使患者术后预后不佳;也有学者将结膜瓣遮盖用于治疗oGVHD角膜穿孔;在多种治疗下oGVHD仍持续进展的患者需考虑联合行睑缘缝合术[50]

3 结语

       随着alloHSCT术后患者生存期延长,oGVHD患者增多,近年来越发受到国内外学者重视。总体而言,oGVHD的早期识别仍较为困难,早期诊断策略有待进一步探索。目前治疗对oGVHD效果较为有限,或缺乏充足的循证医学证据,临床上缺乏针对不同严重程度及疾病活动度的分级诊疗策略,未来有待进一步探索新的治疗靶点及疾病活动监测指标。

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1、国家自然科学基金面上项目(82371021);广东省自然科学基金面上项目 (2023A1515012336)。
This work was supported by General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82371021), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China (2023A1515012336).()
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