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累及双侧泪腺的儿童木村病诊疗体会及临床分析

Experience and clinical analysis of Kimura disease inchildren with bilateral lacrimal glands

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年11月 第37卷 第11期 897-901 发布时间: 收稿时间:2022/12/7 23:18:20 阅读量:5991
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木村病眼眶肿物上睑下垂自身免疫性眼眶疾病嗜酸性粒细胞增多症
Kimura disease orbit mass ptosis autoimmune orbital disease hypereosinophilia
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10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.11.08
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木村病(Kimura disease,KD)是一种罕见的、病因不明的、可能由免疫介导的慢性进行性炎症性疾病。本文分析1例8岁的男性患者,因左眼无痛性上睑下垂、影像学提示双眼泪腺占位、血象提示嗜酸性粒细胞及免疫球蛋白E(immunoglobulinE,IgE)水平升高、病理提示大量嗜酸性粒细胞浸润,被最终诊断为累及双侧泪腺的KD。行左眼眶肿物切除术后,对患者随访6个月期间未见复发。
Kimura disease (KD) is a rare chronic progressive inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that may be immunemediated. Herein, we analyze an 8-year-old male patient who was diagnosed with painless ptosis in the left eye, double tear glands on imaging, elevated levels of eosinophils and immunoglobulin E (IgE) on blood, and massive eosinophil infiltration on pathology. The final diagnosis was Kimura disease involving bilateral lacrimal glands. After resection of the left orbital tumor, no recurrence was observed in the six months postoperation follow-up
      木村病(Kimura disease,KD)是一种罕见的、病因不明的、由免疫介导的慢性进行性炎症性疾病[1]。KD的主要特征是发生于单侧皮下、腺体或淋巴结的无痛性肿块,外周血嗜酸性粒细胞及免疫球蛋白E(immunoglobulinE,IgE)升高,病理活检有大量嗜酸性粒细胞聚集、浸润[2]。木村于1948年详细报道了首例KD[1],尽管KD现在时而被报道且可以通过病理以明确诊断,但累及双侧泪腺的儿童KD依然十分罕见,且在中国从未有过报道。现分析1例KD累及双侧泪腺的8岁男性患者,回顾并总结该患者及眼眶KD的临床特征,旨在加深广大眼科临床工作者对该罕见病的认知。

1 临床资料

      患者,华裔男孩,8岁,主诉“双眼睑肿胀伴左眼睑抬举无力1年余”,于2020年11月26日以“双眼眼眶肿物”收入中山大学中山眼科中心住院治疗。患者于就诊前1年,无明显诱因出现双眼睑肿胀伴左眼睑抬举无力,行眼眶磁共振检查时发现患者双侧泪腺肿大,当时考虑:1)炎性假瘤;2)淋巴细胞增生性病变。患者无疼痛、异物感,无复视、视物模糊、流泪,无头痛、恶心、呕吐等不适。患者1年前于外院予口服泼尼松龙治疗,开始时3d剂量25mg/d,后3d减量到20mg/d,稳定后5mg/d,总计使用15d。追问病史,患者自述用药时眼痒及左眼睑抬举无力症状有缓解,停药后复发(具体不详);其余既往史无明显异常。眼部查体:裸眼视力右眼1.0,左眼1.0,眼压右眼15mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),左眼14mmHg;右眼上睑轻度肿胀;左眼上睑肿胀伴不全性下垂,遮盖至瞳孔缘中央,颞上部可扪及结节状肿物,边界欠清,活动度尚可,无压痛(图1);双眼眼前节检查及眼底检查均未见明显异常。眼眶磁共振检查提示:1)双侧泪腺肿物,与周边组织边界欠清,大小约为1.1cm×2.7cm,T1、T2为中等信号,增强T1信号明显均匀强化(图2);2)双侧副鼻窦黏膜轻微增厚;余未见明显异常。血象提示外周血嗜酸性粒细胞升高(3.63×109/mL,42.70%,正常为0.40%~8.00%),IgE升高(1039.32IU/mL,正常为20~200IU/mL)及免疫球蛋白G4(immunoglobulinG4,IgG4)升高(1.820g/L,正常为0.050~1.540g/L)。临床诊断:双眼眼眶肿物。考虑:1)炎性假瘤?2)淋巴细胞增生性病变?
20230206100509_8150.png

图1 KD患者手术前后外观照
Figure 1 Photography of the patient before and after the surgery
(A)手术前;(B)手术6月后。
(A) Initial presentation; (B) 6 months after surgery.

20230206100611_0125.png

图2 患者术前眼眶MRI示双侧泪腺肿物(箭头),与周边组织边界欠清,大小约为1.1 cm×2.7 cm
Figure 2 MRI before surgery indicated that the mass has involved bilateral lacrimal glands with unclear boundary (arrows), measuring about 1.1 cm × 2.7 cm
(A)在T1图上显示中等强度信号;(B)在T2图上显示稍高强度信号;(C)增强扫描病灶较明显均匀强化。
The mass shows (A) intermediate signal intensity on T1, (B) slightly hyperintense on T2 and (C) significant enhancement on gadolinium enhanced T1-weighted MRI.

      入院后完善相关辅助检查,明确手术适应证、排除手术禁忌证,经患者及患者家长同意后于全身麻醉下行“左眼眶肿物切除术”,术中沿眶上缘切开眶隔向下分离时可见暗红色肿物,无包膜,大小约1cm×2cm,与眶脂肪边界不清(图3)。病理检查提示大量嗜酸性粒细胞浸润伴嗜酸性脓肿形成,可见淋巴组织明显增生且有淋巴滤泡形成(图4)。
      综合临床特征、影像学及病理组织学检查结果,本例最终诊断:1)双眼KD(累及双侧泪腺);2)双侧副鼻窦炎。术后1个月,外院PET/CT提示:右侧泪腺、双侧腮腺、双颈II区和III区、双侧锁骨、腋窝、腹股沟淋巴结影放射性分布浓密,并未进行治疗(具体不详);左眼泪腺术后未见异常。术后随访6个月,未见左眼睑抬举无力等症状复发(图1),其外周血中的嗜酸性粒细胞浓度从3.63×109/mL降低至1.76×109/mL,但仍然高于正常水平。
20230206100745_1311.png

图3 大体观察肿物无包膜,大小约1 cm ×2 cm,与眶脂肪边界不清
Figure 3 Tumor measuring about 1 cm ×2 cm with unclear boundary

20230206100838_4376.png

图4 病理检查结果图示(A)淋巴滤泡增生和扩散,细胞呈片状增生,嗜酸性粒细胞浸润及生发中心的形成(箭头; HE,×40);(B)嗜酸性粒细胞浸润及其周边纤维组织(箭头;HE,×200)
Figure 4 Histopathologically, (A) the mass showed lymphoid follicular hyperplasia (arrow; HE, ×40) and (B) massive eosinophil infiltration (arrow; HE, ×200)

2 讨论

      KD高发于亚洲中年男性,男女比例为(3.5~7):1,20~50岁发病率约占70%[2],然而本病例为1名8岁的男性患儿。查阅文献[3]发现,KD不仅见于中年男性,也可累及儿童,且症状在儿童与成人中并没有明显的区别。KD的主要特征是发生于单侧头颈部的皮下、腺体或淋巴结的无痛性肿块[4],以腮腺受累最常见,部分伴有肾脏受累,其中2/3表现为肾病综合征,眼科受累非常罕见[5]。眼眶KD通常表现为眼球突出、眼睑水肿、触诊可扪及眼眶或眼睑肿物等[6],因此常常因为其症状的不典型,疾病的罕见性而被许多眼科医生所忽略。本例患儿为双侧发病,并非典型单侧发病的KD[6]。外周血嗜酸性粒细胞及IgE水平升高是KD的另一主要临床特征,常作为与血管淋巴样增生伴嗜酸性粒细胞增多症(angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia,ALHE)鉴别诊断的重要依据:ALHE发生外周血嗜酸性粒细胞升高的可能性较KD低,且通常不伴有IgE抗体水平的升高[7]。本病例同时有嗜酸性粒细胞与IgE抗体的升高,这都可以作为诊断KD的佐证[6-7]。此外,ALHE与KD在病理水平鉴别诊断上还有以下区别:1)病理检查结果常显示ALHE具有非典型组织细胞样内皮细胞的大量增殖,而KD往往不出现非典型内皮细胞[6-8]。2)KD镜下可见大量淋巴滤泡增生及丰富的纤维组织,而ALHE没有此特征[6,9]。3)对于出现嗜酸性脓肿的频率,KD远高于ALHE[6-7]
      然而,并不是所有KD的IgE水平均升高,如Dokania等[10]报道了1例没有外周血嗜酸性粒细胞水平升高,而最终通过病理活检确诊KD。在MRI影像学检查上,KD的肿块在T1图像上的信号强度可高可低十分多样,T2呈高信号[11]。本病例左侧泪腺MRI示T1和T2中等信号强度,增强T1信号明显且均匀强化。特别的是,本病例MRI结果显示患者还伴随轻度鼻窦炎,而KD与鼻窦炎的关联非常罕见。Carrera和Silkiss[12]曾报道1例并发性慢性鼻窦炎的KD,有趣的是这个病例也累及双侧泪腺,确切原因尚不清楚,但可能与自身免疫相关。累及双侧泪腺的KD与并发性慢性鼻窦炎病因及关系有待进一步研究。
      值得一提的是,本例患者血象中IgG4水平也有所升高。有文献[13]报道IgG4相关疾病(IgG4-relateddisease,IgG4-RD)可能与KD存在相关性,也有同时罹患IgG4-RD及KD的相关报道[14]。IgG4-RD是一种同时或连续影响多个器官的纤维炎症性疾病,其特征是IgG4+浆细胞浸润[15]。IgG4-RD有可能累积眼及眼附件,其中最常累及泪腺,也可累及眼眶软组织、眼眶神经、巩膜、脉络膜和眼眶附件[16]。本病例也同时存在IgG4水平升高及累及双侧泪腺的情况,可能可作为IgG4与KD之间具有相关性的佐证。
      目前,治疗KD最有效的手段仍是手术切除[17-18]。该病预后良好,但复发率较高[18]。本病例术前口服泼尼松龙治疗,用药时症状缓解,但停药后复发。因此,在治疗KD时采用手术切除与相关口服药物治疗相结合十分必要,如口服泼尼松龙、全反式维甲酸、白三烯受体拮抗剂等[19]。此外,复发病例也可考虑进一步化疗、冷冻治疗和放疗等治疗措施[20]。综上,累及双侧泪腺的儿童KD十分罕见,其临床表现不典型,需结合影像学检查、病理组织学检查才能做出明确诊断。

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1、广东省基础与应用基础研究基金自然科学基金 (2019A1515010361)。This work was supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation, China (2019A1515010361)()
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