Background: To record the corneal, and anterior chamber depth changes after performing recession versus resection of horizontal recti muscles.

Methods: Consecutive patients who underwent isolated lateral rectus muscle recession or resection February 2014 to January 2015 were prospectively studied. Refractive error (spherical equivalent); K1, K2, and mean k reading, anterior and posterior corneal elevation; and anterior chamber depth were measured (Pentacam) before, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery. Patients who could not maintain reliable fixation and those with a history of eye surgery were excluded. Pre- and postoperative measurements were compared by analysis of variance.

Results: A total of 36 eyes of 23 patients (average age, 16 years) were included. Rectus muscle recession was performed in 24 eyes; and resection was performed in 12 eyes. Statistically significant changes in mean keratometry of recession group only. Central anterior elevation, and central anterior chamber depth were significant when both groups are compared at first month after surgery. Changes became regressive at the end of the third month. Although a significant change of central anterior elevation persisted.

Conclusions: In recession group, the mean K was the only statistically significant variable by the first postoperative month. Comparing the both groups, the anterior corneal elevation, and central anterior chamber depth revealed a significant difference by the end of the first postoperative month. After 3 months, all parameters showed a statistical insignificant difference between the recession and resection groups except the anterior corneal elevation.

Background: To study the application of management tools such as Plan-Do-Check-Action (PDCA) cycle and fishbone diagram in optimizing surgical procedures to improve the satisfaction of doctor-nurse-patient.

Methods: The fundus surgery nursing team of our hospital began to implement the PDCA cycle management mode to optimize the surgical procedure from July 2017, set up a project activity improvement team, unified the surgical labeling processing plan, and made the fundus surgery procedure, and established the preoperative health education for surgical patients, and standardized the training content of post-rotating doctors and interns.

Results: The satisfaction degree to surgical procedure after implementation of doctors and nurses was higher than that before implementation.

Conclusions: Using PDCA cycle and fishbone diagram analysis tools to manage the surgical procedure optimization can better integrate doctor-nurse medical care, improve the efficiency and accuracy of the surgical procedure delivery and operation, and optimize the satisfaction of the three parties of doctor-nurse-patient.

Abstract: Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), one of the most common causes of blindness, should be considered more due to its exponential increase in the coming 20 years as a result of increasing the age of the population. Whereas more recent studies offered newer scaling systems for ARMD, traditionally it is classified as the early and late stages. The main injury in this disease occurred in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the retina. RPE cells have a crucial role in hemostasis and supporting photoreceptors. In the early stages, damages to RPE are minimal and mainly no treatment is needed because most patients are asymptomatic. However, in the late stages, RPE impairment may lead to the invasion of choroidal vessels into the retina. Although anti-angiogenic agents can inhibit this abnormal growth of blood vessels, they cannot stop it completely, and finally, total loss of retinal cells may occur (geographical atrophy). Since this prevalent disease has not had any cure yet, the concept of substituting the RPE cells should be considered. Repairing the injury to central nervous system cells is almost impossible because the regenerative capacity of these cells is limited. Recently, the use of regenerative substitutes has been suggested to replace damaged tissues. Amniotic membrane (AM) has been raised as a suitable substitute for damaged RPE cells due to all of its unique properties: pluripotency, anti-angiogenic effect, and anti-inflammatory effect. Based on the few studies that have been published so far, it seems that the use of this membrane in the treatment of ARMD can be helpful, but more studies are needed.

Abstract: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains a leading cause of severe visual impairment in developing countries. Although dry-type AMD and geographic atrophy (GA) are progressive conditions with the associated decrease of visual functions, no well-established treatment regimen was proposed for the disease. Wet-type AMD is effectively treated with intravitreal anti-angiogenic agents, but frequent injections are a major issue for the affected patients. Recent advances in AMD genetics have provided new insights into the pathogenesis and novel therapeutic targets of AMD, but the benefits of using genetic testing and genotype-based risk models for AMD development and progression still lacks evidence. Novel AMD treatments aim to increase the interval among intravitreal injections through new therapeutic agents and modern delivery devices. Simultaneously, gene therapy for dry and wet AMD is widely studied. Although gene therapy possesses a major superiority over other novel treatments regarding a persistent cure of disease, many challenges exist in the way of its broad impact on the ocular health of AMD patients.

Abstract: Macular neovascularization (MNV) is the hallmark of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD), one of the leading causes of vision loss in the developed world. The current MNV standard of care including frequent intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections, although has revolutionized favorably the treatment, places a substantial burden on patients, caregivers, and physicians. Brolucizumab is a newly developed single-chain antibody fragment that inhibits activation of VEGF receptor 2 with in vitro affinity and potency comparable to commercially-available anti-VEGF agents. Its small molecular weight and its design allow for high solubility and retinal tissue penetration, and improve bynding affinity to the target. Also a high clearance rate leading to minimal systemic exposure was observed. Brolucizumab has shown similar gains in visual acuity compared with other anti-VEGF molecules but a higher and earlier resolution of nAMD related fluid, achieving sustained macular dryness with longer mantainance injection interval ranging from 8 to 12 weeks after monthly loading doses. Rare cases of ocular inflammation also including retinal vasculitis and retinal vascular occlusions referred to an immune-mediated reaction posed safety concerns on selected patients and mantainance treatment interval shorter than 8 weeks.The present review summarizes several key points including the molecular structure and pharmacokinetics, the preclinical and clinical evidence of brolucizumab administration evaluating its efficacy, tolerability, and safety, extended dosing regimens and other indications still under clinical investigation.

Abstract: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. AMD most commonly affects older individuals and is characterized by irreversible degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina. Currently, there are limited treatment options for dry AMD outside of lifestyle modification and nutrient supplementation. Risuteganib [Luminate (ALG-1001), Allegro Ophthalmics, CA, USA] is an intravitreally administered inhibitor of integrin heterodimers αVβ3, αVβ5, α5β1, and αMβ2. It is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of dry AMD and diabetic macular edema (DME). Preclinical studies have shown that risuteganib has an effect on the pathways for angiogenesis, inflammation, and vascular permeability. Ongoing clinical trials have had promising results showing improvements in patient best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and reduced central macular thickness measured by optical coherence tomography (OCT). There is a pressing need for treatments for dry AMD and while risuteganib appears to have a potential benefit for patients, more data are needed before one can truly evaluate its efficacy. This narrative review provides a concise summary of the most up to date data regarding the proposed mechanism of action of risuteganib in the treatment of nonexudative AMD and DME as well as the results from recent phase 1 and phase 2 clinical trials.

Abstract: Statins are used widely to treat hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. They have inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects potentially useful for managing systemic autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. Statins also have anti-oxidative and large-vessel endothelial supportive properties that occur independent of their lipid-lowering effects. Additionally, statins can suppress macrophage and microglial activation responsible for initiating inflammatory cytokine release. More than forty percent of adults aged 65 years or older use statins in the United States and Australia, a prevalence that increases with age. The effects of statin usage on ophthalmic practice are probably underrecognized. Cardiovascular disease and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) share common risk factors, consistent with the “vascular model” of AMD pathogenesis that implicates impaired choroidal circulation in Bruch’s membrane lipoprotein accumulation. AMD has a complex multifactorial pathogenesis involving oxidative stress, choroidal vascular dysfunction, dysregulated complement-cascade-mediated inflammation and pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic growth factors. Many of these components are hypothetically amenable to the primary (cholesterol lowering) and secondary (anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-vasculopathy) effects of statin use. Experimental studies have been promising, epidemiological trails have produced conflicting results and three prospective clinical trials have been inconclusive at demonstrating the value of statin therapy for delaying or preventing AMD. Cumulative evidence to date has failed to prove conclusively that statins are beneficial for preventing or treating AMD.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to review current literature and data regarding treatment options for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) related to mitochondrial therapy. This article considers the presence of flavoprotein fluorescence as a potential biomarker to test the effectiveness of the treatments. We focus primarily on two major mitochondrial targets, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (NFE2L2) and PGC-1α, that function in controlling the production and effects of reactive oxidative species (ROS) directly in the mitochondria. PU-91 is an FDA approved drug that directly targets and upregulates PGC-1α in AMD cybrid cell lines. Although neither NFE2L2 nor PGC1-α have yet been tested in clinical trials, their effects have been studied in rodent models and offer promising results. MTP-131, or elamipretide^?, and metformin are two drugs in phase II clinical trials that focus on the treatment of advanced, non-exudative AMD. MTP-131 functions by associating with cardiolipin (CL) whereas metformin targets adenosine-monophosphate protein kinase (AMPK) in the mitochondria. The current results of their clinical trials are elucidated in this article. The molecular targets and drugs reviewed in this article show promising results in the treatment of AMD. These targets can be further pursued to improve and refine treatment practices of this diagnosis.