Glycosylation is an important post-translational modification of proteins that usually occurs at specific locations within the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. N-glycosylation and O-glycosylation are the most common types of glycosylation modifications. Compared to other post-translational modifications, glycosylation has unique biological significance, including structural complexity and diversity, crucial biological functions, and evolutionary conservation. Glycosylation modifications significantly impact protein stability, cell adhesion and recognition, intracellular signal transduction, and epigenetics, thereby regulating cellular biology and pathogenesis. In recent years, an increasing amount of research has revealed the involvement of glycosylation in the occurrence and development of ocular diseases, including ocular surface diseases, keratoconus, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and diabetic retinopathy. Abnormal glycosylation of ocular proteins can induce changes in cell structure and function through mechanisms such as neovascularization, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and abnormal immune response, thereby influencing the occurrence and development of various eye diseases. By deeply studying the mechanisms of glycosylation in different ocular diseases, new insights and methods can be provided for the early diagnosis and treatment of related ocular diseases. This review summarizes the research progress of glycosylation in ocular diseases to explore the diagnostic and therapeutic significance of regulating protein glycosylation in ocular diseases.

Cataract is a primary cause of blindness globally, particularly accounting for 50% of blindness cases in low- and middle- income countries. As the population ages, it is predicated that cataract blindness cases in China will rise to 20 million by 2050. However, low health expenditures, scarcity of medical equipment and ophthalmologists, and high screening costs continue to hinder mass cataract screening in these countries. Artificial intelligence(AI)-assisted cataract diagnosis offers significant advantages, including convenience, cost-effectiveness, and remote accessibility, potentially reducing or even eliminating cataract blindness. This review aims to concisely summarize the research on automatic cataract diagnosis utilizing AI, incorporating slit lamp images of anterior eye segment, fundus photographs, and swept source optical coherence tomography images.

先天性小眼畸形是一种罕见的先天性眼球发育异常，表现为眼球体积缩小和结构紊乱，常伴有眼组织缺损，严重影响患者的视觉功能。该病可单独发生，仅影响眼部，也可作为全身综合征的表现之一，同时伴有全身多器官或系统的异常。目前已发现82个先天性小眼畸形致病基因，能解释近2/3患者的发病原因。MAB21L1和MAB21L2是高度同源的两个基因，两者的致病变异均可导致小眼畸形，但又各自存在独特的表型特征。本期封面文章报道了MAB21L2基因变异导致小眼畸形2例，并通过回顾文献绘制变异频谱，从变异热点、变异类型、表型特征和基因型-表型相互关系等方面，对MAB21L1和MAB21L2进行比较，为两者缺陷所致眼遗传病的鉴别和诊断提供依据。

Objective: To compare the accuracy of 10 intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas in patients undergoing combined silicone oil removal and cataract surgery, biometry is performed using the swept-source optical coherence tomography biometer OA-2000. Methods: A retrospective analysis. A total of 62 patients (62 eyes) who underwent combined silicone oil removal and cataract surgery in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University from March to July in 2021 were enrolled. Preoperative biometry was performed by OA-2000 in all patients. New-generation formulas (Barrett Universal II [BUII], Emmetropia Verifying Optical [EVO] 2.0, Hill-Radial Basis Function [Hill-RBF] 3.0, Hoffer QST, Kane and Pearl-DGS) and traditional formulas (Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1 and SRK/T) were evaluated. The median absolute prediction error (MedAE) and mean absolute prediction error (MAE) were the main parameters used to assess accuracy. Subgroup analyses were performed based on the axial length of 23 mm and 26 mm. Results: Six new-generation formulas, Haigis, and SRK/T showed myopic shift (-0.47 ~ -0.27 D, P<0.05), while no systematic bias was found in Hoffer Q and Holladay 1 displayed (P>0.05). The smallest MedAE (0.55 D) and MAE (0.81 D) were found in Kane formula, but there was no statistically significant difference compared with other formulas (P>0.05). The myopic shift (-1.46 ~ -1.25 D, P<0.05) in eyes shorter than 23 mm were found in all formulas, while there was no significant systematic bias (-0.32 ~ 0.41 D, P>0.05) in other subgroups. In axial length shorter than 23 mm, the Pearl-DGS formula stated the smallest MedAE (0.97 D) and MAE (1.26 D), and was significantly more accurate than Hill-RBF 3.0 (P=0.01) and SRK/T (P=0.02). In eyes with an axial length between 23 mm and 26 mm, the Kane formula had the lowest MedAE (0.44 D) and MAE (0.66 D). No significant difference was found in eyes longer than 26 mm. Conclusion: The Kane formula showed the highest accuracy in patients undergoing combined silicone oil removal and cataract surgery measured by OA-2000, whereas the Pearl-DGS formula could be more accurate in eyes with an axial length shorter than 23 mm.

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) is a crucial corneal refractive surgery for correcting refractive errors. The cornea, after undergoing excimer laser ablation, undergoes changes in biometric measurements. For such patients, conventional measurements and IOL power calculations based on standard formulas may no longer be accurate, leading  to significant postoperative refractive errors and subsequently impacting the patient's visual quality. This article presents a case of a 46-year-old male cataract patient who had a history of refractive errors in both eyes and had previously undergone LASIK surgery. Preoperative corneal topography revealed corneal eccentric ablation in both eyes, posing challenges in determining IOL power. The surgeon assessed the centration of corneal ablation using corneal topography, selected the keratometry value (K value) within specific corneal regions, and calculated the IOL power using the Barrett True K formula. Postoperatively, the cataract patient experienced relatively minor refractive errors, leading to improved vision and enhanced visual quality.

In recent years, electrical stimulation of the eye (ES) has gradually revealed its potential therapeutic value in a variety of retinal diseasesin different directions. Among them, transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES), as a non-invasive treatment, can have a positive effect on the retina, optic nerve, fundus vessels and related structures. TES can improve vision, show positive effects in protecting photoreceptor cells and slowing disease progression, improve the quality of life of patients, and can regulate neuronal activity in the brain without damaging the eyeball, providing a new option for the treatment of retinal diseases. The research on the application on TES on retinitis pigementosa (RP), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal angiopathy, glaucoma and optic neuropathy are reviewed in this article. It is found in the study that TES therapy is a safe and surgery-free adjuvant therapy tool, and has a wide application prospect. The purpose of this article is to provide clinicians with a comprehensive overview of TES research,and to explore its potential application value in the field of ophthalmology. However, the specific mechanism of TES therapy still needs to be further explored in order to better apply in clinical practice. At the same time, future studies should also focus on the effect of combining TES with other treatment methods, in order to provide more effective treatment options for patients.

Objective: To establish and validate a universal artificial intelligence (AI) platform for collaborative management of cataracts involving multilevel clinical scenarios and explored an AI-based medical referral pattern to improve collaborative efficiency and resource coverage. Methods: The training and validation datasets were derived from the Chinese Medical Alliance for Artificial Intelligence, covering multilevel healthcare facilities and capture modes. The datasets were labelled using a three step strategy: (1)capture mode recognition; (2) cataract diagnosis as a normal lens, cataract or a postoperative eye and (3) detection of referable cataracts with respect to aetiology and severity. Moreover, we integrated the cataract AI agent with a real-world multilevel referral pattern involving self-monitoring at home, primary healthcare and specialised hospital services. Results: The universal AI platform and multilevel collaborative pattern showed robust diagnostic performance in three-step tasks: (1) capture mode recognition (area under the curve (AUC) 99.28%–99.71%), (2) cataract diagnosis (normal lens, cataract or postoperative eye with AUCs of 99.82%, 99.96% and 99.93% for mydriatic-slit lamp mode and AUCs >99% for other capture modes) and (3)detection of referable cataracts (AUCs >91% in all tests). In the real-world tertiary referral pattern, the agent suggested 30.3%  of people be ’referred’, substantially increasing the ophthalmologist-to-population service ratio by 10.2-fold compared with the traditional pattern. Conclusions: The universal AI platform and multilevel collaborative pattern showed robust diagnostic performance and effective service for cataracts. The context of our AI-based medical referral pattern will be extended to other common disease conditions and resource-intensive situations.

patient, male, 1year and 9months old, was first diagnosed as “eye tumor” in the ophthalmology department and requested for excision. But it was diagnosed as multiple Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) through imaging and pathological examination ultimately.Bone lytic changes appeared in many parts of the whole body, which did not meet the indication of excision.The tumor was smaller after systemic chemotherapy. The diagnosis and treatment of this case suggests ophthalmologists that eye tumors can be caused by caused by systemic diseases, systemic diseases. During operation, it is recommended to perform pathological biopsy to avoid treatment delay.

Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), known as Graves’orbitopathy, is an organ specific autoimmune disease closely related to thyroid diseases. Exophthalmos is one of the main clinical manifestations of thyroid related ophthalmopathy and is also the reason for most patients seeking medical atention in clinical practice.Eyeball protrusion can afect aesthetics on the one hand, and on the other hand, it can lead to exposed keratitis due to incomplete closure of the eyelids or compressive optic neuropathy due to increased orbital pressure.Orbital decompression has been used to treat severe TAO that threatens vision for over 100 years, and its safety and efectiveness have been confrmed.However, postoperative new diplopia remains a challenge for many ophthalmic medical workers.In recent years, many studies have explored the relevant factors of postoperative new diplopia, and improved the surgery, achieving varying degrees of progress in reducing postoperative new diplopia.Tis article reviews the research progress of new diplopia afer orbital decompression, aiming to promote more accurate surgery for thyroid related eye diseases by specialized doctors.

Congenital cataract (CC) is one of the most common causes of pediatric visual impairment. As our understanding of CC's etiology, clinical manifestations, and pathogenic genes deepens,various CC categorization systems based on diferent classifcation criteria have been proposed. Regrettably, the application of the CC category in clinical practice and scientifc research is limited. It is challenging to obtain preciseinformation that could guide the timely treatment decision-making for pediatric cataract patients or predict their prognosis from a specific CC classification. This review aims to discuss the statusquo of CC categorization systems and the potential directions for future research in this field, focusingon categorization principles and scientific application in clinical practice. Additionally, it aims to propose the potential directions for future research in this domain.