Pathological myopia (pathologicalmyopia, PM) secondary choroid neovascularization (CNV choroidalneovascularization) a high incidence in the world, especially in Asia the crowd. Macular CNV is a common cause of irreversible central vision loss, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients with high myopia. Traditional treatments for PM-CNV include thermal laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy with Vitipofen, and surgery. However, the long-term prognosis for these treatments is disappointing. Over the past decade, anti-angiogenic therapy with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drugs has become the standard treatment for myopic CNV. The anti-VEGF regimen was more effective than the traditional regimen in improving vision. In this paper, the pathogenesis of myopic CNV was initially discussed, the molecular structure and mechanism of action of existing anti-VEGF drugs were described, and the efficacy and safety of different anti-VEGF drugs in the treatment of PM-CNV were systematically compared. The current status and progress of diagnosis and treatment of PM-CNV were reviewed.

Purpose: Artificial intelligence (AI) significantly enhances the screening and diagnostic processes for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). In this article, we focused on the application and performance of AI in detecting ROP and distinguishing plus disease in ROP. Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, Medline, Web of Science, and Ovid for studies published from January 2018 to July 2024. Studies evaluating the diagnostic performance of AI with expert ophthalmologists' judgment as a reference standard were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Statistical analysis included data pooling, forest plot construction, heterogeneity testing, and meta-regression. Results: Fourteen of the 186 studies were included. The pooled sensitivity, specificity and the area under the curve (AUC) of the AI diagnosing ROP were 0.95 (95% CI 0.93-0.96), 0.97 (95% CI 0.94-0.98) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.95-0.98), respectively. The pooled sensitivity, specificity and the AUC of the AI distinguishing plus disease were 0.92 (95% CI 0.80-0.97), 0.95 (95% CI 0.91-0.97) and 0.98 (95% CI 0.96-0.99), respectively. Cochran’s Q test (p < 0.01) and Higgins I2 heterogeneity index revealed considerable heterogeneity. The country of study, number of centers, data source and the number of doctors were responsible for the heterogeneity. For ROP diagnosing, researches conducted in China using private data in single center with less than 3 doctors showed higher sensitivity and specificity. For plus disease distinguishing, researches in multiple centers with less than 3 doctors showed higher sensitivity. Conclusion: This study revealed the powerful role of AI in diagnosing ROP and distinguishing plus disease. However, significant heterogeneity was noted among all included studies, indicating challenges in the application of AI for ROP diagnosis in real-world settings. More studies are needed to address these disparities, aiming to fully harness AI's potential in augmenting medical care for ROP.

Purpose: To report on surgical outcomes of removing subfoveal nodules and to evaluate the histopathological findings of subfoveal nodules in pediatric patients with coats’ disease. Methods: This was a retrospective, interventional case series in which 6 pediatric patients had large (>1 disk diameter) subfoveal nodules. Vitrectomy and excision of subfoveal nodules with silicon oil tamponade were performed. Silicon oil was removed 3 months later. Results: This study was carried out in 6 patients with a mean follow-up of 9.2±1.5 months (range: 7-11 months), and the mean age was 5.2±2.4 years (range: 2-8 years). Preoperative visual acuity ranged from light perception (LP) to 20/250, and postoperative visual acuity ranged from LP to 20/200. Histopathology revealed nodules composed of proliferating fibrous tissue, hyaline degeneration with foamy histiocytes, focal myofibroblast hyperplasia, ossified tissue, and cholesterol fissures, with chronic cellular infiltration. No nodules regressed during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Certain eyes of pediatric patients with coats’ disease who underwent subfoveal nodule removal and no evidence of nodule regression may benefit from submacular surgery. Histopathological findings revealed that anti-proliferative and anti-fibrotic agents could be targets for treating coats disease.

Objective: To assess the prevalence and distribution of four blood-borne pathogens among ophthalmic patients at an eye hospital in Southern China. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from outpatient and inpatient ophthalmic patients who underwent screening for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV), human immunodeficiency virus antibody (anti-HIV), and treponema pallidum antibody (anti-TP) at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2017 to December 2023. The positivity rates of these markers were recorded and analyzed. Results: A total of 253246 patients were included in the study, with positivity rates for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-TP, and anti-HIV at 9.00%, 0.45%, 0.13%, and 1.55%, respectively. Among these, 686 patients tested positive for two or more markers, with the highest co-positivity observed for HBsAg and anti-HCV (57.29%), followed by anti-HIV and anti-TP (15.74%). The positivity rate of HBsAg showed a yearly decline, while the rates for anti-HCV, anti-HIV, and anti-TP remained relatively stable from 2017 to 2023. Males had significantly higher positivity rates for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-TP, and anti-HIV compared to females (P < 0.001). Significant differences in positivity rates for these markers were also observed across different age groups and ophthalmic conditions (P < 0.001). HBsAg positivity was highest in patients with ocular trauma (11.54%), followed by those with vitreoretinal diseases (10.99%). Anti-HCV positivity was most prevalent among patients with optic neuropathies (0.62%), followed by those with ocular trauma (0.57%). Anti-TP positivity was highest in patients with optic neuropathies (2.60%), with glaucoma patients showing the second-highest rate (2.00%). Anti-HIV positivity was most frequent in uveitis patients (0.55%), followed by those with vitreoretinal diseases (0.30%). Conclusions: The distribution of HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-TP, and anti-HIV positivity varies across different ophthalmic conditions. Screening for these preoperative infection markers in ophthalmic patients is crucial for assessing surgical risks, understanding potential etiologies, and implementing effective infection control measures

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most common hereditary retinal disease, with a high global incidence. The underlying pathological mechanisms involve degenerative changes in the optic nerve and progressive loss of the retina, primarily affecting rod photoreceptor cells and, subsequently, cone photoreceptor cells. The pathogenesis is complex, and there is currently no single effective treatment. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) emphasizes a holistic approach and syndrome differentiation, showing certain advantages in treating and maintaining visual function and delaying disease progression. This article reviews recent literature on TCM treatments for retinitis pigmentosa, including a brief overview of the RP pathogenesis, herbal medicine, acupuncture, and combined acupuncture and herbal treatments, and discusses the limitations and prospects of TCM in treating RP.

Objective To observe the effect of orthokeratology combined with vision therapy and Clouclip(OCVTC)on myopia control in myopic children with dysfunctional accommodation. Methods The study involved ninety-nine patients who visited Optometric Center of Langfang Aier Eye Hospital from April 2022 to January 2023.They were divided into 3 groups: the OCVTC group(39 patients),the orthokeratology(Ortho-k)group(30 patients)and the single vision spectacle lense(SVL)group(30 patients).Subsequently, change in axial length(AL)and the refractive error were measured and compared among the three groups at pretreatment and 1-year post-treatment. Results There was significant difference between AL and the refractive error after 1 year of intervention(P < 0.05).With the OCVTC group exhibiting slightly smaller refractive error (without significant differences) as well as significantly lower axial growth than the ortho-k group (P < 0.05).The changes in refractive error and axial length in the two groups were significantly slower than those in the SVL group (P < 0.05). Moreover, when splitted by the mean initial accommodation sensitivity, faster growth in refractive error was observed in the group with lower than mean sensitivity compared with that with higher than mean sensitivity. Conclusions For children wearing ortho-k lenses, effects of visual therapy and Cloudclip on myopia control are significantly superior to that of ortho-k or SVL alone.Moreover, the lower the initial accommodation sensitivity, the faster the growth in refractive error .

Dominant optic atrophy (DOA) is an inherited optic neuropathy and more than 75% of DOA patients harbor pathogenic mutations in OPA1. We reported a 39-year-old female harboring c.2119G>T mutation of OPA1 and manifested progressive visual impairment after hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) therapy. The patient’s visual impairment remained stable for 10 years until she began to take HCQ 13 months ago. She complained about progressively decreased vision in both eyes. Bilateral pale temporal optic disc was similar with that of 11 years ago. Optical coherence tomography showed bilateral moderate retinal nerve fiber layer thinning other than the nasal quadrant and general thinning of the inner retina in the macular. Microcystic macular edema was noted in nasal macular in both eyes. Visual field testing showed paracentral scotoma and microperimetry showed decrease sensitivity in the macular in both eyes. After the patient stopped taking HCQ, her functional tests including visual acuity, field testing and microperimetry testing was stable compared with those of 2 years ago. However, progressive inner macular and RNFL thinning was shown by OCT. OPA1 c.2119 G>T found in this patient was a mutation that had been rarely reported in previous studies. The patient has been followed up for over 10 years and her visual acuity stayed stable for decades long until she took HCQ for 13 months. Her vision decline terminated after she stopped taking HCQ. Although HCQ toxicity is highly related to the duration and daily dose, HCQ may aggravate visual impairment in certain individuals harboring OPA1 mutation. Patients with DOA should avoid using neurotoxic HCQ and other medications that may interfere mitochondrial metabolism.

Objective: To investigate the effect of EZ Prep cleaning solution as an alternative to xylene for manual deparaffinization in the preparation of special staining slides. Methods: EZ Prep cleaning solution was utilized to replace xylene for deparaffinization in a retrospective study involving 100 paraffin-embedded specimens from the Clinical Pathology Department of Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University. Routine sections were prepared and duplicated, with one set deparaffinized using traditional xylene and the other using EZ Prep cleaning solution. Subsequent special staining was performed following standardized laboratory protocols. Deparaffinization time and staining outcomes were compared. Results: Slides treated with EZ Prep cleaning solution for manual deparaffinization demonstrated staining quality comparable to those treated with xylene across various special stains, including Gram's, GMS, PAS, Masson, and Congo red staining. EZ Prep could replace xylene deparaffinized sections with the advantages of shorter deparaffinized time and environmental protection, which is worthy of promotion and application.

With the requirements of the fundamental task to establish moral education in the new era, how to find the best entry point and skillfully integrate ideological and political education into the teaching practice of common eye diseases in ophthalmology has become an urgent issue. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the most common eye diseases, and it is also an important course in the Ophthalmology teaching. In this paper, we will take the AMD teaching course design as an example to discuss the entry point of ideological and political education, with a view to improve the quality of the ideological and political teaching in Ophthalmology course, and provide a reference for cultivating excellent ophthalmology physicians in the new era.

先天性白内障是严重影响婴幼儿视功能的疾病。随着白内障手术和人工晶状体植入手术技术的发展，先天性白内障患者术后多可获得高质量的视觉康复。然而，如何更好防治手术相关的不良事件和并发症、先天性白内障伴随的其他眼部发育不良疾病的治疗以及形觉剥夺性弱视的治疗，仍然是先天性白内障手术后需要重视的临床问题。

      封面展示的是双眼先天性白内障术后继发青光眼(左眼)与正常眼(右眼)的对比示意图。该并发症起病隐匿、难以预测，是先天性白内障术后二次致盲的首要原因。针对这一术后并发症，美国婴儿无晶状体眼治疗研究组 (infant aphakia treatment study, IATS)将儿童白内障术后青光眼相关不良事件(glaucoma-related adverse events,GRAEs，包括了青光眼和可疑青光眼)定义为：1)青光眼：眼压>21 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)，且有以下一种或以上的解剖学改变：(a)角膜直径增加；(b)双眼不对称进行性近视漂移伴角膜直径和(或)眼轴的增加；(c)视杯直径进行性增大，杯盘比增加≥0.2；(d)必须进行手术才能控制眼压。2)可疑青光眼：停用局部糖皮质激素(激素)后连续2次眼压>21 mmHg，或可通过抗青光眼药物控制眼压，但无上述任何青光眼的解剖改变。所以，如何更精准地预防该术后并发症，防止对患儿视功能造成进一步的损害，是目前关键的临床问题。

       因此，文章对先天性白内障摘除及人工晶状体植入术后继发性青光眼和可疑青光眼的发生、相关危险因素、治疗和预防的手段进行总结，以期进一步提高对先天性白内障术后高眼压和青光眼防治的认识，减少术后并发症对患儿视功能造成的进一步损害。