Dry eye is a group of eye diseases characterized by complex and diverse symptoms. Symptoms are one of the diagnostic criteria for dry eye and are closely related to health outcomes such as quality of life of patients. Relieving symptoms is the primary goal of dry eye treatment and management. Patient self-reported outcome is the gold standard for symptom assessment. This paper reviews the self-reported outcome assessment tools for patients with dry eyes at home and abroad, analyzes and compares their contents, usage status, reliability and validity, advantages and disadvantages, hoping to provide theoretical basis for medical staff to choose assessment tools for dry eye symptom management.

Objective: To investigate the effect of anterior and posterior capsule polishing on reducing the occurrence of posterior capsule opacities (PCO) in cataract phacoemulsification surgery. Method: 92 patients (104 eyes) with age-related cataracts, aged 55-78 years, with a grading of II-IV for lens opacity, underwent I/A anterior capsule peripheral polishing and flushing spherical frosted polishing of the posterior capsule during phacoemulsification with a 2.4mm micro incision at the steep axis of the corneal margin. Clinical observations were conducted on intraoperative and postoperative complications, postoperative visual acuity, and posterior capsule condition. 96 patients (106 eyes) who underwent phacoemulsification with a 2.4mm micro incision at the steep axis of the corneal margin during the same period were selected as the control group, with a grading of II-IV for lens opacity. Result: The incidence of cystic opacity at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after surgery was 0.96% (1/104), 0.96% (1/104), 1.92% (2/104), 2.88% (3/104), and 5.77% (6/104), respectively. There was a significant difference compared to cases without cystic membrane polishing during the same period. Conclusion: After statistical analysis, the incidence of postoperative complications in patients who underwent anterior and posterior capsule polishing during surgery was significantly lower than that in patients who did not undergo capsule polishing (P<0.05).

Objective: To evaluate early visual quality between topography-guided femtosecond laser-assisted laser in situ keratomileusis（FS-LASIK）and small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in treating moderate myopia and astigmatism. Methods: Retrospective comparative was performed. 52 patients (52 eyes) with myopia and astigmatism who wanted refractive surgery were selected in Yantai Aier Hospital from June 2022 to January 2023. The patients were allocated to either one of two groups according to each person's request. The topography-guided FS-LASIK (TOPO-G) group had 26 patients (26 eyes) and the SMILE group had 26 patients (26 eyes). All patients were followed up for 3 months. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) was measured 1 day, 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after surgery. Spherical equivalent (SE) and cylinder diopter were measured 1 week, 1month and 3 months after surgery. Corneal higher-order aberration (HOA) including total HOA, spherical aberration, coma, trefoil and modulation transfer function (MTF) were measured by i-Trace visual function analyzer at 3 months after surgery. Independent t-test was used for inter-group comparison, while repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze changes at different time points. Results: In both groups, 100% of the eyes obtained a UCVA of 20/20 or better at 1week, 1 month and 3 months postoperatively (P＞0.05), but there were no significant differences between the two groups. At 1wk postoperatively, SE was higher in the TOPO-G group than in SMILE group (t=3.088, P=0.003). At 3mo postoperatively, the SE reached target refraction in both groups(P＞0.05). The residual astigmatism was reduced between the two groups without intergroup difference after surgery (P＞0.05). HOAs under 5 mm pupil size were reduced than preoperative levels in both groups at 3mo postoperatively (P<0.05). The MTFs were significantly higher in the TOPO-G group than in the SMILE group at 5, 25, 30 spatial frequencies at 3mo postoperatively (P<0.05). Conclusions: The topography-guided FS-LASIK and SMILE are both effective methods to correct ametropia. Early postoperative improvement in MTF at high spatial frequency were better after the topography-guided FS-LASIK than SMILE.

Glaucoma is the world's first irreversible blinding eye disease, characterized by degenerative changes in retinal ganglion cells (RGC), which have a significant impact on the global economy and health. The molecular and biological mechanisms of its pathological changes are still unclear. At present, glaucoma surgery and drug therapy are still limited to controlling the intraocular pressure in the normal range. Three-dimensional culture technology can enable cells to form a certain spatial structure in vitro, which is conducive to cell-cell and cell-environment interactions. Compared with traditional two-dimensional culture, three-dimensional culture technology is closer to the physiological environment of cells in vivo, which is of great significance for the study of pathophysiological changes of diseases and high-throughput drug screening. This review discusses the application of trabecular mesh and three-dimensional culture of retinal cells in the basic research of glaucoma, aiming to provide new ideas for further exploring the pathophysiological mechanism of glaucoma.

Chronic liver disease (CLD), caused by various epidemic factors, is an umbrella term that significantly affects individuals and carries a high mortality rate in advanced stages. Chronic liver diseases of multiple etiologies can affect both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye, leading to conditions such as dry eye, retinal haemorrhage, and exudation. Additionally, certain ocular changes, such as the thickness of various retinal layers and the density of superficial and deep capillaries in the macula, are highly correlated with the severity of liver disease. Through ophthalmic examinations in patients with chronic liver disease, not only can eye complications associated with liver disease be diagnosed, but completing clinical evaluations and monitoring liver disease may also be feasible in patients with chronic liver disease. This article reviews the clinical application of ocular abnormalities and fundus examinations in patients with chronic liver diseases. It aims to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, and appropriate scenarios for different fundus examination methods, and to suggest optimal fundus examination approaches for patients with various liver diseases. Additionally, it proposes future research directions for the application of fundus examinations in chronic liver disease patients.

Myopia is considered among the most serious global public health issues, particularly in East Asia. The growing prevalence of myopia adds significant socioeconomic burden, and high myopia may lead to irreversible vision loss. Lifestyle changes entail dramatic changes in light exposure patterns, which may contribute to the onset and progression of myopia. Exploring how refractive error changes under various light conditions may help researchers develop myopia prevention strategies. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the relationship between myopia and light exposure, potential light-mediated molecular and physiological mechanisms, and myopia management strategies.

Glaucoma is a group of optic nerve degenerative diseases characterized by papillary atrophy, visual field defects, and decreased vision. It is also the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, which reduces the quality of life of patients and causes significant health economic burdens. However, the pathogenesis of glaucoma is still unclear, and promoting aqueous humor outflow to reduce intraocular pressure remains the only treatment option to slow disease progression. The main pathway for aqueous humor outflow is through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal and finally into the episcleral veins, indicating that the trabecular meshwork plays a vital role in regulating aqueous humor outflow and balancing intraocular pressure. In recent years, there have been breakthroughs in in vivo and in vitro aqueous humor outflow measurement techniques and trabecular meshwork imaging technologies, with many studies suggesting that the trabecular meshwork exhibits pressure-dependent rhythmic pulsation, playing a crucial role in the pulse-like outflow of aqueous humor. However, in glaucoma, this pulsation weakens or even disappears as the disease progresses. This article will focus on the trabecular meshwork's pump theory and summarize the latest research progress in aqueous humor outflow in glaucoma, exploring potential effective therapeutic strategies from restoring trabecular meshwork function to provide new ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.

Age stands as a primary risk factor for diseases and disabilities among the elderly. To effectively assess the underlying aging processes, accurate measures of biological age and rates of aging across multiple levels of aging features are essential. Biological age, derived from physiological assessments of systems and organs, has emerged as a superior predictor of age-related diseases and mortality compared to chronological age. Recent advancements in machine learning have catalyzed the development of sophisticated models capable of quantitatively characterizing biological aging with different types of data. This review explores the machine learning models in advancing our understanding of biological aging, highlighting the potential of these innovative approaches to facilitate aging research and personalized healthcare strategies.

Purpose: To compare the consistency between the recommended size of Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) by Staar Company and the actual size implanted, and to evaluate the difference between the actual vault and the predicted vault using the N-K formula. Method: This was a retrospective study involving patients who underwent phakic intraocular lens implantation surgery at our hospital between 2022 and 2023. A total of 100 eligible patients were included in the study. Data of the right eye was selected, and postoperative follow-up was conducted for 3 months to assess the agreement between the implanted ICL size and the recommended size by Staar's nomogram. The actual vault was measured at 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 month postoperatively using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (CASIA 2, Tomey) and compared with the predicted vault using the N-K formula. Results: The consistency rate between the implanted ICL size and the recommended ICL size by Staar’s nomogram was 59.0%. There was no significant difference between the postoperative 1-day vault (590.92±145.33μm) and the N-K formula predicted vault (570.21±192.31μm). However, the postoperative 1-week vault (518.57±126.72μm),1-month vault (507.08±126.10μm), and 3-month vault (492.66±119.395μm) showed significant differences compared to the N-K formula predicted vault(p<0.01).When selecting an ICL size of 12.1mm, there was no significant difference between the postoperative 3-month vault and the N-K formula predicted vault (p=0.507). On the other hand, when opting for ICL sizes of 12.6mm and 13.2mm, the postoperative 3-month vault was significantly smaller than the N-K formula predicted vault (p<0.01). Conclusion: The concordance rate between the implanted ICL size and the ICL size recommended by Staar Company was approximately 59%. The postoperative vault gradually decreases over time. The actual vault was more consistent with the vault predicted by the N-K formula in the early postoperative period, . By the 3 month postoperatively, the vault predicted by the N-K formula was significantly higher than the vault achieved, especially when larger ICL sizes are selected. However, there is no significant difference in selection of a 12.1mm ICL size between the predicted vault and the postoperative vault

Congenital cataract is one of the leading causes of treatable childhood blindness. The existing classification systems of congenital cataracts are mainly used for clinical and molecular diagnosis of the disease. Limited information was provided by the current classification systems, which was needed for the evaluation, formulation, and optimization of treatment plans. Moreover, research on the classification of congenital cataracts still needs exploration to provide further evidence supporting molecular diagnosis and syndromic disease diagnosis. The relevant studies on the classification of congenital cataracts were reviewed, and the prospects of research on the classification of congenital cataracts were discussed.