Autoimmune uveitis is one of the most common inflammatory eye diseases leading to blindness globally. Its etiology is primarily associated with autoimmune responses. Patients with this condition often exhibit complex and chronic disease courses, with a high propensity for recurrence. Current treatments mainly involve corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents, which, despite their effectiveness, entail significant side effects that severely impact patients' vision and quality of life. There are still unresolved questions regarding the etiology and immunopathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis, and traditional high-throughput sequencing techniques fall short of adequately elucidating its pathogenic mechanisms at the cellular level. With the continuous advancement of single-cell sequencing technology, an increasing number of studies are leveraging this approach to deeply investigate the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis, thereby offering new insights for identifying novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This paper reviews the latest applications of single-cell sequencing technology in exploring the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis. Through the utilization of this technology, researchers can gain a more comprehensive understanding of cellular-level changes in patients, providing robust support for the search for new therapeutic avenues. These studies offer new directions for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune uveitis and provide valuable information for the development of future therapeutic strategies and approaches.
Corneal disease is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world, and early identification of diagnostic biomarkers is essential to reduce the risk of cornea-related visual impairment. Metabolomics, the study of metabolites in the fluids or tissues of organisms resulting from genome-wide or proteomic interactions, may provide new avenues for the early diagnosis and management of corneal diseases. The application of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance has helped to identify new biomarkers in corneal, tear, and atrial fluid analysis. In this article, we comprehensively summarize and analyze metabolomic studies of biomarkers associated with corneal diseases, including infectious keratitis, cone cornea, postrefractive surgery, contact lens wear, and diabetic keratopathy, where the study of metabolic phenotypes associated with disease states may reveal new insights into disease mechanisms and pathophysiology.
The eye has been described as the "window" to the central nervous system because it offers unique opportunities for non-invasive visualization of the nervous system and microvascular system. Ophthalmomics is an emerging field, an interdisciplinary combination of ophthalmology, genetics, and bioinformatics, for the study of the molecular basis of ocular disease, and with advances in diagnostic and ophthalmic imaging, the variety of techniques for detecting structural, functional, and visual changes in the eye has been rapidly evolving, revolutionizing the ability to understand systemic diseases. In this article, we summarize the application of oculomics to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, and discuss recent advances in ophthalmic technology, including the integration of eye tracking technology and artificial intelligence techniques, to provide further insights into these neurodegenerative diseases.
The eye has been described as the "window" to the central nervous system because it offers unique opportunities for non-invasive visualization of the nervous system and microvascular system. Ophthalmomics is an emerging field, an interdisciplinary combination of ophthalmology, genetics, and bioinformatics, for the study of the molecular basis of ocular disease, and with advances in diagnostic and ophthalmic imaging, the variety of techniques for detecting structural, functional, and visual changes in the eye has been rapidly evolving, revolutionizing the ability to understand systemic diseases. In this article, we summarize the application of oculomics to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease, and discuss recent advances in ophthalmic technology, including the integration of eye tracking technology and artificial intelligence techniques, to provide further insights into these neurodegenerative diseases.
Glutamate is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. Continuous activation of the glutamatergic system can lead to excitotoxicity in neurons, resulting in neuronal damage and cell death. Members of the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) family are multi-transmembrane proteins that function as high-affinity, sodium-potassium-dependent transporters. They are located on the presynaptic membrane, synaptic vesicles, and the membrane of glial cells, and they continuously clear residual glutamate from the extracellular space. This process is crucial for maintaining normal synaptic and extracellular glutamate levels, protecting cells from excitotoxicity and oxidative stress damage. This article reviews the physiological functions of EAAT family members and their roles in the development and progression of related ophthalmic diseases, providing new perspectives for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of these diseases and identifying new targets for prevention and treatment.
Autoimmune uveitis is one of the most common inflammatory eye diseases leading to blindness globally. Its etiology is primarily associated with autoimmune responses. Patients with this condition often exhibit complex and chronic disease courses, with a high propensity for recurrence. Current treatments mainly involve corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents, which, despite their effectiveness, entail significant side effects that severely impact patients' vision and quality of life. There are still unresolved questions regarding the etiology and immunopathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis, and traditional high-throughput sequencing techniques fall short of adequately elucidating its pathogenic mechanisms at the cellular level. With the continuous advancement of single-cell sequencing technology, an increasing number of studies are leveraging this approach to deeply investigate the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis, thereby offering new insights for identifying novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This paper reviews the latest applications of single-cell sequencing technology in exploring the pathogenesis of autoimmune uveitis. Through the utilization of this technology, researchers can gain a more comprehensive understanding of cellular-level changes in patients, providing robust support for the search for new therapeutic avenues. These studies offer new directions for the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune uveitis and provide valuable information for the development of future therapeutic strategies and approaches.
Scrub typhus, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi infection, manifests with fever, rash, eschar, pneumonia, hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. We conducted a review of ocular manifestations post-infection and found a high incidence (67%) during the recovery phase (2-4 weeks), particularly prevalent in the tropical Tsutsugamushi triangle. Despite China reporting only three cases of optic neuritis, suggesting its rarity due to early antibiotic administration, we present the first documented case of binocular optic neuroretinitis due to Orientia tsutsugamushi infection in China. This highlights the necessity for ophthalmologic screenings to prevent misdiagnosis. Additionally, our findings suggest that involvement of the retina/optic nerve predicts a poor visual prognosis. Posterior segment involvement, such as optic disc edema and retinal vasculitis, may be associated with virulent strains of the pathogen. Early initiation of antibiotics effectively eradicated the pathogens. Studies have indicated that delayed immune inflammation, rather than direct infection, may be the underlying pathogenesis of ocular manifestations. Early and comprehensive corticosteroid therapy during secondary ocular inflammation has shown to effectively curb disease progression and preserve visual function.
OBJECTIVE To establish a sterility test method for epinastine hydrochloride eye drops. METHODS According to the Pharmacopoeia of the People'sRepublic ofChina, the sterility test method of this product was established by membrane filtration method, polysorbate 80 was selected as the neutralizing agent, and the washing amount was screened to establish the sterility test method of this variety. RESULTS Taking 1% polysorbate 80-0.1% peptone aqueous solution as the flushing solution, the flushing volume of each sterile incubator is 500 ml, which can eliminate the bacteriostatic effect. CONCLUSION This method can effectively remove the Bacteriostasis of epinastine hydrochloride eye drops, and is suitable for the sterility inspection of this variety.
Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) is one of the most common and severe complications of diabetes and a leading cause of blindness among the working-age population. The pathophysiology of DME is complex and results from the interaction of multiple factors. Controlling these risk factors is crucial for reducing the incidence of DME. This article reviews the risk factors for DME from both systemic and ocular perspectives, providing better theoretical support for prevention and treatment of DME.
Central serous chorioretinopathy is a self-limiting disease, but it can be prolonged repeatedly. At present, Western medicine treatment mainly includes removal of risk factors, laser photocoagulation, photodynamic therapy, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, oral medication, etc. The exact and effective method. Traditional Chinese medicine can treat central serous chorioretinopathy with multiple targets and all aspects, so it can actively explore traditional Chinese medicine.
