Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXS) was defined by the abnormal deposition of fiber substances intraocularly and manifested as white or gray powdery pseudoexfoliation material (PXM) under slit lamp microscopy. Deposition of PXM in anterior chamber angle could cause pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG). PXM that entered aqueous humor circulation could also enter bloodstream and result in vascular damage. PXM could enter ocular fundus vessels, especially microvascular and capillary vessels, causing the change in organizational structure and vessel density (VD). Since fundus pathology was usually irreversible and PXM in fundus vessels was very difficult to clear, early diagnosis of ocular fundus pathology in PXS was essential. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), which were based on optical coherence tomography technology, had the advantages of real-time, non-intrusive and high resolution, and were widely used in detection of fundus structural and vascular pathology. There were substantial studies regarding quantitative evaluation of PXS fundus pathology. This study was to review the description of PXS fundus pathology on OCT and OCTA.
Pterygium is a nonneoplastic degenerative tissue that grows subepithelially, and its pathogenesis is mainly related to ultraviolet exposure, however, the full mechanism of pterygium remains unclear. Recent studies have found that viral infection, oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, tumor suppressor gene inactivation, DNA methylation, apoptosis and proliferative proteins, extracellular matrix regulators, epithelial-mesenchymal cell transformation and other factors are related to the pathogenesis, but the specific mechanism of each factor needs to be studied. In this article, the author reviews the current pathogenesis of pterygium. Exploring its different related factors and their roles in the pathogenesis of pterygium will help to provide new prevention and treatment strategies for clinical practice.
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, which is the primary cause of vision loss in people of working age. Diabetic macular edema (DME) can occur at any stage of DR, which is a thickening of the central retina caused by leakage of capillaries in the macular area, and is the main cause of vision loss in DR patients. DME can occur at any stage of DR, and it is a thickening of the retina in the center of the macula due to leakage of the macular capillaries, which is the main cause of vision loss in patients with DR. Nowadays, there are various treatments for DME, and the effect of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as the first-line treatment is remarkable, but there are some patients who do not have any regression or recurrence after regular anti-VEGF treatment, and there are patients with no response or responding to anti-VEGF treatment. However, in some patients, edema does not subside or recurs after regular anti-VEGF treatment, and DME with no or poor response to anti-VEGF occurs. Currently, the treatment methods include conversion of anti-VEGF drugs, corticosteroids, lasers, surgeries, and combination therapies, and there is no clear guideline on the treatment of refractory DME. This article reviews articles related to the treatment of refractory DME at home and abroad and intends to provide references for the treatment options of refractory DME in the future.
Visual health is one of the important indicators of physical health of adolescents and children, including myopia, amblyopia, strabismus and other poor visual acuity problems, which have a wide and profound impact on the individual growth and development of adolescents and children, family life quality, social sustainable development and economic level, and is currently a major public health and social problem. Through combing research, summarizing the health promotion models and existing problems at home and abroad, leading the new era based on new ideas, starting a new journey with new missions, reconstructing the "family-school-medical-community-government" collaborative cooperation model based on the theory of health consciousness. Develop and innovate nested vision health management mode for adolescents and children and complete model construction. Combine existing resources, strengthen investment in related professional development, integrate professional training, value-leading and health awareness, effectively implement important directive spirit and phased goals of the Implementation Plan, effectively improve the vision level of adolescents and children, and promote the comprehensive development of vision health management mode. It will make up for the deficiency of the existing model, lay the theoretical and research foundation for promoting the vision health management model of adolescents and children nationwide, and at the same time, in order to accelerate the realization of Healthy China 2030, provide a larger scale and more systematic vision health care services, and further lead the high-quality development of the health level of the whole people.
Neurotrophic keratopathy is a disease related to degenerative changes in corneal nerves, resulting in impaired sensory and nutritive functions of corneal nerves. This leads to corneal epithelial defects, corneal ulcers, and corneal perforation. Currently, the main treatment modalities include pharmacotherapy, non-surgical interventions, and surgical treatment. However, drug therapy and non-surgical interventions often yield unsatisfactory results for severe neurotrophic keratopathy patients. Performing corneal transplantation in patients with unrecovered corneal sensation may result in persistent epithelial non-healing post-transplantation. Therefore, the restoration of corneal sensation is a crucial prerequisite for visual rehabilitation. Corneal nerve transplantation emerges as an important and effective therapeutic approach for severe cases of neurotrophic keratopathy, aiming to restore corneal sensation and enhance corneal transparency. The procedure involves transplanting nerves from a donor with normal sensory function to the paralyzed corneal periphery, allowing nerve endings to regenerate into the corneal stroma and restoring corneal sensory function. With continuous improvements in the technique of corneal nerve transplantation, its favorable postoperative outcomes and advantages are becoming increasingly evident. This article primarily elaborates on the treatment modalities for neurotrophic keratopathy and the application and prospects of various surgical techniques in corneal nerve transplantation.
Rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase primarily involved in the regulation of nutrient levels, growth, and metabolism in vivo. mTOR serves as a crucial target for cancer, aging, and other metabolic diseases while participating in various biological processes such as proliferation, transdifferentiation, and autophagy. However, there is a scarcity of reviews on the mTOR gene's role in eye diseases. Studies have confirmed that mTOR exhibits close associations with pterygium, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, cataract formation, diabetic retinopathy (DR), uveal melanoma, and other ocular conditions. Therefore, this paper provides a concise review of the role played by the mTOR gene along with its expression levels and signaling pathways within related eye diseases. The aim is to offer insights into their pathological mechanisms and potential treatments while paving the way for further research.
Bowman layer transplantation (BLT) has a good response in patients with advanced progressive keratoconus, improving corneal topography and visual acuity, and stabilizing dilation. BLT is challenging, but in recent years, several studies have elaborated on the efficacy, safety, and stability of BLT, and a technique has recently been developed to locate BL layer grafts on the anatomical BL layer or anterior matrix of the recipient to achieve results comparable to that of BL layer intrastromal grafts, which significantly simplifies this surgical technique and is conducive to the application and promotion of BLT.
Summary:Bowman layer transplantation (BLT) has a good response in patients with advanced progressive keratoconus, improving corneal topography and visual acuity, and stabilizing dilation. BLT is challenging, but in recent years, several studies have elaborated on the efficacy, safety, and stability of BLT, and a technique has recently been developed to locate BL layer grafts on the anatomical BL layer or anterior matrix of the recipient to achieve results comparable to that of BL layer intrastromal grafts, which significantly simplifies this surgical technique and is conducive to the application and promotion of BLT.
