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盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚在小儿眼睑肿物刮除术中的临床应用

Clinical application of esmketamine hydrochloride combined with propofol in curettage of eyelid tumors in children

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年9月 第37卷 第9期 707-713 发布时间: 收稿时间:2022/11/22 17:16:51 阅读量:4981
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关键词:
盐酸艾司氯胺酮丙泊酚小儿眼睑肿物麻醉镇痛
esketamine propofol children eyelid tumors anesthesia analgesia
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.04.02
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目的:观察盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚在小儿眼睑肿物刮除术中的临床应用效果,评价盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚在小儿眼睑肿物刮除术麻醉中的有效性和安全性。方法:选择2020年11月至2021年7月在佛山市第二人民医院择期行眼睑肿物刮除术的70例患儿,随机分为A组和B组,每组35例。A组采用七氟烷联合丙泊酚复合麻醉,B组采用盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚复合麻醉。记录两组患儿诱导时间、手术时间、苏醒时间、复苏总时间;监测麻醉前、麻醉后5 min、手术开始前、手术结束后患儿血流动力学及呼吸频率变化;记录两组患儿苏醒后即刻、返回病房即刻的东安大略儿童医院疼痛评分量表(Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale,CHEOPS)疼痛评分、躁动评分、恶心呕吐评分。结果:两组患儿麻醉诱导时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患儿麻醉过程中血流动力学水平、呼吸频率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);B组患儿苏醒时间、复苏总时间均明显低于A组(P<0.05);B组患儿苏醒后即刻及返回病房即刻CHEOPS疼痛评分、躁动评分、恶心呕吐评分均明显低于A组(P<0.05)。另外,B组患儿术后出现恶心呕吐概率低于A组(P<0.05)。结论:盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚应用于小儿眼睑肿物刮除术麻醉,能提供良好麻醉镇痛效果,降低躁动反应和恶心呕吐的发生
Objective: To investigate the anesthetic effect and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination application of esketamine and propofol in curettage of eyelid tumors of children. Methods: This study selected 70 children who underwent elective eyelid tumor curettage in Foshan Second People’s Hospital from November 2020 to July 2021. They were randomly divided into group A and group B, with 35 cases in each group. Patients in Group A were anesthetized with sevoflurane combined with propofol. Patients in Group B were anesthetized with esketamine combined with propofol. The anesthetic induction time, operation time, recovery time and total recovery time of the two groups were recorded. The haemodynamics and respiratory frequency changes of patients were being monitored before anesthesia, 5 minutes after anesthesia, before the operation and after the operation. The scores of Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) pain, agitation and nausea and vomiting were recorded immediately after the patients awakened and were sent back to the ward. Results: There was no significant difference in anesthesia induction time between the two groups (P>0.05). There was also no significant difference in the haemodynamics and respiratory frequency changes during the anaesthetic process between the two groups (P>0.05). The recovery time and total recovery time in group B were significantly lower than those in group A (P<0.05). The scores of CHEOPS pain, agitation and nausea and vomiting in group B were significantly lower than those in group A immediately after the patients awakened and were sent back to the ward (P<0.05). Besides, the probability of nausea and vomiting after curettage of eyelid tumors was lower in group B than in group A (P<0.05). Conclusion: Combination application of esketamine and propofol in curettage of eyelid tumors of children can provide good anesthetic and analgesic effect and reduce the occurrence of restlessness, nausea and vomiting.
       由于畏惧疼痛、紧张情绪及无法安静配合,小儿接受眼睑肿物刮除手术一般需要采取全身麻醉[1-2]。随着手术和麻醉技术、麻醉药物快速发展,小儿眼睑手术可采取保留自主呼吸的全身麻 醉,常用丙泊酚和七氟烷麻醉。丙泊酚是目前应用最广泛的静脉全身麻醉药,具有起效快、作用强、苏醒快等优势,但其呼吸抑制和注射痛的发生率较高。七氟烷具有较强镇静镇痛作用,诱导和苏醒快,常用于小儿麻醉诱导和维持,但其导致苏醒期躁动发生率较静脉麻醉药高,同时,术后恶心呕吐的发生率较高[3-5]。盐酸艾司氯胺酮是氯胺酮右旋异构体,主要作用于N-甲基-D-天冬氨 酸(NMDA)受体和阿片受体,具有较强的镇静和镇痛作用,镇痛强度是盐酸氯胺酮的2倍且不良反应发生率更低、代谢速度更快[6-9]。目前国内外关于盐酸艾司氯胺酮在小儿眼睑肿物手术麻醉效果的报道较少,艾司氯胺酮能否减少术后疼痛、降低苏醒躁动和恶心呕吐的发生率尚不清楚。本研究通过观察盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚应用于小儿眼睑肿物刮除术的术后疼痛评分、苏醒躁动和恶心呕吐的发生率以及血流动力学和呼吸等指标, 评价盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚在小儿眼睑肿物刮除术麻醉中的有效性和安全性。

1 对象与方法

1.1 对象

      本研究经佛山市第二人民医院医学伦理委员会批准,并经患者家属签署书面同意书后。选择2020年11月至2021年7月在佛山市第二人民医院择期行眼睑肿物刮除术患儿70例,美国麻醉医师学会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)I 级,年龄1~10岁,随机分为A组和B组(n=35),A组采用七氟烷联合丙泊酚复合麻醉,B组采用盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚复合麻醉。排除标准:严重心肺功能异常;先天性心脏病;近期出现上呼吸道感染者;肝肾功能异常;凝血功能异常;麻醉手术史或存在本研究相关药物禁忌证或过敏史;神经系统功能异常或认知功能障碍。

1.2 麻醉方法

      两组患儿常规禁食禁饮,均在病房行静脉留置针穿刺。进入手术室等候区后由父母陪伴,麻醉医生在等候区实施静脉注射丙泊酚基础麻醉。进入手术间后常规面罩吸氧,采用飞利浦监护仪(飞利浦医疗系统伯布林根有限公 司,型号:IntelliVue MX500)监测无创血压(noninvasive blood pressure,NBP)、脉搏血氧饱和度 (pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2)、脉搏(pulse rate, PR)、心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)、呼吸频率 (respiratory rate,RR)。两组患儿均采用非插管静 脉全身麻醉或麻醉机[德尔格医疗设备(上海)有限 公司,型号:Fabius plus]面罩七氟醚全凭吸入麻醉,麻醉诱导前静脉注射阿托品0.01 mg/kg,地塞米松0.1 mg/kg。A组采用丙泊酚联合七氟烷复合麻醉,使用丙泊酚2 mg/kg联合8%七氟烷(上海恒瑞医药有限公司,批号:17091731)(新鲜氧流量 5 L/min)进行麻醉诱导,待七氟醚呼末浓度达到 4 %后调整吸入浓度,使其维持在4 %浓度,缝皮时将七氟醚浓度降至2%。B组采用丙泊酚联合盐酸艾司氯胺酮(上海恒瑞医药有限公司,批号: 201222BL)复合麻醉,使用丙泊酚(四川科伦药 业股份有限公司,批号:E21051607)2mg/kg 联合盐酸艾司氯胺酮0.5 mg/kg进行麻醉诱导,手术过程如出现体动反应追加盐酸艾司氯胺酮0.25 mg/kg。两组患儿术中均使用脑电双频指数 (bispectral index,BIS;COVIDIEN)麻醉深度监测,维持BIS值在45~55。两组患儿术毕时停用麻醉药物,同时由术者使用1%利多卡因1mL进行局部浸润麻醉预防术后疼痛,并送至麻醉恢复室进行复苏观察,在苏醒期出现严重躁动的,使用丙泊酚2mg/kg静脉注射。

1.3 观察指标

      记录两组患儿诱导时间(从给药到患儿意识消失的总时长)、手术时间(从手术开始至手术结束的总时长)、苏醒时间(从终止麻醉药物的给予至患儿睁眼并对外界刺激做出反应的总时长)、复苏总时间(从终止麻醉药物的给予至患儿恢复正常的意识和认知能力返回病房的总时长);监测两组患儿麻醉前、麻醉5min后、手术开始时及手术完成时心率、平均动脉压、血氧饱和度及呼吸频率变化,记录两组患儿苏醒后即刻、返回病房即刻的东安大略儿童医院疼痛评分量表(Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale,CHEOPS)疼痛评分、躁动评分、恶心呕吐评分。统计两组患儿术后恶心呕吐的发生率。 
      采用修订的CHEOPS法记录患儿术后拔管即刻、患儿送返病房前的疼痛评分(记录最高分值)。本疼痛行为评分包含6项疼痛行为类型: 哭闹、面部表情、言语、腿部运动、躯体活动、伤口可触摸程度。每个类别的分值为0~2或者是1~3,分值4~13分,总分低于6分认为没有 疼痛。当CHEOPS评 分>6分时,静脉给予曲马 多1 mg/kg并间隔至少10 min给予相同剂量直至疼痛缓解。 
      采用4分法对各组患儿麻醉诱导分离焦虑及躁动评分进行评定:1分为小儿处于平静状态中无需进行任何干预措施;2分为小儿只需采取简单的方法进行安慰,可离开父母;3分为尖叫激动;4分为侵略性小儿,必须限制小儿,避免受到伤害。
      采用4分法记录小儿术后恶心呕吐情况:1分为无恶心呕吐;2分为仅有恶心;3分为呕吐1次; 4分为呕吐2次及以上。每隔5min记录恶心呕吐的 次数。

1.4 统计学处理

      采用SPSS17.0统计软件分析数据。计数资料以率表示,组间比较采用卡方检验;计量资料以均数±标准差( x±s )表示,组间比较采用配对t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组患儿一般资料比较

      两组患儿年龄、性别、体重、手术时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。

2.2 麻醉过程中患者血流动力学水平及呼吸频率变

      化比较两组患儿麻醉前、麻醉5min后、手术开始时 及手术完成时的心率、平均动脉压、血氧饱和度及 呼吸频率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表2)。

2.3 两组麻醉诱导及复苏情况比较

      两组麻醉诱导时间比较差异无统计学意义 (P>0.05);B组患儿苏醒时间为(18.71±4.15) min,与A组比较,B组苏醒时间显著降低。B组复苏总时间为(45.09±8.62)min,明显低于A组(P<0.05,表3)。 2mg/kg2.4两组患儿苏醒后即刻、返回病房即刻的CHEOPS疼痛评分、躁动评分、恶心呕吐评分比较B组患儿苏醒后即刻及返回病房即刻CHEOPS 疼痛评分为7.23±1.80和5.74±1.01,显著低于A组患儿CHEOPS疼痛评分(P<0.05)。B组患儿苏醒后即刻及返回病房即刻躁动评分为1.43±0.74和1.14±0.36,显著低于A组患儿躁动评分(P<0.05)。B组患儿苏醒 后即刻及返回病房即刻恶心呕吐评分为1.34±0.68和 1.11±0.32,明显低于A组患者(P<0.05,表4)。

2.5 两组患儿术后恶心呕吐的发生率比较

      根据4分法记录的两组患儿苏醒后即刻及出室送返病房时恶心呕吐评分,进行比对统计, 显示B组患儿苏醒后即刻及出室送返病房时出现 恶心呕吐(评分为2分及以上)的概率明显低于A组 (P<0.05,表5)。

表1 两组患儿一般资料比较(n=35)
Table 1 General information between the two groups (n=35)

20230208160931_4121.png

表2 两组患儿麻醉血流动力学水平变化及呼吸频率比较(n=35,x±s)
Table 2 The haemodynamics and respiratory frequency changes during the anaesthetic process between the two groups (n=35,
x±s)

20230208161020_6482.png

表3两组患儿麻醉诱导及复苏情况比较(n=35,x±s)
Table 3 Anesthesia induction and recovery time between two groups (n=35,x±s)

20230208161126_0130.png

表4 两组患儿苏醒后即刻、返回病房即刻的CHEOPS疼痛评分、躁动评分、恶心呕吐评分比较
Table 4 Comparison of CHEOPS pain scores, agitation scores and nausea and vomiting scores immediately after the patients
awakened and sent back to the ward between the two groups

20230208161212_1924.png

表5 术后恶心呕吐发生率对比(n=35)
Table 5 Nausea and vomiting after curettage of eyelid tumors between two groups (n=35)

20230208161252_8119.png

3 讨论

      儿科手术时通常患儿不能配合,需要全身麻 醉来完成各类手术。小儿眼睑肿物手术时间比较短,要求患者麻醉诱导迅速、起效快、镇痛作用 强、苏醒快、复苏平稳、对呼吸循环影响小,以往眼睑手术通常采用七氟醚吸入麻醉或丙泊酚静 脉麻醉复合阿片类镇痛药[3]。七氟烷作为一种血气分配系数低、麻醉效能强的吸入麻醉药,麻醉诱导快,苏醒迅速,是小儿麻醉诱导和维持的常 用吸入麻醉药之一[10]。七氟醚等吸入麻醉虽能提 供镇静镇痛作用,但对于一些短小手术,面罩吸入七氟醚时麻醉深度不易调控,且易造成环境污染,同时七氟醚麻醉苏醒期易发生躁动、谵妄, 影响患儿苏醒质量,严重时甚至发生坠床、气道 损伤、引发伤口出血等不良。七氟烷麻醉苏醒期躁动,一方面与患儿年龄小,心理及生理发育不成熟,对陌生环境容易产生恐惧、焦虑等心理有关,另一方面,七氟醚苏醒期肺泡浓度下降过 快、术后疼痛也是导致苏醒期躁动的重要原因。 丙泊酚等静脉麻醉药虽具有良好的镇静作用,但因其无镇痛作用,且本身注射痛发生率高,有呼吸抑制的风险,限制了其单独用于小儿非插管静脉麻醉。阿片类药物虽具有较好的镇痛效果,但其呼吸抑制及术后恶心呕吐发生率高,用于小儿 麻醉存在一定安全隐患[11]。 
       盐酸艾司氯胺酮是一种具有较强镇痛作用的静脉麻醉药,是氯胺酮的右旋异构体,通过阻断NMDA受体达到镇痛镇静作用,与普通氯胺酮比较, 精神症状、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生率更低[12-13]。 本研究观察了盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚与七氟 烷联合丙泊酚的两种麻醉方法在小儿眼睑肿物刮除术中的临床应用,结果发现两组麻醉诱导时间 无显著差异,B组患儿苏醒后即刻及返回病房即刻CHEOPS疼痛评分、躁动评分、恶心呕吐评分均明显低于A组。上述研究结果表明:盐酸艾司氯胺酮具有良好的镇痛作用和降低苏醒期躁动 以及恶心呕吐发生率的作用,这可能与其阻断NMDA受体有关[14-16]。艾司氯胺酮可以通过阻断 中枢神经系统的NMDA受体,抑制中枢神经敏感化,在急慢性疼痛治疗中有较好的镇痛效果。同时盐酸艾司氯胺酮对呼吸影响较小,艾司氯胺酮可通过增加二氧化碳敏感性通气而刺激呼吸,使用安全性较高。 
      盐酸艾司氯胺酮在国内上市后被广泛应用于围手术期麻醉和镇痛,多项研究[17-19]表明在围手术期各阶段使用盐酸艾司氯胺酮,均能获得满意镇痛效果,并可作为区域阻滞阻滞不全的补充,有良好应用前景。同时也应注意盐酸艾司氯胺酮的一些不良反应,如呼吸道分泌物增多、反流误吸风险,临床使用过程中注意及时吸引避免误吸。 艾司氯胺酮一定程度导致多梦、噩梦等精神方面 不良反应以及血压、颅内压和眼压升高,心率增 快等不良反应[19-21]。两组患儿麻醉前、麻醉5min 后、手术开始时及手术完成时的心率、平均动脉压、血氧饱和度及呼吸频率比较无显著差异,提示盐酸艾司氯胺酮联合丙泊酚进行小儿麻醉,能提供良好镇静镇痛效果,较丙泊酚联合七氟烷安全性更高,可避免医务人员吸入挥发性麻醉气体,威胁人体健康。 
      综上所述,盐酸艾司氯胺酮应用于小儿眼睑肿物刮除术,能提供良好麻醉镇痛效果,降低躁动反应和恶心呕吐的发生。

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1、2020 年广东省医院协会精准及舒适化医疗临床科研基金 (14),广东省医院药学研究基金 ( 新晨舒适化医疗专项基金 )(2020XC49)。This work was supported by the Precision andComfort Medical Clinical Research Fund of Guangdong Hospital Association (14), Guangdong Provincial Hospital Pharmacy Research Fund (Xinchen Comfort Medical Special Fund) (2020XC49), China()
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    主办:中山大学
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