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干眼与心理健康的相关性研究现状

Research status of the relationship between dry eye and mental health

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年8月 第37卷 第8期 645-650 发布时间: 收稿时间:2022/11/28 10:37:35 阅读量:3903
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干眼焦虑抑郁预防治疗
dry eye anxiety depression prevention treatment
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.08.05
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干眼是一种临床常见慢性眼表疾病。它不仅能引发患者眼部不适及损害,还易导致患者出现心理障碍。目前最常见的干眼相关心理障碍主要为焦虑、抑郁和睡眠障碍。干眼病情的缓解,不仅需要针对干眼本身的积极治疗,还需要患者保持健康的心理状态。因此,应该关注干眼相关焦虑、抑郁等心理障碍的发病机制及预防、治疗措施。
Dry eye disease (DED) is a common chronic ocular surface disease. It can not only cause discomfort and damage to the eyes but also easily lead to psychological disorders in patients. The most common psychological disorders related to DED are anxiety, depression and sleep disorder. To alleviate the condition of DED, in addition to active treatment for DED itself, it is also necessary for the patients to maintain a healthy psychological state. Therefore, attention should be paid to the pathogenesis, prevention and treatment measures of DED-related anxiety, depression and other psychological disorders.
    近年来,随着干眼发病率逐年上升,干眼已成为影响人民群众公共卫生健康及生活质量的一类常见眼表疾病。目前,世界范围内干眼发病率在5.5%~33.7%之间,且以女性居多[1-6]。我国的干眼发病率为21%~30%[7-8]。干眼是一种多因素引起的慢性眼表疾病,是由泪液的质、量及动力学异常导致的泪膜不稳定或眼表微环境失衡,可伴有眼表炎症反应、组织损伤及神经异常,造成眼部多种不适和/或视功能障碍[9-10]。然而,干眼不仅会引发患者眼部多种不适,在很大程度上还会降低患者的生活质量,甚至导致患者出现情绪或心理障碍。作为公共健康问题,我们要重视干眼的治疗和导致干眼发生的因素。同时,及时排除干眼患者存在的心理疾病隐患,可以更好地改善干眼患者的病情。现对干眼与心理问题的联系予以综述。

1 干眼与焦虑、抑郁

    焦虑指患者在缺乏相应客观刺激的情况下出现的一种内心的不安状态。抑郁是一种以显著而持久的心境低落状态为主要临床特征的心理障碍。患者焦虑及抑郁症状常同时出现,且伴有躯体不适、睡眠障碍等症状。
    干眼相关焦虑发病率约为39%~63.6%,干眼相关抑郁发病率约为25%~53.7%[11-15]。Zheng等[13]统计了1990年1月至2015年12月之间的相关文献中不同眼部疾病患者的抑郁发病率,其中干眼相关抑郁的发病率最高,约为29%,其次是青光眼患者25%,年龄相关性黄斑变性患者24%。Inomata等[16]对4454名使用手机软件Dry Eye Rhythm的参与者进行调查发现,其中干眼患者占74%(3294/4454),有焦虑、抑郁症状的患者占73.4%(3271/4454),干眼合并焦虑、抑郁的患者占58.3%(2412/4 454)。此外,有研究[17]调查472名干眼患者发现,有抑郁症状的患者占37%(176/472),焦虑症状的患者占36%(170/472),抑郁合并焦虑症状的患者占13%(60/472名)。
    由于眼部干涩感、异物感、视物模糊等多种眼部不适及泪膜不稳定导致的视觉质量下降,使得干眼患者日常生活及工作能力受限,情绪长时间消极[18]。因此,干眼患者的身体素质及精神状态评分均发生明显降低,而精神状态评分与患者血清及泪液白介素,IL-1 β、IL-6、TNF- α、IFN- γ 等炎症因子水平升高密切相关 [19-20]。 此外,在饮食中增加多不饱和脂肪酸ω-6/ω- 3的 比率会促进炎症细胞因子IL-1、IL-6和TNF-α等产生,直接导致并加重干眼症状,同时,多不饱和脂肪酸ω-6/ω- 3的比率增加会导致患者焦虑、抑郁发生概率的增大,从而间接引发并加重干眼症状[21-22]。焦虑、抑郁过度激活交感神经系统而抑制副交感神经兴奋,造成泪液分泌减少并加重眼表氧化应激(reactive oxidative stress,ROS) 并产生活性氧,而活性氧的产生与抗氧化系统作用的失衡又会导致氧化损伤,从而激发炎症反应。眼表损伤常伴有结膜杯状细胞凋亡,导致泪膜不稳定,泪液渗透压升高,进一步诱导活性氧的产生,激活炎症反应,加重角膜和结膜上皮细胞的凋亡。角膜及结膜损伤引起炎性细胞因子水平升高,可能会引起干眼患者神经内分泌和中枢神经代谢产物改变,从而导致泪液分泌减少或引发焦虑和抑郁[18,23-24],造成干眼、眼表炎症及焦虑、抑郁之间的恶性循环。另外,对于已患焦虑、抑郁的患者,使用的抗焦虑、抑郁药物(如苯二氮?类抗焦虑药及三环类抗抑郁药)影响结膜杯状细胞表面M受体并阻断人泪腺副交感神经的神经支配,减少泪液、睑板腺脂质和泪液黏蛋白分泌以及激活泪腺的炎症反应,导致泪膜不稳定,泪液渗透压升高,最终引起干眼不适[25]。因此,改善焦虑、抑郁症状有利于缓解干眼程度,反之亦然。

2 干眼与睡眠障碍

    
睡眠障碍患者的主要表现为睡眠时间不足6h、入睡时间长>30 min、睡醒次数多于2,白天嗜睡以及主观睡眠质量差[26-28]
    Morten等[29]在6 414名干眼患者中发现,患睡眠障碍的患者占比为36.4%,在65147名非干眼患者中,睡眠障碍的发生率为24.8%。He等[28]研究发现:在321名干眼患者中,发生睡眠障碍的患者有269名(83.8%),这些患者主要表现为主观睡眠质量差、睡眠持续时间短及入睡时间久。同时,发生睡眠障碍的干眼患者,更容易患焦虑、抑郁,其中女性干眼患者发生焦虑、抑郁的概率与睡眠质量差之间存在密切的关联。Wu等[27]表明干眼患者睡眠质量更差,睡眠障碍发生率更高,在106名干眼患者中,有睡眠障碍者为72名,占比为68%。Kawashima等[30]发现在249名干眼患者中,睡眠质量差发生率为45%,而在134名非干眼患者中,发生率为34%。
    干眼引发的眼部干涩、疼痛、异物感等多种眼部不适易导致干眼患者发生睡眠障碍[31-32]。由于长时间的眼部不适,干眼患者处于中枢致敏状态,眼部疼痛阈值降低,导致睡眠障碍发生,延长角膜损伤修复和不适的感知时长,而加重干眼不适感,引起或加重焦虑、抑郁症状,且焦虑、抑郁症状与睡眠障碍密切相关[28,33]。另一方面,睡眠障碍会增加应激激素水平,包括皮质醇、肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素,增加交感神经兴奋,减少副交感神经兴奋,使肾上腺素-血管紧张素-醛固酮轴昼夜节律改变,水分重吸收减少,使下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴轻度活化,血浆糖皮质激素浓度升高,导致过多的利尿和钠尿,最终降低泪液分泌量从而加重干眼程度。睡眠质量的下降会破坏人大脑高水平的认知功能,影响有效的情绪调节。睡眠障碍患者的负责认知控制(内侧前额叶区域)和情绪反应(杏仁核)的大脑区域之间的功能连接会减少,当情绪调节出现障碍,睡眠障碍会更容易导致焦虑、抑郁等心理障碍[34-35]。因此,有理由认为睡眠障碍的改善,能够缓解干眼程度,反之亦然。

3 干眼与疲劳感及述情障碍

    疲劳感包括躯体疲劳(如视疲劳)和心理疲劳[36],患者的主要表现为注意力不集中、思维迟缓、自觉体力不支、情绪低落等。
    在健康成年人当中,疲劳感的发生率大约为20%,而在干燥综合征患者中,这一发生率为38%~88%[37-39]。Sivertsen等[31]报道,在94名干燥综合征患者中,患有疲劳感的患者为63名(67%)。疲劳感在很大程度上影响患者的生活质量,如就医频次增加、影响工作、睡眠障碍等多方面。Dardin等[40]研究表明:在50名患有疲劳感的患者中,存在睡眠障碍的患者为37名,占比为74%。目前,焦虑、抑郁、神经质、睡眠障碍被认定为疲劳感发生的独立影响因素,神经质是一种人格特征,其特征是患者表现焦虑和对压力的特殊敏感性。而在其他病理生理学假设中,如白介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子水平升高、自主神经功能紊乱、神经内分泌紊乱等,未发现与疲劳感的发生之间存在明显相关性。此外,IDO-1、抗21(OH)自身抗体和血清BAFF水平被假设为疲劳感发生的重要媒介,但在原发性干燥综合征患者疲劳发病机制中的潜在作用仍需要进行进一步的研究[39]
    述情障碍患者的主要表现为言语描述或表达情绪的能力缺乏,同时也缺乏想象力和幻想感[41]
    van Leeuwen等[41-43]发现在300名干燥综合征患者中,发生泪液分泌异常的患者为222名(74%),因泪液减少而引发述情障碍的患者为144例(48%)。100名非干燥综合征患者中发生泪液分泌异常的患者占46%,因泪液减少而造成述情障碍的患者占25%。哭泣是一种表达及释放压力的行为,而由于受到泪液减少的影响,患者哭泣能力受阻影响到情绪的表达。但类风湿性关节炎、肌纤维组织炎等其他疾病患者患心理问题的概率依然高于非干眼患者。因此,引起述情障碍的原因是泪液分泌不足还是自身免疫性疾病,仍需进一步探究。

4 如何预防及应对干眼患者出现心理问题

4.1 健康宣教及心理干预

    告知患者干眼疾病的慢性经过,以及经过合理的治疗干眼不会致盲,防止患者精神负担过重出现心理问题[44]。若问诊发现患者出现心理问题,应当积极与患者沟通或鼓励患者积极与他人沟通,也可以对患者家属进行干眼和心理学相关知识的培训,使家属能够对患者进行亲情关怀等,必要时劝说其接受心理专科医生治疗。

4.2 减少电子产品的使用

    告知患者诱发干眼的多种危险因素,养成良好的用眼习惯。如今人们对电子产品的依赖越来越强,随着使用时长的增加,加之室内光线不良、眩光和屏幕上的光反射问题,以及不适当地观看距离和姿势都会进一步引起眼睛的干涩、异物感、刺痛感、烧灼感。减少电子产品的使用时长可以缓解干眼的不适症状并提高睡眠质量。另外,在空调或暖气等干燥环境中以及使用电子产品时有意识的增加眨眼次数有利于缓解干眼的不适。

4.3 体育锻炼

    适当的运动锻炼不仅可以增强免疫力,还有助于缩短电子产品的使用时长,减轻干眼症状。同时还能积极缓解心理障碍,改善患者的焦虑、抑郁情绪。经过12周有氧运动后,干燥综合征患者的疲劳感、抑郁程度均有明显改善[45-46]

4.4 合理膳食

    应合理膳食,注意营养搭配,保证饮食的规律。健康饮食不仅可以增强人们的免疫力,还可以改善患者的干眼不适及心理健康状况。增加富含n-3不饱和脂肪酸食物的摄入对于改善干眼的症状和体征有一定的作用,蔬菜水果中的维生素A、维生素E、β-胡萝卜素和锌对改善眼部的不适也具有一定的帮助。

4.5 药物治疗

    进行用药指导,帮助患者培养良好生活习惯。告知患者尽量不要自行到药店购买治疗干眼的药物,应到正规医院干眼科室就诊。严重的干眼相关心理障碍患者在进行药物治疗时,要注意三环类抗抑郁药物有较强的抗胆碱作用,可加重患者干眼病情,而选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂抗胆碱作用较弱,较适用于有干眼的抑郁患者。

5 结语

    干眼是一个常见且日益严重的公共卫生问题。它易导致患者发生焦虑、抑郁、睡眠障碍、疲劳感及述情障碍等心理及情绪障碍,其中焦虑、抑郁和睡眠障碍较为常见,而干眼相关疲劳感和述情障碍的发病机制及与干眼的联系仍需进一步探究。作为一种慢性疾病,干眼对患者的影响是长久的,短时间的治疗效果往往无法达到患者的满意程度,因此,不仅要关注干眼本身带来的影响,更要提高对干眼患者心理健康状况的关注和重视,注重干眼和心理健康紧密联系的特性,避免因不良心理状况及生活方式而加重干眼的发生和发展。除了针对干眼病情的有效治疗外,对患者心理的干预或治疗也能使干眼的治疗效果有很大提高。

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1、吕英楠,秦廷玉,王文战.中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变患者视网膜下积液和干眼严重程度的相关性[J].眼科新进展,2023,43(06):463-466.DOI:10.13389/j.cnki.rao.2023.0093.Lü Yingnan, QIN Tingyu, WANG Wenzhan. Correlation between subretinal fluid and dry eye severity in central serous chorioretinopathy patients[J]. Recent Adv Ophthalmol, 2023, 43(6): 463-466.
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1、天津市临床重点学科 ( 专科 ) 建设项目 (TJLCZDXKM013)。This work was supported by the Tianjin Clinical Key Discipline Project, China (TJLCZDXKM013)()
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