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折叠式人工玻璃体球囊的临床应用及研究进展

Clinical application and research progress of foldable capsular vitreous body

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2023年4月 第38卷 第4期 338-343 发布时间:2023-04-18 收稿时间:2023/4/18 15:51:03 阅读量:7783
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折叠式人工玻璃体球囊玻璃体玻璃体替代物眼外伤
foldable capsular vitreous bodyvitreous bodyvitreous substituteseye traumas
DOI:
10.12419/j.issn.1000-4432.2023.04.05
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玻璃体替代物是玻璃体切割术后的必需品,用于填充玻璃体腔,恢复玻璃体的支撑视网膜、屈光和细胞屏障等功能。严重眼外伤及复杂视网膜脱离引起的视网膜/脉络膜脱离,如选用传统的玻璃体替代物(如硅油)填充,部分患者会出现硅油依赖眼或眼球萎缩,眼球难以保全。折叠式人工玻璃体球囊(foldable capsular vitreous body,FCVB)是我国独立研发的挽救眼球的人工玻璃体,属于国际首创,可以精细模拟自然玻璃体的结构,恢复玻璃体的部分功能。目前临床研究证实FCVB不仅可以有效避免硅油的并发症,还可以维持后房空间,缓慢恢复睫状体的功能,从而治疗硅油依赖眼,阻止眼球进一步萎缩。该文综述了FCVB的研究背景、结构特点、临床应用和拓展研究进展。
Vitreous substitutes are necessary after vitrectomy to fill the vitreous cavity and restore the vitreous to support retinal, refractive, and cellular barrier functions. Severe ocular trauma-induced retinal/choroidal detachment filled with traditional vitreous substitutes (e.g., silicone oil) can lead to silicone oil-dependent eyes and ocular atrophy in some patients, making it difficult to preserve the eye. Foldable capsular vitreous body (FCVB) is an artificial vitreous body independently developed in China to save the eye, which is the first of its kind in the world and can finely simulate the structure of natural vitreous body and restore some of the functions of vitreous body. It has been clinically proven that it can not only effectively avoid the complications of silicone oil, but also maintain the posterior chamber space and slowly restore the function of the ciliary body, thus treating silicone oil-dependent eyes and preventing further atrophy of the eye. This article reviews the research background, structural features, clinical applications and extended studies of FCVB.
    玻璃体替代物是玻璃体切割术后用于填充玻璃体腔,恢复玻璃体原有功能的一种独特物质。在严重眼外伤及复杂视网膜脱离患者中,使用传统的玻璃体替代物(如硅油)填充时,部分患者会出现硅油依赖眼和眼球萎缩,最终难以保全眼球[1-4]。近年来,由我国眼科专家独立研发的折叠式人工玻璃体球囊(foldable capsular vitreous body,FCVB)应用于眼科临床治疗严重眼外伤及复杂视网膜脱离引起的硅油依赖眼和眼球萎缩。目前的玻璃体替代物没有一个固定的结构,只有功能;而FCVB应用计算机精细模拟玻璃体腔的机构,具有较好的力学、光学及生物相容性等特性[5],与人工晶状体同样具有结构与功能,所以称之为人工玻璃体。

1 FCVB的研究背景

    自然玻璃体是由胶原纤维和水组成的不可再生的胶状结构,它不仅具有屈光介质功能,还可以维持眼球正常运动,支撑视网膜,在眼球的运动中起到减震作用;是构成血-玻璃体屏障的成分,可以抑制炎症、减少新生血管的形成[6]。在玻璃体切割术之后,必须要用玻璃体替代物来填充,以维持眼球正常外形以防止眼球萎缩,对视网膜产生支持作用,维持部分眼球功能,改善眼球外观[7-11]
    目前临床常用的玻璃体替代物,例如气体、硅油、重硅油及重水等,还有处于实验阶段的水凝胶[5,7,12-13]都是直接注入玻璃体腔中,与眼内视网膜及其他结构直接接触,在发挥玻璃体作用的同时,可能产生一些并发症。如气体无色无味,膨胀性比较好,但其密度和屈光指数比自然玻璃体低,术后患者视物模糊,需要特殊的俯卧位配合治疗[14],停留眼内1个月内会被睫状体代谢产生的房水所取代[15]对于需要长期填充的复杂性视网膜脱离疗效欠佳。硅油自Cibis于1962年应用到眼科以来,是治疗复杂性视网膜脱离的革命性产品,由于普通硅油密度低于水,患者术后多数需要俯卧位或低头以顶压视网膜及预防并发症;眼内填充超过3个月后,硅油容易乳化,如体位配合不佳,硅油则容易进入前房对角膜产生损伤[16-19],尤其是无晶体眼患者注入硅油后,容易发生角膜带状变性这一严重并发症,硅油还可能移行至睫状体内部,破坏睫状体分泌房水的功能,从而形成硅油依赖眼,造成低眼压,致患者眼球不能保全[20-22]。水凝胶与自然玻璃体的屈光指数接近,但动物实验显示眼内填充水凝胶后有轻度和短暂的炎症反应,不能长期停留眼内,通过针头注射水凝胶后,胶体不完整,容易片段化,降解物或片段化产物易在眼内产生毒性作用,且安全性还有待进一步确定[12]
    玻璃体替代物的探索改革一直是眼科领域最有挑战性和意义的研究之一[23-24],寻找一种较为理想的玻璃体替代物是生物材料学专家及眼科专家的焦点工作。受到自然玻璃体有一层薄膜的启发, 中山大学Gao课题组提出了一种新的策略,用来替代自然玻璃体,即FCVB,其由球囊、引流管和引流阀组成,通过模拟人眼原本玻璃体的形态、精细模拟玻璃体参数制成球囊,手术时将其折叠后植入玻璃体腔内,通过引流管-阀系统向球囊内注入适量的液态介质,如硅油、生理盐水等,球囊膨胀后支撑视网膜,维持眼球的形态[5,7-11]。通过一系列的动物实验、探索性临床试验和多中心临床试验,最终获得国家药品监督管理局的批准上市,上市后又获得较广泛的临床应用。

2 FCVB的结构特点

    第一代FCVB是由一个类似玻璃体的囊和一个硅胶管-瓣膜系统组成,里面注入平衡盐溶液或硅油以维持形态[25-26],后续的实验及临床研究中发现FCVB(平衡盐溶液)存在泄露的风险[27](图1[28]),经过不断的实验研究,学者们对FCVB进行了相应的更新。目前临床上应用的FCVB由球囊、引流管、引流阀组成,将医用二氧化硅橡胶注入专门的模具中,经过多次高温高压处理,使FCVB一次成形,同时保留后房空间,在通过管阀系统将硅油注射到球囊中后,将引流阀固定到巩膜表面[29](图2[30])。FCVB能够有效地保持人的眼球正常形态,均匀支撑视网膜,修复眼部损伤,从而减少对睫状体分泌房水的影响,有效防止眼球萎缩[24]
20230418155334_6925.png

图1 第一代FCVB
Figure 1 FCVB of the first generation

20230418155533_7401.png

图2 第二代FCVB
Figure 2 FCVB of the second generation

3 FCVB的临床应用

    严重眼外伤及复杂性视网膜脱离均属于难治性玻璃体视网膜病,大部分患眼在术中需要用硅油填充,术后取出硅油可能会导致视网膜再次脱离或者眼球萎缩,为了使眼睛保留完整的外观并且降低硅油长期填充的并发症,需进行多次硅油置换,易形成硅油依赖眼。严重眼外伤患者会存在多种眼内组织损伤或外伤性玻璃体视网膜病变,既往多数是选择放弃手术治疗甚至摘除眼球,而FCVB可以使患者免于眼球摘除,是目前治疗严重眼球破裂伤及硅油依赖眼的一种新手术方式[23-24,27]。并且经过临床研究证实,FCVB联合硅油填充治疗复杂视网膜脱离和严重眼破裂伤是有效和安全的[23,31]
    研究显示,FCVB的支撑力相对其他玻璃体替代物而言较强,可以很好地维持眼球外观[32]。手术时将FCVB植入玻璃体腔内并在其球囊内注入适量的填充介质(如硅油),FCVB作为一个屏障将硅油与视网膜隔绝开来,术后不必担心硅油乳化移位,不需要严格的俯卧位,很大程度地提高了患者的生活质量[24,29,33]
    一些学者针对FCVB的植入过程进行了长期随访研究,结果显示与单纯硅油填充的患者比较,植入FCVB的患者3年随访期中未曾见到硅油乳化、角膜疾病及其他并发症的发生,视网膜均明显复位且眼压稳定,眼球形态和眼内压较稳定[34-36]。刘亚妮等[37]发现FCVB所具有的弧形顶压方式能对视网膜各个部位的裂孔行均匀持久的顶压,有效避免视网膜再次脱离,也提高了手术治疗效果,但应严格掌握手术适应证及禁忌证。FCVB植入的手术适应证包括单侧眼无法用其余玻璃体替代物填充的严重视网膜脱离、合并外伤的视网膜脱离及脉络膜脱离、硅油依赖眼等;而对硅胶过敏、瘢痕体质、眼内炎症无法控制、对侧眼视力差、其他严重全身系统疾病则是FCVB植入术的禁忌证[4]
    随着FCVB临床应用的增多,也有相关的并发症报道。文献报道[30,38-39]一部分植入了FCVB的患者,会出现不同程度的前房积血、眼压低、前房浅、角膜白、出现渗出膜及炎症反应等情况。FCVB植入的手术切口比单纯硅油注入的切口偏大,使术后白内障的发生率增高,而且FCVB的氧气运输、代谢及毒性问题还有待进一步研究[4]。高松哲等[22]认为,FCVB植入术后低眼压、浅前房的发生可能与患者术前睫状体的功能状态有一定关系,苏鹏等[32]研究推测,手术时靠后的切口位置,可以让FCVB远离虹膜,减少术后浅前房的发生概率,还可以有效地减少对睫状体的刺激、减轻眼内炎症的发生,但此研究不足之处在于研究数量相对较少,而且观察的时间较短,还有待进一步大量研究。Jin等[30,38]研究发现前房积血及炎症在用药后可得到缓解,其他术后并发问题的解决还有待进一步的临床研究。
    综上所述,在严重眼外伤及硅油依赖眼的治疗中,FCVB的植入是一种有效的新手术方法,可以控制眼球萎缩,并且没有严重并发症的发生,同时文献报道认为其还可以消除患者心理障碍,提高患者满意度,临床应用潜力巨大[23,30,38-40]

4 FCVB的拓展应用

    目前FCVB在临床上的主要应用是维持眼球形态及对视网膜产生支持作用。进一步的研究表明,FCVB可以作为药物缓释系统以及用于巩膜外垫压手术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离。
    FCVB作为药物缓释系统。由于血-眼屏障的存在,全身和局部用药对于玻璃体视网膜疾病的治疗效果较差,药物的浓度容易出现较大幅度的变化或波动,并且玻璃体给药需要多次、频繁地注射,药效不持久,增加了眼内出血及感染的风险[41]。药物缓释系统(drug delivery system,DDS)是近来兴起的一种新型给药系统,利用与人体生物相容性好的材料为载体或介质,通过扩散、渗透等途径直接进入人体内,使得药物中的化学成分和药物分子以合适的浓度、频率在人体内缓慢持续地释放,从而使药效得以充分发挥[42]。应用药物缓释系统可以减少眼部给药次数,提高药物的利用度、降低药物毒性,减少眼内感染的概率[43]。理想的眼内DDS不仅能有效地缓释药物,还能用来替代天然的玻璃体支撑视网膜及维持眼球外形[44]。FCVB可以满足以上几项要求,FCVB通过引流阀注入药物,球囊薄至30 μm,球囊上有直径约300 nm的微孔,药物可以通过微孔释放,FCVB中注入左氧氟沙星、5-氟尿嘧啶、地塞米松磷酸钠等药物,药物缓释浓度呈时间依赖性和剂量依赖性,能够使其在眼内持续性和机械性地释放,像细菌性眼内炎患者,可以通过FCVB联合左氧氟沙星来治疗,且研究证实FCVB中注入药物不会改变药物的化学性质及药效[33,45-48]
    FCVB用于巩膜外垫压术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离。巩膜外垫压术是采用硅胶或硅海绵等材料,由巩膜表面向球内施加压力顶压视网膜裂孔。FCVB用做外垫压手术时,先定位裂孔然后沿预制隧道放置FCVB,使其顶压裂孔同时通过引流阀装置注入生理盐水,检查巩膜压力后固定引流管[49]。传统的巩膜外垫压术需要通过反复拉动肌肉暴露巩膜,导致患者疼痛增加,容易引起危险的眼心反射。FCVB的使用可以避免反复牵拉肌肉,创伤小,易于操作,并发症少,疼痛小,这种手术具有更大的顶压范围,且FCVB的留置时间可以控制。当然这种手术方法也有缺点,如FCVB位于眼外肌下方,则固定相对困难,而且容易出现术后复视,眼球运动受限,但随着网膜复位,FCVB被移除时,这些症状便会消失[49]
    综上所述,FCVB克服了现有玻璃体替代物的大部分缺点并减少了并发症的发生,具有良好的机械、光学和生物相容性,与眼内组织直接接触时,材料也具有稳定性和安全性[30,34,38-40]。FCVB的初步临床应用展现出了良好的效果,有希望成为结合药物缓释系统的新一代玻璃体替代物[22]。同时FCVB在眼内药物缓释系统、巩膜外垫压等方面的新应用,为进一步治疗玻璃体视网膜疾病的新技术提供了基础[50]。当然FCVB的发展还需要结合临床不断地研究与改进,同时植入物的安全性、有效性及其药物缓释作用等均需更多样本及长时间观察。

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1、山东省医药卫生科技发展计划(2019WS499);济南市临床医学科技创新计(201907095) 。
This work was supported by the Shandong Provincial Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Program(2019WS499); Jinan Clinical Medical science and technology innovation plan (201907095) .()
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