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同步监测青光眼患者24h眼压与血压的意义

Significance of simultaneous monitoring of intraocular pressure and blood pressure for 24 hours in glaucoma

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2021年2月 第36卷 第2期 160-166 发布时间: 收稿时间:2023/5/4 16:46:33 阅读量:3934
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关键词:
青光眼眼压血压灌注压
glaucoma intraocular pressure blood pressure perfusion pressure
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2020.11.27
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青光眼是世界范围内致盲和引起视力损害的主要眼病,也是不可逆性致盲性眼病之一。眼压是青光眼发生发展的重要危险因素,但除眼压外,血压在青光眼进展引起的影响也不可忽视。眼灌注压是血压和眼压的差值,可调节视神经的血液供应。眼压、血压、灌注压在青光眼发生发展中有一定相关性。本文通过对眼压和血压在青光眼中的影响以及24 h眼压和血压监测在青光眼中的应用进行文献索引,分析青光眼24h眼压和血压同步监测的意义。
Glaucoma is a major eye disease causing blindness and visual damage worldwide, and it is also one of the irreversible eye diseases causing blindness. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important risk factor for the development of glaucoma, and the influence of blood pressure (BP) on the progression of glaucoma also cannot be ignored. Eye perfusion pressure is the difference between blood pressure and intraocular pressure, regulating the blood supply to the optic nerves. IOP, BP and perfusion pressure are related to the occurrence and the progression of glaucoma. Literature review was performed related to the effects of IOP and BP on glaucoma, and the application of 24-hour IOP and BP monitoring in glaucoma, aiming to analyze the significance of simultaneous monitoring of IOP and BP for 24 hours.
青光眼是我国第二大致盲性眼病,也是全球第一大不可逆性致盲眼病,2016年版美国眼科临床指南(Preferred Practice Pattern,PPP)将原发性开角型青光眼(primary open-angle glaucoma,POAG)定义为:一种好发于成年人的慢性进行性视神经病变,其特征是视网膜神经节细胞及其轴突的丢失[1]。而“特征性视神经损害”这一定义也同样适用于其余各种原发性、继发性或者发育性青光眼。青光眼在临床的定义也不再局限于早期“病理性高眼压”“眼压升高相关的一种疾病”[2],而被定义为是一类具有特征性视神经损伤,以视野缺损为特征的进展性视神经病变[3]。青光眼的发病是由多种原因导致的视网膜神经节细胞凋亡[4]。眼压因素及血管、血流动力学因素都是其中之一。眼压是眼内容物对眼球壁产生的压力,研究[5-6]证明:高眼压会对视网膜神经节细胞造成损伤,引起视神经损害。血流异常、血管调节异常、低灌注压也会导致视神经细胞死亡,甚至引起新生血管性青光眼[7-8]。在青光眼发生发展过程中,两种因素起着重要的影响作用。眼压和血压是其中重要的评估因素,临床上对青光眼患者进行24 h眼压监测的很多,但进行血压监测及眼压、血压两者同步监测的相对较少,本文就此进行文献索引,分析在青光眼患者中两者同时进行的意义。

1 眼压与青光眼

眼压是诊断和治疗青光眼的一个重要指标,实验证明青光眼损伤的原发部位是筛板,高眼压会导致筛板和筛孔变形,挤压经过筛孔的视神经纤维,阻滞视神经细胞轴浆运输,引起视神经损害[9],而视神经细胞轴浆流运输受阻会导致一些神经营养因子的运输障碍,致使视网膜神经节细胞营养供给不足,细胞凋亡,诱发青光眼[10]。眼压测量广泛应用于青光眼流行病学调查,研究青光眼发病率及发病风险的相关性[11-12],眼压越高,患青光眼的风险越高。此外,眼压并不是一个固定的值,它随着体位、时间、角膜厚度、睡眠等因素的改变而变化,除高眼压会引起视神经损害外,青光眼视野损害进展与眼压较大幅度的波动也有关,日间眼压大波动是开角型青光眼的重要危险因素,眼压测量广泛应用于诊断和评估青光眼进展[13-15]。目前,临床上对于青光眼的治疗还是以降低眼压为主要方法,降低眼压仍然是预防青光眼发展或降低其发展速度的唯一循证治疗方法[16]。眼压是青光眼唯一可改变的危险因素[17]。眼压也成为评估青光眼临床治疗效果的指标之一。

2 血压与青光眼

随着对青光眼的研究逐渐深入,临床工作者发现,在一些青光眼患者中,尽管眼压控制良好,但病情依旧恶化,视野损伤不断进展,这意味着青光眼的进展不仅与眼压作用有关,还存在其他因素作用。经过大量研究,研究人员[18-19]发现青光眼进展与血压之间有一定关联。研究[20]证明:血压可以影响眼压,血压通过影响房水分泌和超滤过实现对房水生成调节,也可以通过影响睫状前静脉的压力实现对房水回流的调节,从而影响眼压的高低。夜间睡眠体位改变时,眼球血液流动受影响而导致眼压升高[21]。Karadag等[22]通过对POAG组患者进行24 h眼压和血压的监测发现:实验组夜间的平均舒张压和收缩压都低于白天值,但夜间平均眼压则相反,眼压与收缩压、舒张压之间呈负相关。血压是血液在血管内流动时作用于血管壁的压力,是推动血液流动的动力。组织中血流灌溉依赖于血管内血流对该组织的灌注压、血管阻力以及血液的黏性。眼灌注压是眼内组织中动脉血向毛细血管床传递营养的动力,保障眼内组织血液正常供应。眼灌注压的下降会导致眼内组织缺血,引起视功能功能性或器质性的损害[19]。血压可以影响灌注压而影响视神经细胞的血流供应。灌注压是动脉压和眼压的差,血压、灌注压、眼压之间关系密切。何俊文[23]研究24h POAG组与对照组的眼压和血压的昼夜规律,结果可见两组眼压峰值与灌注压谷值出现时间相近。

2.1 低血压/低灌注压和青光眼的关系

一般情况下,眼内的静脉压要稍高于眼内压,才能保证眼内组织血流供应正常。低血压或者低灌注压会影响视网膜血供,视网膜缺血缺氧时会产生一系列生化反应,对视神经细胞产生毒性作用,导致视神经细胞凋亡,从而引起青光眼性视神经损害[10]。王砚耕教授[24]从生物学角度进行研究分析,提出舒张压长期过低会导致低眼压性青光眼。也有研究[25]提出低收缩压是正常眼压性青光眼(normal tension glaucoma,NTG)发病机制之一,NTG组的24 h平均收缩压以及夜间收缩压比正常对照组低。一项包括了4项研究、247位患者(133位NTG患者)的Meta分析[26]的结果提示:正常眼压性青光眼患者夜间收缩压和舒张压对比正常人明显下降。低眼灌注亦然,低收缩灌注压、低舒张灌注压和低平均灌注压是青光眼的危险因素[27]。除提高青光眼的发病机率外,低血压还会加快青光眼视野损伤进展。Graham等[28]提出眼压维持正常的青光眼患者在低血压情况下,视野也会进一步丢失。晏兴云等[29]在对眼压控制稳定的青光眼患者1年后的视野结果分析后提出:舒张期血压偏低时,视野受损进展较快,低舒张压是加重青光眼晚期进展的危险因素之一。此外,低血压会导致正常眼压性青光眼视野损害进展,如果血压下降超过10%,正常眼压性青光眼发展的风险更高[30]

2.2 高血压与青光眼的关系

低血压有可能影响青光眼的发生,那高血压是否也会对青光眼有影响?研究[31]表明:高血压(包括收缩压和舒张压)是发生高眼压症的危险因素之一。高血压患者POAG的患病危险性是正常人的2.05~3.58倍[32]。青光眼是一种血管病,低血压引起视神经灌注缺血而引起视神经损害,但高血压同样是一个血管病,其小血管处于一种病理状态,长期高血压而致的小动脉血管硬化、缩窄,更容易加剧视乳头及其余眼组织的缺血[33]。一项包含了6 0项研究的Meta分析[34]提到:几乎所有的研究都报告了血压和眼压之间的正相关关系。Memarzadeh等[35]研究提示青光眼发生与高的平均血压、收缩压有关。一方面,在高收缩压状态下,毛细血管直径减小,最终形成粥样硬化使血流阻力增加;另一方面,高收缩压下引起视乳头毛细血管床的血流自动调节机制,这些都会减少灌注压,损害视乳头。一项眼压与全身血压的纵向前瞻性研究[36]提出:收缩期血压每升高10 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),眼压增加0.21 mmHg,舒张期血压每升高10 mmHg,眼内压升高0.43 mmHg,说明全身血压和眼压具有显著的相关性。
血压和青光眼关系具有复杂性,青光眼患病率与舒张压之间的关系呈“U”形(两端高,中间凹陷),意味着无论是高收缩压还是低舒张压都会影响开角型青光眼的患病率,这种情况有2个原因可以解释:1 )低血压患者在视神经乳头处会处于低灌注压状态;2 )长期处于慢性高血压状态的患者会导致动脉粥样硬化,然后导致血管阻力和血管自动调节的损害,以及在视神经乳头处毛细血管床的营养交换受损[37]。据研究[38]报道:4 000多名美国成年人(≥40岁)中,在未服用降压药的情况下,高水平收缩压的(>161 mmHg)和低水平收缩压(<110 mmHg)均与青光眼呈正相关,高水平舒张压的(>91 mmHg)和低水平舒张压(<60 mmHg)也与青光眼呈正相关。

3 青光眼24 h眼压和血压同步监测

在青光眼的发病中,眼压和血压都起重要作用,单纯的眼压测量或者血压测量无法完整体现眼内组织血流灌注情况,低血压或视神经血流减少和眼压联合升高导致视神经头部眼灌注压降低,血管调节失调,进而导致眼部灌注不稳定,造成缺血和再灌注损伤,导致视神经细胞的缺血损害[18-19]。眼压和血压之间关系密切,眼压和血压的波动性使眼内视网膜循环处于动态变化中,单次眼压及血压测量结果对于整体眼灌注压情况来说过于片面,24 h眼压和血压同步监测可以观察青光眼不同时段的眼压、血压、灌注压情况,反映眼内视网膜供血情况,更有助于研究青光眼的发病机制。胡佳丽等[39]研究对比POAG患者和正常对照组的灌注压,发现两组平均眼灌注压、日间/夜间灌注压都无统计学意义,但POAG的收缩期眼灌注压、舒张期眼灌注压、平均眼灌注压的昼夜波动都比正常对照组明显,且这与视野检查平均缺损(mean defect,MD)存在负相关。Plange等[40]研究也证明NTG患者夜间收缩压、舒张压和平均动脉血压测量的变异性指数显著增加。因此,对于研究青光眼的发生发展,24 h眼压和血压监测同步监测比单纯眼压和血压监测更为有效。

3.1 血压、灌注压、眼压的计算关系

血压、灌注压、眼压的计算公式如下:眼灌注压=血压?眼压;收缩期眼灌注压=收缩压?眼压;舒张期眼灌注压=舒张压?眼压;平均动脉压=舒张压+1/3(收缩压?舒张压);平均眼灌注压=2/3平均动脉压?眼压。

3.2 24 h眼压监测和血压监测的应用

在青光眼患者中,眼压和血压都存在波动,眼压和血压的波动会影响青光眼的发展进程,而这些波动情况可以通过24 h眼压和血压同步监测来表现。甘春兰[41]通过对POAG组和对照组进行24 h眼压和血压同步监测来对比两组夜间眼压、灌注压和血压的波动变化情况,发现夜间POAG组眼压高于对照组,而灌注压下降更明显。白天两组平均动脉压值无明显差异,但POAG组夜间平均动脉压值下降明显,收缩压昼夜差POAG组明显比对照组大,且POAG组夜间收缩压最低值明显比对照组小。曾流芝等[42]研究发现:眼压、血压参数与视野检测参数相关。当平均眼压上升时,视野指标MD和盘周视网膜神经纤维层(retinal nerve fibre layer,RNFL)厚度、上方RNFL厚度均值下降;眼压差和动脉压波动越高、平均舒张压和舒张压最低值越小则下方RNFL厚度均值越小;夜间平均舒张压上升,则图形视觉诱发电位(pattern visual evoked potential,PVEP)AP100升高;夜间平均动脉压上升,则图形视网膜电图(pattern electroretinogram,PERG)AP50升高。说明夜间眼灌注压、夜间舒张压和夜间动脉压与POAG视神经损害有相关性影响,并可以从视功能检查指标中反映出来。24 h眼压和血压的同步监测不仅可以应用于观察两者对青光眼发展的共同作用,还可以用于研究中变量控制,Detry等[43]在排除眼压影响后发现:视野进展组患者的夜间收缩压低值和收缩压下降值分布更广,夜间血压下降和低血压的广泛分布是影响青光眼进展的重要因素。在晚期青光眼中,在平均眼压相同且处于统计学意义上的正常值情况下,舒张压偏低的患者视野损害进展更快[29],更有利于研究血压对青光眼发展的影响。

4 结语

青光眼是世界主要致盲疾病之一,研究[2,4,10,20-21,44-46]证明青光眼不仅是单纯的眼部独立疾病,还是复杂的眼部及多身心因素影响的一种疾病。青光眼的发病机制现在还没有明确的解释,种族、年龄、基因、角膜厚度、跨筛板压、氧化应激反应、近视、血管功能障碍、高血压、糖尿病、免疫反应等都有可能导致青光眼的发生和发展。临床上,眼压和血压联合作用,共同影响青光眼的发生发展。眼压和血压一样,随着时间、体位等原因波动,高眼压和眼压波动是青光眼的重要影响因素,血压波动也一样。视盘属于终末器官之一,血压波动是多个终末器官损伤的危险因素[44],青光眼的眼底损害与视盘的眼血流量紊乱有关[45]。较大的昼夜舒张压波动是POAG和NTG发生的高风险因素[46],血压波动可能与NTG发病机制有关[47]。24 h眼压和血压监测提供了多种眼压和血压参数,包括平均眼压值和平均血压值、短期和长期眼压和血压波动情况以及眼压、血压最小值和峰值,可用于总结不同青光眼亚型和不同患者的整体昼夜节律,眼压、血压峰值大小及出现时间和波动幅度的信息,评估视乳头和视网膜细胞的眼灌注情况,为诊断和评估青光眼病情发展提供了重要的指导意义。此外,24 h眼压和血压监测同样应用于改善青光眼的护理[48-50]、评估药物治疗疗效[51-52]、为青光眼患者选择不同血压段时靶眼压[53],还可以用于视网膜血管疾病的诊治,及时了解视网膜上血流动力学的情况,为诊断和治疗、改善视网膜循环提高依据[54]
由于文献的局限性,本文所引用的24 h眼压和血压同步监测的文献所包括的患者大部分局限于POAG和正常眼压性青光眼,缺乏其他类型的青光眼的实验数据。
综上所述,随着青光眼研究进展,显而易见,眼压并不是青光眼发展的唯一风险因素,血压和血流异常在青光眼发病机制同样起重要的影响作用,高眼压、低血压、高血压、眼压和血压的波动都会导致视神经损伤,引起视野缺损。对于青光眼的临床和研究,24 h眼压和血压的同步监测具有重要意义。
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1、四川省卫生与计划生育委员会“降眼压对伴有高眼压的青少年近视的影响研究”项目 (20PJ192)。
This work was supported by the “Study on the effect of lowering intraocular pressure on myopia in adolescents with high intraocular pressure” Project of Sichuan Health and Family Planning Commission, China (20PJ192).()
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