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珠海地区近十年早产儿视网膜病变筛查结果

Screening Results of Retinopathy of Prematurity in Zhuhai in the Past Ten Years

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2019年6月 第34卷 第2期 80-84 发布时间: 收稿时间:2024/12/7 16:57:05 阅读量:70
作者:
关键词:
早产儿视网膜病变出生体重胎龄
retinopathy of prematurity birth weight gestational age
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2019.04.01
收稿时间:
2019–02–20 
修订日期:
 
接收日期:
 

目的:探讨珠海地区早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)的患病情况及临床特点。方法:回顾分析珠海市妇幼保健院2009年5月至2018年12月 5 473 例(10 946 只眼)早产儿的眼病筛查资料。结果:共筛查出 185 例(370 眼)患有不同程度的 ROP,患病率为 3.38%。33 例(66 眼)需要治疗,占 17.84%。低出生体重组出生孕周为 26~31,32~33,34~36的 ROP 患儿分别为 133,13,9 例,ROP 发病率分别为 14.9%,1.4%,1.3%,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。高出生体重组出生孕周为 26~31,32~33,34~36 的 ROP 患儿分别为 1,5,24例,ROP 发病率分别为 7.1%,1.1%,1.0%,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。33 例严重 ROP 患儿(需要干预治疗的 ROP)中,低出生体重组出生孕周为 26~31,32~33,34~36 的严重ROP患儿分别为 29,3,1 例,发病率分别为 3.2%,3%,0.1%,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。高出生体重组无严重 ROP 患儿。结论:珠海地区近十年的早产儿 ROP 患病率为 3.38%,出生体重和胎龄是 ROP 发病的危险因素。严重ROP患儿的出生体重均 <2 000 g。


Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in Zhuhai. 


Methods: The eye screening data for 5,473 (10,946 eyes) premature infants born from May 2009 to December 2018 in the Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Zhuhai were retrospectively analyzed.
Results: In the 5 473 premature babies examination, 185 cases (3.38%) were detected with different degrees of ROP. The number of cases requiring treatment was 33 (17.84%). In the low birth weight group, the ROP patients with 26–31, 32–33, and 34–36 weeks were 133 (14.9%), 13 (1.4%), and 9 (1.3%), respectively; the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). In the high birth weight group, the ROP patients with birth weeks of 26–31, 32–33, and 34–36 were 1 (7.1%), 5 (1.1%), and 24 (1.0%), respectively; the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Among the 33 children with severe ROP (requiring intervention treatment), there were 29 (3.2%), 3 (3%), and 1 (0.1%) with birth weeks of 26–31, 32–33, and 34–36, respectively, in the low birth weight group; the difference was statistically significant (< 0.05). The severe ROP was 0 in the high birth weight group.
Conclusion: The prevalence of ROP in premature infants is 3.38% in the past decade in Zhuhai. Birth weight and gestational age are risk factors for ROP. The birth weight of infants with severe ROP is less than 2 000 g.


      早产儿视网膜病变(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)是一类发生于早产、低体重儿的视网膜血管异常增生性致盲性眼病,是导致儿童眼盲的重要原因之一,占儿童眼盲的 6%~18%[1]。2004 年 4 月国家卫生部颁布《早产儿治疗用氧和视网膜病变防治指南》[2]后,ROP 筛查工作得到社会和政府的高度重视,并逐步在全国范围内开展。但限于各地区开展筛查工作的水平不一,筛查的结果也差异较大。本研究统计分析对珠海市妇幼保健院近十年ROP筛查结果,总结珠海地区的 ROP 发病情况及临床特点。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

      选取 2009 年 5 月至 2018 年 12 月在珠海市妇幼保健院进行 ROP 筛查的出生体重 <2 500 g 的早产儿共5 473例(10 946眼),其中男2 938例,女2 535例,胎龄 26~36(34±0.94)周,出生体重 650~2 500(1 960±461)g。本研究获得珠海市妇幼保健院医学伦理委员会批准。

1.2 方法

      复方托吡卡胺滴眼液散瞳,每隔 10 min滴 1 次,共 3 次,滴完后静待 30 min开始检查。采用 0.4% 盐酸奥布卡因表面麻醉,用开睑器和巩膜压迫器,使用广角数码眼底照相(Retcam3)对眼底各方位采集图像并进行保存。根据视网膜血管化的范围以及 ROP 的类型制定筛查周期。筛查未发现 ROP,视网膜血管化位于 I 区或 II 区后极部,筛查周期为1周或更短。如视网膜血管化已达到 II 区周边部,筛查周期为 2 周。如病变为低危阈值前期病变,筛查周期为1周或更短。

1.3 ROP的诊断及治疗

      参照国际 ROP 分类[3]的相关规定诊断 ROP。如病变为 I 型阈值前病变或阈值病变,建议转上级医院进行干预治疗。

1.4 统计学处理

      采用SPSS 19.0 统计软件进行数据分析。对资料进行 χ² 检验,P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 总体患病情况分析

      共筛查早产儿5 473例(10 946眼),其中 185 例患有不同程度 ROP,患病率为 3.38%。185 例 ROP 患儿中 33 例(66 眼)属于严重 ROP,需要干预治疗,占所有患病人数的 17.84%。

2.2 各组分布情况分析

      按出生孕周将 ROP 患儿分为 26~31 周组、32~33周组、34~36 周组。根据出生体重分为低出生体重组(<2 000 g)和高出生体重组(≥2 000 g)。低出生体重组出生孕周为 26~31,32~33,34~36 的 ROP 患儿分别为 133,13,9 例,ROP 发病率分别为 14.9%,1.4%,1.3%,差异具有统计学意义(χ² = 183.42,P <  0.001)。高出生体重组出生孕周为 26~31,32~33,34~36 的ROP患儿分别为 1,5,24例,ROP 发病率分别为 7.1%,1.1%,1.0%,差异无统计学意义(χ² = 5.31,P ≥ 0.05,图1)。

图1 不同出生体重的早产儿在各不同胎龄的因素影响下的ROP发病情况
Figure 1 Incidence of ROP in premature infants with different birth weight and gestational age
      33 例严重 ROP 患儿(需要干预治疗的 ROP)中,低出生体重组出生孕周为 26~31,32~33,34~36 的严重ROP患儿分别为 29,3,1例,ROP 发病率分别为 3.2%,3%,0.1%,差异具有统计学意义(χ² = 40.35,P < 0.001)。高出生体重组无严重 ROP 患儿(图2)。

图2 低出生体重的早产儿在各不同胎龄的因素影响下的严重ROP发病情况
Figure 2 Incidence of severe ROP in low birth weight infants with different gestational age

3 讨论

      ROP 是一种可防治的疾病,合理用氧可显著减少 ROP 的发生,而及时筛查和治疗则对预防 ROP 致盲至关重要。为此,国家卫生部于 2004 年特制订颁布了《早产儿治疗用氧和视网膜病变防治指南》,对于规范我国的早产儿用氧和 ROP 防治,降低 ROP 发生率和致盲率起重要作用。
      各国的筛查标准目前差异较大,由于围生医学的水平较高,发达国家的筛查范围普遍较窄[4]。美国的筛查标准为出生胎龄 < 30 周或出生体重 <1 500 g[5];英国的筛查范围为出生胎龄 < 32 周或出生体重  < 1 500 g;芬兰筛查范围为出生胎龄 < 30 周或出生体重 < 1 250 g。绝大多数国家的筛查标准同时考虑到出生胎龄和体重。设立 ROP 筛查范围,既要考虑卫生绩效,避免资源浪费和减少不必要筛查带来的伤害,同时又要考虑到国内现状,避免漏筛。目前,我国的 ROP 发病率仍较高,大胎龄、高体重早产儿 ROP 亦不鲜见[6-8]。故 2013 年中国医师协会新生儿科医师分会对《早产儿治疗用氧和视网膜病变防治指南》[9]进行了修订,对筛查标准做了补充,改为出生胎龄 ≤ 34 周或出生体重 < 2 000 g的早产儿。2014 年中华医师学会眼科学分会眼底病学组颁布的《中国早产儿视网膜病变筛查指南(2014年)》[10]中认为 ROP 筛查的标准是出生体重 <2 000 g,或出生孕周 < 32 周的早产儿和低体重儿。
      我国目前在 ROP 防控方面,地区发展水平及其不均衡[11],在北京、上海、广州等大城市,目前 ROP 发病率较低,但在偏远地区,ROP 发病率仍较高,特别是大胎龄、高体重早产儿 ROP 时有发生,各地也在探索适合当地的筛查标准。我院结合本地的实际情况,扩大本地的筛查范围,即对出生体重 < 2 500 g的早产儿开展眼底筛查。本研究按照珠海市妇幼保健院的筛查标准,5 473 例早产儿中共发现 185 例 ROP,检出率 3.38%,与惠州市[12]报道的 3.479% 相似,但明显低于北京[13-15]等地区报道的发生率,这可能与各地区早产儿筛查的标准不同有关。本研究如按照北京筛查标准:胎龄 ≤ 34 周或体重 ≤ 2 000 g,ROP 发病率为 5.05%(151/2 992),仍然低于北京、深圳和东莞的 ROP 发病率。北京等地区参与筛查的都是新生儿监护病房的早产儿,多合并有全身疾病,而本研究筛查的病例并不全是新生儿监护病房的早产儿。另外,出现这种结果差异,可能也与当地的医疗技术水平有关。
      根据我国中华医学会颁布的《中国早产儿视网膜病变筛查指南(2014年)》[10],筛查标准是孕周 < 32 周或出生体重 < 2 000 g的早产儿,需筛查 2 529 例早产儿,可以减少大约一半的筛查工作量。可以筛查出 ROP 患儿 156 例,将有 29 人漏诊,但 29 人中无 1 例达到阈值期病变。筛查出的严重 ROP 患儿的出生体重 < 2 000 g,胎龄 ≤ 34 周。所以 2013 年的筛查指南制定的筛查标准是适合珠海地区的。目前 ROP 主要是对症治疗。1 型阈值前病变和阈值病变依然以激光光凝或冷凝为主,4 期和 5 期病变只能考虑手术治疗,且治疗效果较差[16]。抗 VEGF 药物治疗目前研究[17-19]较多,具有治疗时间短、效果显著、对周边视网膜破坏较少等优点,但同时也有复发率较高、随访时间长、经济负担重等缺点。所以 ROP 的重点还是在预防和早期发现。

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1、本文引用:苏满想, 李战, 薛艳, 张天测, 王培锋. 珠海地区近十年早产儿视网膜病变筛查结果[J]. 眼科学报, 2019, 34(2): 80-84. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2019.04.01
Cite this article as: SU Manxiang, LI Zhan, XUE Yan, ZHANG Tiance, WANG Peifeng. Screening results of retinopathy of prematurity in Zhuhai in the past ten years[J]. Yan Ke Xue Bao, 2019, 34(2): 80-84. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2019.04.01
Cite this article as: SU Manxiang, LI Zhan, XUE Yan, ZHANG Tiance, WANG Peifeng. Screening results of retinopathy of prematurity in Zhuhai in the past ten years[J]. Yan Ke Xue Bao, 2019, 34(2): 80-84. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2019.04.01
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    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    承办:中山大学中山眼科中心
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    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
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