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白内障手术患者围手术期非甾体抗炎滴眼液使用合理性分析

Analysis of the rational use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory eye drops in perioperative patients undergoing cataract surgery

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2025年7月 第40卷 第7期 515-521 发布时间: 收稿时间:2025/7/24 16:22:51 阅读量:34
作者:
关键词:
非甾体抗炎药白内障围手术期合理用药
non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrugs cataract perioperative period rational drug use
DOI:
10.12419/25041003
收稿时间:
2025-04-11 
修订日期:
2025-04-28 
接收日期:
2025-06-04 
目的: 探讨白内障手术患者围手术期非甾体抗炎药(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs)滴眼液应用的合理性,为优化临床用药方案提供依据。方法:采用回顾性研究方法,分析郑州市第二人民医院2024年100例(100眼)行白内障超声乳化并人工晶状体植入手术患者的临床数据,依据药品说明书、《我国白内障围手术期非感染性炎症反应防治专家共识(2015年)》《中国成人白内障摘除手术指南(2023年)》《中国激光角膜屈光手术围手术期用药专家共识(2024年)》等指南/共识制定评价标准,评价NSAIDs滴眼液的用药频次、疗程及术前预防性抗炎处理的规范性。结果:35%的病例存在用药不合理,共发现88项问题,包括用药频次错误(7.96%)、超疗程(22.72%)及术前用药不当(69.32%)。其中,65%糖尿病患者术前未启动NSAIDs预处理,41%非糖尿病患者术前1 d使用NSAIDs;溴芬酸钠滴眼液疗程超过10天者占20.45%,可能增加肝损伤风险。结论:医疗机构应采取积极有效措施,如制定个体化用药方案、加强合理用药培训、开展专项处方点评等,切实促进NSAIDs滴眼液在白内障手术患者围手术期的合理使用,保障患者的用药安全与治疗效果,提高医疗服务质量和患者满意度。
Objective: To investigate the rationality of perioperative application of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) eye drops in patients undergoing cataract surgery, thereby providing evidence for optimizing clinical medication protocols. Methods: A retrospective study method was used to analyse the clinical data of 100 patients (100 eyes) who underwent cataract ultrasonoemulsification with IOL implantation in 2024 at the Second People's Hospital of Zhengzhou City, and the evaluation criteria were developed based on the instructions of the medication, the Chinese expert consensus on prevention and management of non-infectious inflammatory responses in the perioperative period of cataract surgery (2015), the Chinese guideline for cataract surgery in adults (2023), and the Chinese expert consensus on the perioperative medication in laser corneal refractive surgery(2024)" and other guidelines/consensus to develop evaluation criteria to evaluate the standardisation of NSAIDs eye drops in terms of frequency of dosing, duration of treatment, and preoperative prophylactic anti-inflammatory treatment. Results: Irrational medication use was identified in 35% of cases, with a total of 88 issues categorized as follows: incorrect dosage frequency (7.96%), prolonged treatment duration (22.72%), and inappropriate preoperative medication (69.32%). Notably, 65% of diabetic patients failed to initiate NSAIDs pretreatment preoperatively as recommended by guidelines, while 41% of non-diabetic patients received NSAIDs one day before surgery. Prolonged use of bromfenac eye drops (>10 days) was observed in 20.45% of cases, potentially increasing the risk of liver injury. Conclusions: Medical institutions should take active and effective measures, such as formulating individualised medication plans, strengthening training on rational use of medication, and carrying out special prescription reviews, etc., to effectively promote the rational use of NSAIDs eye drops in the perioperative period of patients undergoing cataract surgery, to safeguard the safety of patients' use of medication and therapeutic efficacy, and to improve the quality of healthcare services and patients' satisfaction.

文章亮点

1. 关键发现

    · 白内障手术患者围手术期非甾体抗炎滴眼液使用存在用药频次、用药疗程以及术前抗炎预处理等方面与指南/共识推荐不符。

2. 已知与发现

    · NSAIDs滴眼液可有效抑制白内障术后炎症反应。
    · 糖尿病患者术前抗炎预处理不足的问题突出。

3. 意义与改变

    · 本研究揭示了NSAIDs滴眼液临床使用中的关键问题,为优化围手术期用药方案提供了依据。

        白内障是全球首位致盲性眼病[1],严重影响患者的生活质量。随着人口老龄化加剧,其患病率逐年攀升,手术治疗是目前唯一有效的治疗手段[2]。近年来,随着超声乳化吸除术的普及以及人工晶体材料的不断改进,白内障手术的安全性和有效性得到显著提升。然而,术后炎症反应仍是影响手术效果和患者预后的重要因素。非甾体抗炎药(non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, NSAIDs)通过抑制环氧化酶活性,减少前列腺素和白三烯等炎症介质的合成,从而在围手术期发挥抗炎、镇痛和预防黄斑囊样水肿的多重作用。虽然NSAIDs滴眼液在白内障手术患者围手术期中的应用越来越广泛,但其最佳给药方案仍存在争议。本研究参考药品说明书及相关指南共识制定评价标准,旨在探讨白内障手术患者围手术期NSAIDs滴眼液应用的合理性,以期为优化临床用药方案提供参考。

1 资料与方法

1.1 病例来源

        数据来源于郑州市第二人民医院信息系统(hospital information system, HIS),从HIS系统中随机抽取2024年行白内障超声乳化并人工晶体植入术的出院患者100例(100眼),对患者的性别、年龄、NSAIDs滴眼液的使用情况等进行汇总分析。纳入标准:确诊为年龄相关性白内障,均为单只患眼;行白内障超声乳化并人工晶体植入手术治疗;晶状体核硬度为Ⅱ~Ⅲ级。排除标准:曾有眼部其他疾病或眼内手术史患者;有严重心脏病、肝脏、肾脏疾病患者,自身免疫病患者;6周内需进行第2次眼部手术的患者。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准(批件号:KY2025052),遵循《赫尔辛基宣言》的原则,所有患者均签订知情同意书。

1.2 评价标准

        围绕白内障手术患者NSAIDs滴眼液的使用制定点评标准,用法用量及用药适宜性主要参考药品说明书、《我国白内障围手术期非感染性炎症反应防治专家共识(2015年)》《中国成人白内障摘除手术指南(2023年)》《中国激光角膜屈光手术围手术期用药专家共识(2024年)》[3-5],最终确定评价标准,详见表1。

表1 白内障手术NSAIDs滴眼液合理使用评价标准 

Table 1 Evaluation criteria for the rational use of NSAIDs eye drops in cataract surgery

项目分类

评价标准

给药频次

普拉洛芬滴眼液/双氯芬酸钠滴眼液,4/

溴芬酸钠滴眼液,2/

用药疗程

普拉洛芬>6

溴芬酸钠滴眼液>10 d

术期预防性抗炎

使用指征:合并糖尿病的白内障摘除术

使用时机:术前1周开始使用非甾体类抗炎眼药直至术后6

1.3 统计学方法

        采用SPSS 22.0和Excel 2003软件对数据进行统计分析,计量资料以x±s表示,计数资料以例数及百分比表示。

2 结果

2.1 患者基本情况

        纳入的100例(100眼)病例中,男性37例(37眼),年龄范围40~86岁,平均年龄为(64.41±12.13)岁,女性63例(63眼),年龄范围45~89岁,平均年龄为(69.53±9.79)岁。糖尿病患者20例,年龄范围51~77岁,平均年龄(65.75±7.95)岁。详见表2。

表2 患者基本情况 

Table 2 Patients' basic information

项目

合计

构成比/%

年龄

 

 

 

 

<60

15

12

27

27.00

60~79

18

42

60

60.00

≥80

4

9

13

13.00

特殊人群

 

 

 

 

糖尿病患者

8

12

20

20.00

2.2 合理性评价

        使用NSAIDs滴眼液合理病例65例(65.00%),不合理病例35例(35.00%),35份不合理病例中含有不合理问题88项(由于一份病例可能含有多种不合理问题,因此不合理问题的总和>35),包括频次错误、超疗程和术前预防用药错误。其中非糖尿病患者常规手术术前预防使用NSAIDs滴眼液41例(46.59%),溴芬酸钠滴眼液疗程>10 d18例(20.45%),糖尿病患者术前未使用NSAIDs滴眼液13例(14.77%)。详见表3。

表3 NSAIDs滴眼液的合理性评价 

Table 3 Evaluation of the rationality of NSAIDs eye drops

评价项目

例数/n

构成比/%

病例是否合理

 

 

    合理

65

65.00

   不合理

35

35.00

NSAIDs滴眼液用药频次错误

 

 

   普拉洛芬滴眼液﹤qid

3

3.41

   溴芬酸钠滴眼液tid

4

4.55

用药疗程

 

 

普拉洛芬滴眼液>6

2

2.27

溴芬酸钠滴眼液>10 d

18

20.45

术前抗炎预处理

 

 

糖尿病患者术前未使用NSAIDs滴眼液

13

14.77

糖尿病患者术前1 d使用NSAIDs滴眼液

7

7.95

非糖尿病患者常规于术前1 d使用NSAIDs滴眼液

41

46.59

qid为一天四次,tid为一天三次。

qid four times a day,tid three times a day.

3 讨论

3.1 NSAIDs滴眼液的用药合理性评价

    3.1.1 用药频次错误
        普拉洛芬滴眼液为丙酸衍生物,为临床常见NSAIDs,可通过抑制前列腺素的生成和稳定溶酶体膜来抑制眼部手术所致的多种炎症反应,同时具有镇痛作用,半衰期为1.5~3.5 h,药品说明书推荐频次为4次/天[6]。白内障手术由于术中机械损伤、人工晶状体异物抗原性、残余晶状体上皮的刺激作用等原因[7],术后炎症反应重。术后给予普拉洛芬滴眼液﹤4次/天的频次,势必会降低该药在眼部的浓度,影响抗炎效果。
        溴芬酸钠滴眼液为新一代NSAIDs,由于结构中引入了溴原子,亲脂性大大增加,更易穿透角膜,到达并分布于眼内各层组织,作用时间可持续24 h,因此,溴芬酸钠滴眼液用药频次为2次/天,较之其他NSAIDs滴眼液3~4次/天给药频次,不仅使用方便,也提高了患者的依从性[8]。本研究中4例患者,用药频次为3次/天,由于药品说明书中的用法用量是经过临床试验安全性、有效性验证的,增加用药频次可能会增大疗效,但同样会导致不良反应增多[9]。因此,不建议超药品说明书频次给药。
    3.1.2 用药疗程的合理性
        视网膜囊肿性黄斑水肿(cystoid macular edema, CME)是白内障手术后导致视力障碍的最常见原因,常发生在术后4~6周,虽然可以治疗,但由于光感受器结构的变化,患者在水肿消退后可能会出现永久性视力丧失。研究证实,局部使用NSAIDs可能降低CME的风险,故推荐白内障术后使用非甾体抗炎滴眼液至术后6周[10-11]。本研究中,2例患者术后使用普拉洛芬滴眼液超过6周,18例患者术后使用溴芬酸钠滴眼液超过10 d。虽然多数研究证实,局部使用NSAIDs通常安全且耐受性良好,发生不良事件的风险较低。但仍有研究显示,长期局部使用NSAIDs可能会增加角膜溶解的风险[12-13],同时滴眼液中的防腐剂苯扎氯铵也会对眼表组织产生毒性作用,导致干眼症的发生[14-15]。因此,对于确需超过6周疗程的患者,建议做好用药监护和随访。溴芬酸钠滴眼液连续使用超过10 d有引起严重肝损伤的风险[5],对于白内障术后眼内炎的患者,10 d后可调换其他NSAIDs滴眼液,用至疗程结束。若确需使用溴芬酸钠滴眼液超过10 d,则应严密监测肝功能,尤其是丙氨酸氨基转移酶的水平。
    3.1.3 糖尿病患者术前抗炎预处理的合理性
        本研究中,20例糖尿病患者术前未使用NSAIDs滴眼液预处理13例,术前1 d使用NSAIDs滴眼液7例。这与共识中推荐糖尿病患者需术前1周开始使用NSAIDs滴眼液存在差异。糖尿病合并白内障患者在接受白内障手术治疗时,术前瞳孔难以充分散大,术中瞳孔又易于缩小,这增加了虹膜损伤的风险,进而破坏血-房水屏障和血-视网膜屏障,导致前列腺素释放增加,加重术后炎症反应。同时,局部高浓度的炎症反应,也可反作用于房水屏障和视网膜屏障,增加黄斑囊样水肿发生率。另外术中的氧化应激反应,可导致血糖升高、活性自由基大量增加,从而引发诸多眼部并发症,影响术后视力水平的恢复。NSAIDs具有镇痛、下调炎症反应、抑制氧化应激等多种药理作用,同时对血糖影响小。因此大多数研究建议,糖尿病合并白内障患者术前使用NSAIDs预处理,以降低术后并发症,提高手术效果和视力恢复水平[16-17]。对于预处理的时间,不同研究存在差异。有研究显示,术前1周使用NSAIDs滴眼液的患者白细胞介素-12浓度明显降低,术前3 d局部抗炎药物治疗可预防炎症和CME,尤其是对高危患者[18]。对于术前3 d或1周开始预处理的居家老年患者,可能存在滴药困难、忘记用药次数、来院检查频次增加等问题,而术前1 d的在院预处理,虽避免了上述问题,大大提高了用药依从性,但有研究显示术前1 d使用NSAIDs滴眼液的患者,因其药物半衰期短,加之术中灌注液对游离药物的清除作用,可能使术前使用的NSAIDs在术后抗炎作用有限[19]
    3.1.4 常规白内障手术术前抗炎预处理的合理性
         本研究中,41例非糖尿病患者常规白内障手术术前1 d使用NSAIDs滴眼液。尽管已有研究证实,白内障术前给予NSAIDs预处理,不仅可以显著降低术中瞳孔异位综合征的发生率,还能减少术后1个月内的炎症反应以及降低术后CME的发生率[20-22],但这些研究大多采用术前3 d的预处理方案,而针对术前1 d预防用药,个别研究显示,可预防在飞秒激光辅助白内障手术术中前列腺素水平的升高[23]。对于常规白内障手术,国内共识[3, 24]并不推荐术前使用NSAIDs滴眼液。若术前使用NSAIDs预处理的目的是维持术中瞳孔散大,临床上则更多的推荐是术前使用散瞳药,如托吡卡胺或术中眼内注射肾上腺素以及眼内散瞳药-麻醉药组合[25-26]
        综上所述,NSAIDs滴眼液在白内障手术患者围手术期的应用较为广泛,但存在较高的不合理用药比例,主要体现在用药频次、用药疗程以及术前抗炎预处理等方面与专家共识推荐不符。医疗机构应结合药品说明书、相关指南、专家共识,并根据患者具体情况制定个体化用药方案;其次,应加强此类药物的合理用药培训以及用药宣教;同时药学部门可通过前置审方系统设置审核规则,以及开展专项处方点评工作。通过多措并举,切实促进NSAIDs滴眼液在白内障手术患者围手术期的合理使用,保障患者的用药安全与治疗效果,提高医疗服务质量和患者满意度。

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