眼表是一个复杂且精细的系统，包括角膜、泪膜和结膜等多个结构。作为眼部直接与外界接触的部分，眼表不仅负责起着保护眼睛的作用，还在视觉功能中扮演着至关重要的角色。眼表微环境（ocular surface microenvironment，OSM）的平衡对眼睛的健康至关重要，任何微环境的失衡都可能引发多种眼表疾病，如干眼症、角膜炎等。随着现代人群生活方式的改变，视屏终端综合征（Visual Display Terminal，VDT）发生率急剧上升，破坏了OSM的平衡，导致眼表疾病的发病率大大升高，特别是干眼症的发病率显著增加，严重影响了患者的生活质量，因此，深入研究维持OSM稳态的调节机制以及探索有效的治疗策略显得尤为紧迫。近年来，研究突破了传统的解剖学框架，揭示了OSM的多系统协同调控机制，为维持眼表微环境稳态提供了新的思路。神经、淋巴、免疫系统之间相互调节，不仅有助于深入挖掘眼表疾病的关键分子和信号通路，还为发现新的生物标志物以及潜在治疗靶点提供了新的方向。因此，本文章系统综述了近年来OSM调节机制的最新进展，重点讨论神经、淋巴和免疫调节在维持OSM稳态中的作用，并分析三者之间的相互影响，以期为眼表疾病的预防及诊疗提供新的思路。
The ocular surface is a complex and sensitive system composed of includes various structures including the cornea, tear film and conjunctiva. As the part of the eye directly exposed to the external environment, the ocular surface not only protects the eye, but also plays a vital role in vision. The balance of the ocular surface(OSM) is essential for eye health, and any disruption can lead to ocular surface diseases, such as dry eye and keratitis. With the evolving lifestyle of the modern population, the incidence of Visual Display Terminal (VDT) syndrome has significantly increased, disturbing the OSM balance and leading to a rise in ocular surface diseases, particularly dry eye disease, which severely impacts patients' quality of life. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct comprehensive research into the regulatory mechanisms that maintain OSM homeostasis and explore effective therapeutic strategies. Recent studies have moved beyond traditional anatomical frameworks, uncovering the multi-system coordinated regulatory mechanisms of OSM, providing new insights into maintaining ocular surface homeostasis. The interplay between the nervous, lymphatic, and immune systems not only helps identify key molecules and signaling pathways involved in ocular surface diseases but also offers new opportunities for discovering novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. This article presents a systematic review of the latest advancements in OSM regulatory mechanisms, focusing on the roles of nervous, lymphatic, and immune regulation in maintaining OSM homeostasis and analyzing the interactions among these systems, with the goal of offering new insights for the prevention and treatment of ocular surface diseases.
泪道阻塞是临床常见的眼科疾病，主要表现为溢泪、反复感染等症状，严重影响患者的生活质量。传统治疗方法主要采用硅胶或金属支架置入术，这些材料虽然能够暂时维持泪道通畅，但由于其不可降解性、容易移位、易形成生物膜导致感染等固有缺陷，往往需要二次手术取出，给患者带来额外的痛苦和经济负担。随着材料科学和生物医学工程的发展，新型支架材料的研发为解决这些问题提供了新的思路。文章聚焦新型材料如可降解材料、3D打印个性化支架、复合材料及表面改性技术等，这些材料可通过材料降解、精准适配或多功能整合提升临床疗效，但在降解速率调控、3D打印精度及成本方面仍面临诸多挑战。此外，这些新技术的长期安全性和有效性还需要更多临床数据的支持，在未来仍需不断探索，开发更精准的降解速率调控方法，优化3D打印流程以提高精度，降低材料制备的成本，探索更高效的复合材料制备技术。同时，要加强基础研究，推动更多创新技术在临床的应用，开发出更安全、更有效的新型泪道支架材料，为泪道阻塞患者提供更优质的治疗方案，推动泪道疾病治疗向精准微创化方向发展。
Lacrimal duct obstruction is a common clinical ophthalmic condition characterized by symptoms such as epiphora and recurrent infections, significantly impairing patients' quality of life. Traditional treatments primarily involve the implantation of silicone or metal stents. While these materials can temporarily maintain lacrimal duct patency, their inherent drawbacks—such as non-degradability, susceptibility to displacement, and tendency to form biofilms leading to infections—often necessitate secondary surgeries for removal, imposing additional physical and financial burdens on patients.Advances in materials science and biomedical engineering have introduced novel stent materials as potential solutions to these challenges. This article focuses on emerging materials such as biodegradable polymers, 3D-printed personalized stents, composite materials, and surface modification technologies. These innovations can enhance clinical outcomes through material degradation, precise customization, or multifunctional integration. However, challenges remain in regulating degradation rates, improving 3D printing precision, and reducing costs.Furthermore, the longterm safety and efficacy of these technologies require more clinical data for validation. Future research should explore more precise degradation rate control methods, optimize 3D printing processes to enhance accuracy, lower material production costs, and develop more efficient composite material fabrication techniques. Concurrently, strengthening fundamental research and promoting the clinical application of innovative technologies will be crucial to developing safer and more effective lacrimal duct stent materials. Such advancements will provide superior treatment options for patients with lacrimal duct obstruction and drive the field toward minimally invasive and precision medicine approaches.
大麻二酚(Cannabidiol,CBD)为大麻提取物中的一种非成瘾性活性成分，是目前研究最热门的植物源性大麻素之一。内源性大麻素系统(endocannabinoid system,ECS)在眼表和视网膜中的研究也已经取得显著进展。CBD可以广泛存在于整个眼球，且其分布和功能具有组织特异性。近年来研究发现CBD具有良好的抗炎、抗损伤、降低眼压及神经保护作用。该文详细介绍了CBD在眼部疾病中的研究进展，以及其对各种眼部疾病的治疗潜力。此外，还讨论了CBD在临床眼科治疗中的应用面临的挑战和未来的发展方向。
Cannabidiol(CBD), a non-addictive active ingredient in cannabis extract, is one of the most popular plant-derived cannabinoids. The study on the endoenuous cannabionoid system (ESC) has made significant progress in the ocular surface and retina. CBD exists extensively in the eyeball, and its distrution and functions of anti-inflammatory,antiinjury, reducing intraocular pressure, and neuroprotective effects have been found. This article introduces the research progress in CBD in eye diseases and the therapeutic potential of cannabidiol for various eye diseases in detailed.Furthermore, the challenges and prospect for the application of CBD in clinical ophthalmology were discussed.
