睑板腺功能障碍可导致眼表微环境失衡，眼部不适及视功能障碍，深刻影响着患者的视觉生活质量。

睑板腺按摩作为一种通过机械挤压睑板腺疏通睑板腺开口，排出异常睑酯的治疗手段，目前已被广泛应用于临床干眼患者，成为睑板腺功能障碍最常见的物理治疗方法。但由于睑板腺按摩的操作手法多样，不同医疗机构所积累的操作经验也不尽相同，导致在治疗过程中存在较多潜在风险，若操作不当，可造成眼部感染、眼睑红肿、结膜水肿出血，甚至角膜损伤。因此，制定标准化的操作流程，规范睑板腺按摩治疗非常重要。然而，目前尚缺乏全面、系统化且规范化的睑板腺按摩操作的临床实践指导。鉴于此，中山大学中山眼科中心联合全国19所医疗机构进行反复修订，于2023年12月17日在全国团体标准信息平台发布《睑板腺按摩操作流程》的团体标准。文章对该团体标准进行深度解读，以更好指导临床工作。

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) can lead to an imbalance in the ocular surface microenvironment, eye discomfortable, and visual impairment, thereby profoundly affecting the visual quality of life of patients. Meibomian gland massage is now widely used in clinical patients, serving as the most prevalent physical therapy for MGD. The mechanism of meibomian gland massage is to open the meibomian gland opening by squeezing the meibomian gland and expel abnormal eyelid esters. However, due to the diverse techniques used in meibomian gland massage and the varying levels of operational experience accumulated by different medical institutions, there are many potential risks in treatment process. If medical staff operate improperly, it can cause eye infections, eyelid redness and swelling, conjunctival edema and bleeding, and even corneal damage. Therefore, it is crucial to establish the standardized procedure of meibomian gland massage therapy. Yet, there is currently lack of comprehensive, systematic, and standardized clinical practice guidance. Thus, the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, in collaboration with 19 medical institutions across the country, has released the group standard for Operation Procedure of Meibomian Gland Massage on the National Group Standard Information Platform on December 17, 2023. This article aims to provide an in-depth interpretation of the group standard to guide clinical work better.

睑板腺功能障碍(meibomian gland dysfunction, MGD)是一种慢性弥漫性睑板腺疾病，可引起眼红、眼干、异物感等眼部不适，影响患者的眼健康及生活质量。强脉冲光(intense pulsed light, IPL)作为一种新兴有效的物理治疗方法，目前已广泛应用于治疗MGD及其他常见的眼表疾病，如蠕形螨性睑缘炎、睑缘炎相关角结膜病变、复发性睑板腺囊肿等。在IPL临床应用中，规范的操作是保障治疗有效性与安全性的关键。为更好指导和规范临床眼科医护人员的IPL治疗操作，由中山大学中山眼科中心牵头，联合全国19所医疗机构，经过多次修订，于2023年12月17日在全国团体标准信息平台发布了《强脉冲光治疗睑板腺功能障碍操作流程》的团体标准。文章旨在对该团体标准进行深度解读，详细阐述操作中的重点、难点与操作细节，以更好地指导临床工作。

Meibomian gland dysfunction is a chronic diffuse meibomian gland disease that can cause eye discomfort such as redness, dryness, and foreign body sensation in patients, and influence their eye health and quality of life. Intense pulsed light (IPL), as an effective physical therapy for meibomian gland dysfunction, is being used to treat meibomian gland dysfunction and related diseases widely, such as demodex blepharitis, keratoconjunctivitis, recurrent meibomian gland cysts and so on.. In the clinical application of IPL, standardized procedures are key to ensuring the effectiveness and safety of treatment. In order to better guide and standardize the IPL treatment operation of clinical ophthalmic medical workers, led by the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, and joined with 19 medical institutions across the country, after multiple revisions, the group standard " Operation Procedure of Intense Pulsed Light for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction" was released on the National Group Standard Information Platform on December 17, 2023. This article aims to provide an in-depth interpretation of the group's standards, detailing the key points, difficulties, and operational details of specific operations, in order to better guide clinical work.

玻璃体腔注药是年龄相关性黄斑变性、糖尿病视网膜病变、视网膜静脉阻塞等常见慢性眼底病的主要治疗方式，凭借其治疗量大、操作流程化、实施简便，已成为眼科临床常规诊疗项目。基于《“十四五”全国眼健康规划(2021－2025年)》要求，秉承以患者为中心的服务理念，在确保医疗安全的基础上，优化治疗流程，提升患者接受玻璃体腔注药治疗的就诊体验和治疗效果。同时，广东省将有望承接越来越多港澳的眼病患者，需要建立融合粤港澳大湾区的广东省注药标准。因此，在广东省医学会的领导下，由中山大学中山眼科中心联合广东省内其他21所医疗机构共同起草，通过函审、专家论证会等形式，共邀广东省内35名权威专家进行多轮会审，在参考国内外玻璃体腔注药标准的基础上，结合粤港澳大湾区眼科现状，共同讨论最终确定了本标准。本团体标准系统地描述了玻璃体腔注药的基本要求、适应证与禁忌证，制定了全新的玻璃体腔注药标准操作流程及其质量控制标准，并且介绍了并发症或不适的预防及处理，为广东省各级具有资质的医疗机构所开展的玻璃体腔注药的临床应用以及质量评估提供指导。

Intravitreal injection represents the primary method of drug administration for a range of common chronic endophthalmic diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion. Recognized for its high clinical efficacy, procedural standardization, and operational accessibility, this has become a routine clinical practice in ophthalmology. In alignment with the "National Eye Health Plan during the 14th Five-Year Plan period (2021–2025)" and the patient-centered service philosophy, this approach optimizes treatment processes and enhances patient experience and therapeutic outcomes while ensuring medical safety. Furthermore, Guangdong Province is poised to become a pivotal hub for ophthalmic care within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, anticipating a growing influx of patients from Hong Kong and Macao. This necessitates the development of a unified intravitreal injection standard tailored to regional healthcare integration. Under the auspices of the Guangdong Medical Association, a consortium led by Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, and 21 collaborating medical institutions across Guangdong, formulated this standard. Through iterative reviews involving correspondencebased evaluations and multidisciplinary expert consultations, 35 distinguished specialists refined the standard, synthesizing global best practices with insights into the Greater Bay Area’s unique ophthalmological landscape. This group standard systematically outlines the basic requirements, indications and contraindications of intravitreal injection, establishes a new standard operating procedure for intravitreal injection and quality control standards for this procedure. In addition, we have introduced guidance for the clinical application of this technique and quality assessment, as well as for the prevention and management of complications or adverse reactions.

荧光素眼底血管造影（fundus fluorescein angiography, FFA）是眼底疾病诊疗不可或缺的检查技术。虽然开展已有半个世纪，但临床工作者在FFA操作的规范性、科学性、安全性和结果同质性仍有不少顾虑和问题，同时缺乏相关指南和共识可供参考。中国微循环学会眼微循环专业委员会眼影像学组专家就FFA操作规范达成本共识，就开展FFA的条件和配置、适应证和禁忌证、检查前准备、检查操作程序、不良反应及处理、造影后患者告知和处理、造影报告等方面为FFA临床操作工作者提供建议和指导，以期在临床实践中获取良好眼底影像、减少不良反应、提高检查质量效率。

Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) is an indispensable examination for the diagnosis and treatment of ocular fundus diseases. Although FFA has been carried out for half a century, clinicians still have many concerns and problems in the standardization, scientificity, safety and result homogeneity of FFA practice, and there is a lack of relevant guidelines and consensus for reference. The experts of the Ophthalmic Imaging Group of the Ocular Microcirculation Division of the Chinese Society of Microcirculation reached a consensus on the standardized practice of FFA, providing suggestions and guidance for FFA operators about the clinical conditions and configurations, indications and contraindications, pre-examination preparation, examination procedures, adverse reactions and treatment, patient notification, and angiography reports, in order to obtain good fundus images, reduce adverse reactions, and improve the quality and efficiency of FFA examinations in clinical practice.

目的：探讨标准操作程序在玻璃体腔内注药术护理中的应用效果。方法：选择 2018 年 9 至 12 月中山大学中山眼科中心眼底专科门诊 504 例玻璃体腔内注药术患者作为研究对象，对护理人力资源的整合、患者等待手术时间、患者和家属的满意度、医护人员满意度进行评价。结果：标准操作程序后明确护士岗位职责，护士操作水平和综合能力有效提升，患者手术等待时间由原来的预约 2 周缩短为 2 d。患者和家属的满意度分别由 92.0% 和 91.0% 提高到 98.5% 和 97.0%。医护人员满意度的评价由 95% 提到至 98.4%。结论：玻璃体腔内注药术标准操作程序不仅提升了工作效率，更提升了患者和家属、医务人员的满意度，规范化的标准操作程序是玻璃体腔内注药的安全保障。

Objective: To investigate the effect of standard operation procedure in the intravitreal injection. Methods: A total of 504 patients visiting the fundus clinics of our hospital from September to December 2018 were selected in this study. The integration of nursing human resources, patient waiting time, patient and family satisfaction, and medical staff satisfaction were evaluated. Results: The nurses’job responsibilities were clarified, and the Nurses’operation level and comprehensive ability were improved. The patients’waiting time for surgery was shortened from 2 weeks to 2 days. Patient and family satisfaction increased from 92.0% and 91.0% to 98.5% and 97.0%, respectively. The evaluation of the satisfaction of medical staff was elevated from 95% to 98.4%. Conclusion: The standard operation procedure of intravitreal injection not only improves the work efficiency, but also significantly increases the satisfaction of patients and their families and medical staffs. Therefore, the standard operation procedure can guarantee the safety of intravitreal injection.

目的：探讨标准操作程序在玻璃体腔内注药术护理中的应用效果。方法：选择2018年9至12月中山大学中山眼科中心眼底专科门诊504例玻璃体腔内注药术患者作为研究对象，对护理人力资源的整合、患者等待手术时间、患者和家属的满意度、医护人员满意度进行评价。结果：标准操作程序后明确护士岗位职责，护士操作水平和综合能力有效提升，患者手术等待时间由原来的预约2周缩短为2 d。患者和家属的满意度分别由92.0%和91.0%提高到98.5%和97.0%。医护人员满意度的评价由95%提到至98.4%。结论：玻璃体腔内注药术标准操作程序不仅提升了工作效率，更提升了患者和家属、医务人员的满意度，规范化的标准操作程序是玻璃体腔内注药的安全保障。

Objective: To investigate the effect of standard operation procedure in the intravitreal injection. Methods: A total of 504 patients visiting the fundus clinics of our hospital from September to December 2018 were selected in this study. The integration of nursing human resources, patient waiting time, patient and family satisfaction,and medical staff satisfaction were evaluated. Results: The nurses’ job responsibilities were clarified, and the nurses’ operation level and comprehensive ability were improved. The patients’ waiting time for surgery was shortened from 2 weeks to 2 days. Patient and family satisfaction increased from 92.0% and 91.0% to 98.5% and 97.0%, respectively. The evaluation of the satisfaction of medical staff was elevated from 95% to 98.4%.Conclusion: The standard operation procedure of intravitreal injection not only improves the work efficiency, but also significantly increases the satisfaction of patients and their families and medical staffs. Therefore, the standard operation procedure can guarantee the safety of intravitreal injection.

球后阻滞是将局部麻醉药注入眼球后方的肌锥内，通过阻断鼻睫神经、动眼神经和睫状神经节，达到镇痛，限制眼球运动和降低眼内压的作用。现代球后阻滞技术是内眼手术眼球制动与麻醉的“金标准”，也是最常用的眼部区域阻滞方式。虽然与该技术相关的并发症少见，但可危害视力甚至危及生命。本专家共识介绍了球后阻滞的应用范围，系统描述了支配眼球运动与感觉的神经解剖、球后阻滞的安全性、操作方法、常用药物、禁忌证和并发症的处理等，为此技术的临床应用提供指导。

Retrobulbar block refers to the injection of local anesthetics into the muscle cone behind the eyeball, blocking the ciliary, oculomotor, and ciliary ganglion nerves, to provide pain relief, restrict eye movement, and reduce intraocular pressure. Modern retrobulbar block is the "gold standard" for eyeball immobilization and anesthesia in intraocular surgeries, and it is the one of the most commonly used methods for ocular regional block. Although the complications related to this method are rare, the complications will threaten the vision and even life. Th is expert consensus introduces the application scope of retrobulbar block, and systematically describes functional neuroanatomy of eye sensation and movements, safety and procedures of retrobulbar block, local anesthetics, contraindications and complications of the block, which can provide the reference for clinical application of this method.

目的：在推广护理标准预防操作流程(standard operation procedure，SOP)前后对护理人员进行操作情况和针刺伤职业暴露水平对比，探索护理SOP的实用性和有效性。方法：在中山大学中山眼科中心推广护理SOP前后，分别对14名责任护士进行操作考核，并对推广护理SOP前后收治的传染病患者数量和针刺伤职业暴露事件数量进行对比。结果：推行护理SOP前后操作考核平均分分别为82.31分、88.23分，差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。初高级责任护士考核结果差异无统计学意义。推行护理SOP前后病房收治血液传染性疾病患者总数分别为32例、51例，针刺伤职业暴露事件分别为4例、0例，差异有统计学意义(χ² =6.698，P=0.020)。结论：护理SOP的推广可使护理人员加强自我防护，减少针刺伤职业暴露，有效降低医源性感染率。

Objective: To compare the operation status and occupational exposure to needle stick injuries level of nursing staff before and after the promotion of nursing standard prevention operation procedure (SOP), and to explore the practicability and effectiveness of nursing SOP. Methods: Before and after the promotion of nursing SOPs at Zhongshan Ophthalmology Center of Sun Yat-sen University, 14 responsible nurses were assessed for operation,and the number of infectious diseases and occupational exposures to needle stick injuries before and after the promotion of nursing SOPs were compared. Results: The average scores of operation and evaluation before and after the implementation of nursing SOP were 82.31 points and 88.23 points, with significant statistical difference(P<0.001). There was no statistical difference in the results of the initial senior responsible nurses. The total number of patients with blood infectious diseases before and after the implementation of nursing SOP was 32 cases and 51 cases. The occupational exposure to needle stick injuries events were 4 cases and 0 and the difference was statistically significant (χ2 =6.698, P=0.020). Conclusion: The promotion of standard preventive procedures can enable caregivers to strengthen self-protection, reduce occupational exposure, and effectively reduce the rate of iatrogenic infection.