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二甲双胍治疗与2型糖尿病患者糖尿病性视网膜病变的相关性研究

Relationship between metformin treatment and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年4月 第37卷 第4期 298-306 发布时间: 收稿时间:2023/1/13 17:12:56 阅读量:4263
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糖尿病性视网膜病变二甲双胍2型糖尿病并发症危险因素药物治疗
diabetic retinopathy metformin type 2 diabetes mellitus complications risk factors medication
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.04.04
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目的:探讨2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者二甲双胍治疗与糖尿病性视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)的相关性。方法:回顾2015年9月至2020年8月在中日友好医院眼科就诊的1 891例T2DM患者的临床资料,对病程≥10年的324例T2DM患者的一般资料、内科疾病史、糖尿病治疗史、眼科检查和实验室血生化指标进行回顾性病例研究。根据是否接受二甲双胍治疗分为二甲双胍治疗组与非二甲双胍治疗组,根据眼底检查结果同时结合DR临床诊断标准,将DR分为无明显DR、非增生性DR及增生性DR。采用logistic多因素回归分析判断年龄、性别、糖尿病发病年龄、糖尿病病程、高血压病程、高血脂病程、吸烟年数、体重指数、胰岛素治疗及空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、尿酸和血肌酐水平对结局变量的影响。结果:在DR的发病风险方面,二甲双胍治疗组与非二甲双胍治疗组的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。对T2DM患者DR发生及不同分期的相关变量行单因素及多因素分析,结果显示吸烟年数、空腹血糖及肌酐均与DR发病呈正相关(均P<0.05),而年龄与DR发病呈负相关(P<0.01),糖尿病发病年龄与DR发生呈显著负相关(OR=0.95,95%CI:0.92~0.98,P=0.0003)。在二甲双胍治疗的T2DM患者中,二甲双胍的疗程(OR=1.02,95%CI:0.96~1.08,P>0.05)及平均剂量(OR=1.50,95%CI:0.79~2.84,P>0.05)与DR的发生与进展均无显著相关性;女性DR发生与进展的风险较男性低(P<0.05);合并胰岛素治疗与DR发生呈明显正相关(OR=3.11,95%CI:1.59~6.07,P<0.01);吸烟年数长、糖化血红蛋白及尿酸水平高于正常范围均与DR的发生与进展呈正相关(P<0.05)。在口服二甲双胍患者中,未使用胰岛素治疗组和联合使用胰岛素组的DR发病风险有显著差异(P<0.01);而未口服二甲双胍患者中,胰岛素治疗与DR发生呈正相关(OR=12.43,95%CI:3.75~41.19,P<0.0001)。结论:病程10年以上T2DM患者中,二甲双胍治疗与DR发生与进展均无显著相关性。
Objective: To investigate the correlation between metformin therapy and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: The clinical data of 1 891 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending the ophthalmology department of China-Japan Friendship Hospital from September 2015 to August 2020 were reviewed. A retrospective study was performed on 324 cases of these T2DM patients with disease duration ≥10 years. Medical records of all patients including general information, history of medical disease, diabetes treatment, ophthalmologic examination and blood biochemical indices were collected. According to whether metformin treatment was received or not, the patients were divided into a metformin-treated and a non-metformin-treated groups. DR is classified into non-obvious DR, non-proliferative DR and proliferative DR according to the fundus examination and the clinical diagnostic criteria of DR. Logistic multiple regression analysis was used to determine the effects of age, sex, age of DM onset, duration of DM, duration of hypertension,
duration of hyperlipidemia, years of smoking, body mass index, insulin treatment and fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid and blood creatinine levels on DR. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the risk of developing DR between the metformin-treated and non-metformin-treated groups (P>0.05). Univariate and multifactorial analyses of variables related to the occurrence and different stages of DR in patients with T2DM showed that years of smoking, fasting glucose and creatinine were positively associated with DR (P<0.05), while age was negatively associated with DR (P<0.01), and age of DM onset was significantly negatively associated with DR (OR=0.95, 95%CI: 0.92 to 0.98, P=0.0003). In T2DM patients treated with metformin, neither the duration of metformin (OR=1.02, 95%CI: 0.96 to 1.08, P>0.05) nor the mean dose(OR=1.50, 95%CI: 0.79 to 2.84, P>0.05) was significantly associated with developing DR. The risk of developing DR was lower in women than in men (P<0.05); combined insulin therapy was significantly positively correlated with the risk of DR (OR=3.11, 95%CI: 1.59 to 6.07, P<0.01); long-term smoking, glycosylated hemoglobin and uric acid levels higher than normal were positively associated with DR (P<0.05). In metformin users, there was a significant difference in the risk of developing DR between the no-insulin treatment group and the combined insulin group (P<0.01); and among patients not using metformin, insulin therapy was positively associated with the occurrence of DR (OR=12.43, 95%CI: 3.75 to 41.19, P<0.0001). Conclusion: There was no significant association between metformin treatment and DR among patients with T2DM for >10 years.
    糖尿病性视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)是2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)的常见眼底并发症,其发生与进展可能与年龄、糖尿病病程、血糖、血压和血脂等多种全身因素相关。临床研究[1]发现:部分DR患者未经眼科局部治疗病情也可好转,可能与患者全身因素包括所接受的药物治疗有关。二甲双胍是目前T2DM治疗的一线用药,被认为可以延缓患者微血管疾病的进展[2],并对眼部并发症具有保护作用[3]近年回顾性研究[4-5]表明:在初诊T2DM并治疗3个月以上的患者中,二甲双胍治疗降低了非增生性DR(non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)发生的风险;在黑色人种及白色人种为主的T2DM患者中,二甲双胍治疗与病变进展至重度NPDR或增生性DR(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)的风险降低存在相关性。不同降糖药物与DR相关性的荟萃分析[6]认为:由于临床研究较少,二甲双胍与DR的关系尚不能明确。本研究回顾T2DM病程10年以上的华裔患者的二甲双胍治疗史及全身相关因素,旨在分析服用二甲双胍与DR发生发展的相关性。

1 对象与方法

1.1 对象

    收集2015年9月至2020年8月在中日友好医院眼科就诊的1 891名T2DM患者的临床资料,根据纳入标准及排除标准,对其中324例患者的内科及眼科病历资料进行回顾性研究。其中男175例,女149例;年龄50~93(62.0~73.0)岁,中位年龄为67.0岁。纳入标准:内科诊断T2DM≥1 0年,且均符合1999年WHO糖尿病专家委员会制订的糖尿病诊断与分型标准[7];眼科就诊前后半年内有内科诊疗资料和生化检验。排除标准:其他类型糖尿病;糖尿病诊断前已自行服用降糖类药物或不规律药物治疗;合并其他内分泌系统疾病并接受药物治疗;合并免疫系统疾病并接受激素或免疫调节类药物治疗;有视网膜脱离病史,同时存在其他视网膜血管疾病,如视网膜动脉阻塞、视网膜静脉阻塞、视网膜血管炎等;玻璃体切割手术史;严重白内障或其他眼部疾病影响眼底检查及诊断。本研究经中日友好医院医学伦理委员会审核批准(批准号2021-79-K47)。

1.2 方法

    眼科检查项目包括视力、眼压、裂隙灯显微镜、间接检眼镜、眼底彩色像和 / 或 OCT 检查,部分患者行FFA检查。参照D R临床诊断标准[8],将患者分为无DR(no diabetic retinopathy,NDR)、NPDR、PDR,分别为233例 、49例 、42例。内科病历收集信息包括糖尿病病程、高血压病程、高血脂病程、吸烟史、高血压用药史、高血脂用药史、口服降糖药物及胰岛素治疗史、身高、体重,并依据公式计算体重指数[bodymass index,BMI;BMI=体重(kg)/身高(m)2 ],由年龄–糖尿病病程计算获得糖尿病发病年龄。患者糖尿病病程10~40年,中位数病程17.0(12.0,20.0)年;规律口服降糖药物中包含二甲双胍的患者为二甲双胍治疗组( n =209),从未服用或不规律服用二甲双胍小于1个月的患者为非二甲双胍治疗组(n=115)。从我院检验报告中记录实验室指标,包括空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG;正常值参考范围3.61~6.11 mmol/L)、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c;正常值参考范围4%~6%)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,T C;正常值参考范围2.84~5.68 mmol/L)、 三酰甘油 (triglycerides , T G;正常值参考范围0.56~1.7 mmol/L)、尿酸(uric acid,UA;正常值参考范围90~420 μmol/L)、肌酐(creatinine,Cr;正常值参考范围44~133 μmol/L)。

1.3 统计学处理

    采用SAS v9.4软 件(美国北卡罗来纳州SAS研究所 ) 对数据进行统计分析。数据资料用Kolmogorov-Smirnov法进行正态分布检验,正态分布的定量数据用均数±标准差(x ± s)表示,用独立样本 t 检验比较两组差异;偏态分布的定量数据用中位数(四分位数)表示,用Mann-Whitney U检验比较差异。计数资料用频数和百分率表示,用χ2检验比较两组之间的差异。采用logistic回归分析进行单因素分析,逐步法筛选变量进行多因素分析,结合临床意义纳入最终模型,评估各自变量与D R之间的关联性及暴露因素之间的交互作用。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组间一般资料及生化指标比较

    在DR的发生率方面,二甲双胍治疗组与非二甲双胍治疗组的差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。与非二甲双胍治疗组相比,二甲双胍治疗组患者年龄小、Cr值低,而高血脂病程长、BMI值大、HbA1c高,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);两组患者性别构成比、糖尿病病程、高血压病程、吸烟史、高血压药物治疗、高血脂药物治疗、胰岛素及口服降糖药物治疗、DR治疗史、FPG、TC、TG、UA比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05,表1)。
表1 二甲双胍治疗组与未服用二甲双胍组2型糖尿病患者的一般临床资料比较
Table 1 Comparison of general clinical data of type 2 diabetes patients treated with metformin and those not treated with metformin
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2.2 DR 发生与进展的相关因素分析

    对T2DM患者发生DR的相关变量行单因素及多因素分析,结果显示:吸烟年数越长、FPG越高发生D R风险越大,O R值分别为1.01(95%CI:1.00~1.03)、1.11(95%CI:1.02~1.20),而二甲双胍治疗与DR发生无明显相关(OR=1.17,95%CI:0.70~1.95,P>0.05)。多因素分析中,糖尿病发病年龄与DR发生呈显著负相关(OR=0.95,95%CI:0.92~0.98,P=0.0003),年龄与DR发生呈明显负相关(OR=0.95,95%CI:0.92~0.99,P<0.01),高血脂病程与DR发生呈负相关(OR=0.95,95%CI:0.91~0.99,P<0.05),胰岛素治疗与DR发生呈明显正相关(OR=4.14,95%CI:2.37~7.23,P<0.01),C r值 与DR发生呈正相关(OR=1.01,95%CI:1.00~1.02,P<0.05;表2)。

表2 二型糖尿病患者DR发生与进展的单因素及多因素分析
Table 2 Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models assessing risk of developing DR in T2DM patients

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    T2DM患者DR进展中不同分期的相关变量分析表明:二甲双胍治疗与D R分期无明显相关(OR=1.08,95%CI:0.66~1.79,P >0.05)。多因素分析中,糖尿病发病年龄、患者年龄与D R分期呈明显负相关(OR=0.95,95%CI:0.92~0.98,P = 0.0003; OR=0.95, 95%CI: 0.93~0.99,P<0.01),Cr值与DR分期呈明显正相关(OR=1.01,95%CI:1.00~1.02,P<0.01;表2)。

2.3 二甲双胍治疗患者 DR 相关因素分析

    在服用二甲双胍治疗的T2DM患者中,对是否发生DR的回归分析结果显示:二甲双胍的治疗时间、平均剂量与DR发生均无明显相关(OR=1.02,95%CI:0.96~1.08,P>0.05;OR=1.50,95%CI:0.79~2.84,P>0.05);合并胰岛素治疗与DR发生呈明显正相关(OR=3.11,95%CI:1.59~6.07,P<0.01);吸烟年数、超过正常范围的HbA1c和UA值均与DR发生呈正相关(OR=1.02,95%CI:1.00~1.04,P<0.05;OR=6.88,95%CI:1.43~33.07,P<0.05;OR=2.36,95%CI:1.05~5.32,P<0.05)。服用二甲双胍的女性患者较男性患者发生DR的风险更小(OR=0.53,95%CI:0.28~0.99,P<0.05;表3)。
    在口服二甲双胍患者中,未使用胰岛素治疗组和联合使用胰岛素组仅在糖尿病病程上有显著差异(P <0.0001),其他危险因素在两组间均无显著差异;而DR发病风险在两组间有显著差异(P=0.0018;表4)。在未口服二甲双胍患者中,胰岛素治疗与DR发生呈正相关(OR=12.43,95%CI:3.75~41.19,P<0.0001)。
    二甲双胍治疗的 T2DM 患者DR 进展中不同分期的回归分析结果显示:超过正常范围的UA值、合并胰岛素治疗与DR分期均呈明显正相关(OR=2.92,95%CI:1.39~6.14,P <0.01;OR=2.53,95%CI:1.35~4.74,P<0.01),超过正常范围的HbA1c与D R分期呈正相关(OR=4.89,95%CI:1.11~21.54,P<0.05);服用二甲双胍的女性患者较男性患者DR进展的风险更小(OR=0.51,95%CI:0.28~0.95,P<0.05)。而二甲双胍的治疗时间、平均剂量、以及两者的交互作用均与DR分期无明显相关(P>0.05,表3)。

表3 二甲双胍治疗的糖尿病患者中DR发生与进展的单因素及多因素分析
Table3 Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models assessing risk of developing DR in metformin users
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表4 二甲双胍治疗的糖尿病患者中未使用胰岛素治疗组和联合胰岛素治疗组的资料比较
Table 4 Comparison of no insulin treatment and the combined insulin treatment in metformin users
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3 讨论

    随着T2DM在世界范围内高度流行,DR发病率也随之逐年上升,尤其在糖尿病病程超过10年的患者中DR发病率更高、视功能损害更严重[9]。二甲双胍不仅可以通过改善代谢功能控制血糖,还具有抗血管生成及抗炎作用,被认为具有应用于治疗DR的潜力[10]。动物实验[11]表明二甲双胍对视网膜色素上皮细胞的退化及光感受器细胞的损伤具有保护作用;临床研究[12]也证实二甲双胍用药时间越长,对糖尿病患者眼底病变的保护作用越明显。本研究纳入糖尿病病程超过10年的T2DM患者,在减小糖尿病病程差异对DR病情影响的同时,保证了二甲双胍药物疗效的充分发挥,从而评估长期二甲双胍治疗对DR的影响。
    本研究比较了二甲双胍治疗组与非二甲双胍治疗组DR的发病风险,发现组间差异无统计学意义,在考虑全身危险因素的情况下将二甲双胍的疗程及平均剂量纳入分析,同样显示二甲双胍治疗与DR发生及病变进展均无显著相关性。虽然近期有临床研究[4]显示二甲双胍治疗可降低发生NPDR及威胁视力DR的风险,但这篇研究中糖尿病病史≥4年的患者仅占7%,因此并不能反映长期服用二甲双胍对DR病情进展的影响。而另一篇对T2DM病程超过15年患者的回顾性研究[5]表明二甲双胍治疗降低了病变进展至重度NPDR或PDR的风险,但该研究并没有将DR相关危险因素充分纳入分析,且研究人群中95%以上为黑色人种及白色人种,因此尚不能说明亚裔人群中二甲双胍治疗与DR的相关性。另外,二甲双胍对DR的潜在保护作用受到关注[10],主要基于二甲双胍被认为可通过影响血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)信号转导,减少视网膜新生血管形成。VEGF信号转导在DR的发病机制中具有重要作用,也是目前D R局部药物治疗的重要靶点。基础研究[13-14]显示:二甲双胍可以降低VEGF受体2(VEGFR2)的磷酸化,诱导VEGF-A mRNA选择性剪接,减少VEGF-A表达,抑制新生血管生成。但近年也有研究[15]得出了相反的结果:二甲双胍可增加人血管内皮细胞中VEGFR1/2的表达,高血压大鼠经二甲双胍治疗后肾中VEGF-A表达水平升高[16],在糖尿病大鼠外周动脉缺血的模型中,二甲双胍联合辛伐他汀治疗后VEGF水平升高,促进血管生成[17]。因此,在合并高血压、慢性缺血等全身危险因素的情况下二甲双胍对体内VEGF水平的影响尚不明确,二甲双胍与DR发生进展的相关性还需要更多基于临床的研究[6]
    T2DM药物治疗的相关研究[18]认为不同类型口服降糖药物与二甲双胍联用对DR进展的影响无显著差异,而胰岛素治疗是DR发病的独立危险因素[5,19-20],因此本研究将合并胰岛素治疗纳入分析,发现不论是否口服二甲双胍治疗,胰岛素治疗均显著增加DR发生与进展的风险,胰岛素治疗与DR的相关性还有待从糖尿病病情、胰岛素治疗的量效关系及时效关系中进一步论证。
    糖尿病发病年龄与患者年龄均与DR的发生呈负相关,而其中糖尿病发病年龄的相关性更为显著,表明在T2DM病程>10年的患者中,糖尿病发病年龄越大,DR发病风险越小。研究[21]显示:在年龄≤40岁发病的糖尿病患者DR发病率为11.5%,而晚发病患者中DR发病率为10%。近期也有研究[22-23]报道:糖尿病诊断年龄越小,血管相关并发症的发病率越高,在青年或成年早期确诊糖尿病的患者更容易患DR。
    二甲双胍治疗组中HbA1c、高脂血症病程及BMI高于非二甲双胍治疗组,证实了二甲双胍在肥胖及代谢功能异常的糖尿病患者中应用更为广泛。FPG、HbA1c、UA和Cr也显示为DR的危险因素,FPG与HbA1c直接体现患者血糖控制的水平,被认为与DR显著相关[24],而UA和Cr可能与糖尿病患者肾脏功能的损害程度相关。
    本研究结果显示:在二甲双胍治疗的糖尿病患者中,女性发生DR的风险更小。回顾既往研究,性别与DR的相关性存在争议:早期研究[20]认为DR与性别无关;近年有研究[9]认为男性是DR的独立危险因素,女性发病率仅为男性的2/3;此外,还有研究[25]认为:中国女性DR患病率高于男性,在中等经济地区60岁以上且病程超过10年的T2DM患者中女性与DR独立相关。本研究结果还显示:吸烟年数是DR发生发展的危险因素,女性DR发病风险更小可能与吸烟比例更小有关。此外,女性患者与DR仅在二甲双胍治疗人群中表现出显著相关,这可能与二甲双胍对性激素雌二醇的依赖性有关。近期也有研究[26]发现二甲双胍对大脑损伤修复的作用仅限于成年女性。
    综上所述,在糖尿病病程超过10年的人群中,二甲双胍治疗与D R的发生与进展均无显著相关性,糖尿病发病年龄越大,DR发病风险越小,不论是否口服二甲双胍,胰岛素治疗均增加DR的发病风险;而在二甲双胍治疗的T2DM患者中,女性DR发生与进展的风险较男性低,相关机制还需要进一步研究论证。本研究是针对北京地区T2DM亚裔患者临床资料的回顾性研究,样本量相对较小,不能完全排除回忆偏倚,且仅是横断面研究,未能获取准确的DR病程并纳入研究,因此,后续可扩大研究的地域范围,通过前瞻性研究获取准确的DR病程,并在长期随访中动态评价二甲双胍治疗、糖尿病病情及DR发生、发展之间的关联。

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2、余克富,曹婉昕,徐蓓等.血-眼屏障及眼部疾病全身给药的现状[J].临床药物治疗杂志,2022,20(9):24-27.YU Kefu, CAO Wanxin, XU Bei, et al. Bolld-ocular barrier and status of systemic administration of drugs in ocular diseases[J]. Clin Med J, 2022, 20(9): 24-27.
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