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基于循证医学证据的眼科超说明书用药情况调查与分析

Evidence-based analysis of off-label drug use in ophthalmology

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2023年1月 第38卷 第1期 25-35 发布时间: 收稿时间:2023/1/18 15:10:45 阅读量:4668
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眼科超说明书用药循证医学证据参考目录眼局部用药
ophthalmology off-label drug use medical evidence reference catalogue topical eye medication
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2023.01.06
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目的:分析眼科超说明书用药使用情况,为眼科临床合理用药提供有效、安全的循证参考依据。方法:考察并收集21家爱尔眼科医院集团眼科中心城市及省会级医院备案的超说明书用药情况,同时抽查处方、医嘱用药,对超说明书用药情况进行充分论证评估,参考广东省、山东省等超说明书用药共识、文献,进行统计、分析和归纳,并征求相关眼科临床专家意见。结果:梳理指南、共识及期刊论文等循证医学证据,得出超说明书用药推荐级别1级8项、2级29项、3级24项,并编写了供集团内使用的《眼科医院眼科超药品说明书用药参考目录(2021年版)》,便于临床参考使用。在眼科常用有32种超说明书药品,61项超说明书用药,其中超给药途径32项(52.5%)、超适应证用药13项(21.3%)、超适应证合并超给药途径14项(23.0%)。超说明书品种及超说明用药项目数均以抗菌药物最多,分别为13个(40.6%)品种,26项(42.6%)。结论:眼科因特殊的给药途径,超说明书用药比较普遍,而如抗菌药物注射剂使用眼内注射或滴眼等超说明书用药方式对某些急性眼内感染性疾病起到了很好的治疗效果。规范眼科超说明书用药,是防范医疗风险的必要措施。
Objective: To investigate off-label ophthalmic medications, and provide an effective and safe evidence-based reference for the rational use of ophthalmic drugs. Methods: On the basis of collecting the off-label drug use recorded in 21 Aier Eye Hospital Group which including ophthalmic central cities and provincial capital level hospitals, and spot checking the prescription and doctor’s order drug use, this article conducted full demonstration and evaluation of off-label drug use which referred to the off-label drug used consensus of Guangdong and Shandong, and other literature on the off-label drug use in ophthalmology. The paper conducted statistics, analysis and induction, and solicited the opinions of relevant ophthalmology clinical experts. Results: Sorting out the evidence of the guides,consensus, journal papers and other evidence-based medicine in ophthalmic medication, recommending 8 items of level 1, 29 items of level 2, and 24 items of level 3, we compiled the “Reference catalogue for the off-label drug use in ophthalmic hospital (2021 edition)” within the group which can providing reference for clinical use. There were 61 off-label drugs commonly used in ophthalmology, involving 32 drugs. Among them, 32 items (52.5%) were used by over administration route, 13 items (21.3%) were used by over indication, and 14 items (23.0%) were used by over indication and administration route. Antibacterial drugs were the most frequently used in the varieties and items of off-label drug use, accounting for 13 (40.6%) and 26 (42.6%) respectively. Conclusion: Ophthalmic off-label medications are common owing to the special route of administration. Such as intraocular injection or eye drop have played a good role in the treatment of some ocular infectious diseases. Standardizing the off-label drug use of ophthalmology is an effective measure to reducing medical risks.
    药品说明书是载明药品重要信息的法定文件,是医生开具处方选用药品的法定指南,是患者了解药品信息的主要途径。但药品说明书更新较慢,对于临床诊疗来说相对滞后。超说明书用药是指药品使用的适应证、剂量、疗程、途径或人群等未在药品监督管理部门批准的药品说明书记载范围内的用法。2021年8月20日通过的《中华人民共和国医师法》首次将超说明书用药写入该法第29条,已于2022年3月1日起实施。目前,虽有超说明书用药参考[1-3]和共识等专著[4-5],但其中涉及眼科用药极少,而超说明书用药现象在眼科普遍存在,本研究在充分调研和收集21家爱尔眼科医院集团(以下简称本集团)眼科中心城市及省会级医院超说明书用药情况的基础上,查阅大量国内外文献,旨在以充分循证医学证据为基础,给各级医疗机构眼科超说明书用药提供更系统的参考资料,提高眼科超说明书用药治疗有效性、安全性,降低医疗风险。

1 资料与方法

1.1 资料

    收集21家本集团眼科中心城市及省会级医院备案的超说明书用药品种和规格,以及国内外眼科疾病用药指南[6-8]、专家共识[2,5,9]、文献报道。按照药理作用分类进行排序,逐一完善相关循证医学证据,并征求相关眼科临床专家意见,列举出具体的超说明书使用方式。

1.2 方法

    根据《药品管理法》《医疗机构药事管理规定》等法律法规和规定,参考相关专家共识[4] 、药品说明书,依据超说明书用药的内涵制订包括药品名称、治疗疾病、超说明书使用类型、超说明书使用证据等的“超说明书用药调查表”(表1),将电子版调查表发放给本集团内中心城市及省会级医院眼科药学学组委员,共计收集21家眼科医院超说明书用药调查表。综合实地调研抽查13家医院的处方、医嘱用药情况、各家医院每月填报的处方医嘱点评情况,初步形成本集团眼科医院超说明书用药信息。

表1 医院超说明书用药调查表
Table 1 Questionnaire of offff-label drug use in hospital

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1.3 循证医学证据的检索

    根据初步形成的超说明书用药信息,查询国外药品说明书官方网站、国内外主流指南和医学数据库,对超说明书用药具体用法用量信息进行检索并列举,提请本集团内3位眼科专家和29位眼科药学学组成员审核,形成超说明书用药参考目录发送给医院,医院根据自身情况拟定本院目录后提交本院药事委员会通过后备案。

1.4 循证医学证据分级

    对超说明说用药的证据推荐进行了分级,共分为3级。1级(推荐):国外药品说明书。主要查询各国的官方网站,检索美国食品药品管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)官网、欧洲药品管理局(European Medicines Agency,EMA)官网、日本药品和医疗器械管理局(Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency,PDMA)官网等。2级(大多数情况下推荐):国际/国内主流指南、《中华人民共和国药典临床用药须知》《药物临床应用指导原则》《临床诊疗指南》最新版、普通高等教育本科国家级规划教材(人民卫生出版社最新版)中收录;国际经典药学工具书、参考书,如《马丁代尔药物大典》和《热病》,可根据具体内容研判;检索国际指南协作网、美国国立临床诊疗指南库(National Guideline Clearinghouse,NGC)、英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所(National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence,NICE)、苏格兰校际指南网(Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network,SIGN)、医脉通等。3级(某些情况下推荐):治疗有效,有随机对照试验的荟萃分析或多个设计良好、大规模的随机对照临床试验。检索PubMed、Embase、Medline等外文医学文献数据库及知网、万方、维普等中文医学文献数据库。

1.5 超说明书用药备案

    医院应制定本单位超说明书用药管理制度和目录,凡目录收载的品种、适应证等超说明书用药,均应统一经医院药事管理与治疗学委员会讨论通过,在医院备案后方可使用。

1.6 患者知情同意

    超说明书用药情况应向患者或家属、监护人告知用药理由、治疗方案、预期效果以及可能出现的风险,在患者或家属、监护人表示理解、同意并签署知情同意书后,方可实施超说明书用药。

2 结果

2.1 眼科超说明说用药参考目录

    在综合21家本集团眼科医院超说明书用药信息上,查阅大量国内外文献,提请专家审议,形成《某集团眼科医院眼科超说明书用药参考目录》。本《目录》共计收集32种超说明书药品,共有61项超适应证及超给药途径用药(表2)。

表2 眼科医院眼科超药品说明书用药参考目录
Table 2 Reference catalogue for the offff-label drug use in ophthalmic hospital

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续表2
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2.2 超说明书用药类型

    超给药途径为32项 (52.5%) ,超适应证用药为13项(21.3%),超适应证且超给药途径14项(23.0%,表3)。

表3 眼科超说明书用药类型
Table 3 The types of offff-label drug use in ophthalmology

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2.3 超说明书用药按药理分类

    眼科超说明书用药品种及项目数按药理分类统计前 3 名分别是抗菌药物 [27 项 (43.5%) ,13个(40.6%)品种]、糖皮质激素[8项(12.9%),2个(6.3%)品种]、抗肿瘤药[7项(11.3%),3个(9.4%)品种;表4]。

表4 眼科超说明书用药药理分类情况
Table 4 Pharmacologic classification of offff-label drug use in ophthalmology

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2.4 眼科超说明书抗菌药物使用情况

    眼科超说明书用药以抗菌药物用药为主,剂型以注射剂为主,分别为头孢他啶、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、莫西沙星、万古霉素、阿米卡星、庆大霉素、妥布霉素、多西环素、伏立康唑、两性霉素B、氟康唑,主要用于细菌性眼内炎、角膜炎、真菌性眼内炎等治疗,超说明书给药途经大多为结膜下注射、前房注射、玻璃体内注射、滴眼等(表2)。

2.5 眼科超说明书用药排名前 10 的药品

    根据各医院收集的调研表,统计出排名前10的药品,超说明书用药均为注射剂,分别是妥布霉素、庆大霉素、50%葡萄糖、地塞米松、两性霉素B、丝裂霉素、头孢呋辛、雷珠单抗、曲安奈德和维生素C,主要用于抗眼部感染、抗炎、减轻角膜水肿、抗新生成血管生成、抗瘢痕形成、视网膜病变、黄斑水肿及角膜化学伤等。

2.6 眼科超说明书推荐级别分布

    根据循证医学证据来源及眼科超说明书用药推荐级别,1级 有8项(12.3%),2级 有2 9项(44.6%),3级有24项(43.1%,表5)。

表5 眼科超说明书用药推荐级别分布
Table 5 Distribution of recommended levels of off-label drug use in ophthalmology

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3 讨论

    本研究形成的《眼科超说明说用药参考目录》旨在归纳和汇总常用眼科超说明书用药,仅罗列超说明书用药适应证和给药途径等信息,非推荐目录,仅供医院及同行参考,不涉及超说明书用药审批程序等,临床超说明书用药应按正规流程规范管理。
    本研究分析发现在眼科超说明书用药61项中,占比前3为:超给药途径3 2项(52.5%)、超适应且超给药途径14项(23.0%)、超适应用药13项(21.3%)。其中抗菌药物27项(43.5%)。眼部感染性疾病如角膜炎、眼内炎病情发展快[52],临床上没有眼部给药的上市注射剂。头孢菌素类药物在溶液中的稳定性低[53],故没有上市的滴眼剂,全身给药受限于很多药物不易透过血眼屏障进入眼内[54],故临床涌现了较多抗菌药物超适应、超给药途经用药,而超剂量和超人群给药在眼科较少见。眼科感染性疾病如结膜炎、角膜炎及眼内炎常见的致病菌,在我国以表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎链球菌、草绿色链球菌为主[55]。而美国结膜炎、角膜炎、眼内炎的最主要致病菌分别为金黄色葡萄球菌(35.5%)、铜绿假单胞菌(27.0%)、表皮葡萄球菌(30.3%),真菌以念珠菌(79%,其中50%为白色念珠菌)等为主[56]。妥布霉素、庆大霉素为氨基糖苷类药,尽管其因眼内或结膜下给药可致黄斑坏死而禁用[57],但临床普遍使用以上2种药物加入氯化钠中结膜囊冲冼,均未见不良反应的报道。头孢他啶为第3代头孢菌素,对铜绿假单孢菌有较强的作用,眼内注射及临配滴眼液用于细菌性眼内炎治疗[9 -10,12]。头孢呋辛钠用于白内障手术前房注射预防表皮葡萄球菌感染[10,13],万古霉素对耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌感染有效,眼内注射及临配滴眼液用于细菌性眼内炎[15]。真菌性眼内炎起病急剧,以伏立康唑[23]、两性霉素B[22]眼内注射及临时配制成滴眼液治疗效果佳。糖皮质激素具有较强的抗炎作用和良好的通透性,但全身给药不良反应多,眼科手术由于手术损伤导致手术后炎反应,而糖皮质激素注射剂目前仅有地塞米松眼内植入剂和氟氢松玻璃体植入剂,且价格贵,因此眼科手术后多采用地塞米松磷酸钠注射液[27]眼局部注射,而曲安奈德注射液主要用于术后抗增殖[58]、甲状腺眼病[59]和玻璃体染色[29]。眼科青光眼小梁切除术、部分胬肉手术、准分子激光治疗角膜切除术等常辅助用氟尿嘧啶或丝裂霉素这类抗肿瘤药物,如作为青光眼手术中辅助用药,在小梁切除部位和(或)术后结膜给药[37],通过影响切口愈合从而增加滤过术的成功率[34,37]。丝裂霉素因对眼内组织毒性大,用于术中小梁切除部位的结膜下时注意避免药物渗入眼内。在角膜手术时,丝裂霉素可用于胬肉切除后,可减少消除角膜混浊中瘢痕形成[60-61],同时预防准分子激光治疗角膜切除术中,激光烧灼角膜上皮后的瘢痕形成[36]。以上手术治疗对疾病有一定疗效,但不能清除所有增殖细胞,残留的细胞又迅速增生,导致疾病复发。因此,在手术治疗的同时尚须应用一些辅助疗法如氟尿嘧啶、丝裂霉素抑制细胞增生从而提高手术成功率。低浓度阿托品滴眼液用于近视防控,尚未有上市制剂,只有医院制剂,部分医院使用阿托品注射液配制0.01%阿托品滴眼液[42-43]具有较好近视防控效果。
    雷珠单抗眼内注射剂、阿柏西普眼内注射剂是抗新生血管生成药,但某些用于眼科的适应目前仍属于超说明书用药。如相较于国内说明书,美国FDA已批准雷珠单抗用于糖尿病视网膜病变[7-8] 、早产儿视网膜病变[62]、新生血管性青光眼[30],阿柏西普用于视网膜静脉阻塞[32,63]、早产儿视网膜病变[33,38]等。由于以上疾病均是由于血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)触发的缺氧组织中的内皮细胞增殖、细胞迁移、血管渗漏和血管生成的作用,因此抗VEGF治疗是一种以雷珠单抗或阿柏西普为主要药物的有效疗法。艾地苯醌片大剂量口服用于与Leber氏遗传性视神经病变有关的视觉障碍[64]
    本集团眼科医院《推荐目录》共纳入32种超说明书用药药品,61项超说明书用药,均附有相应循证医学证据,按照美国FDA、EMA、日本PDMA批准,1级有8项(13.1%);依据国际/国内主流指南和专家共识,2级有2 9项(47.5%);以上2类推荐主要弥补说明书修改相对滞后的不足,用药疗效相对确切,循证医学证据充分,临床使用风险较低。依据国内外学术期刊文献,3级有24项(39.3%),此类推荐级别较低,有一定的用药风险。由结果可以看出:目前眼科超说明书用药循证医学证据主要集中在国内外的相关指南和专家共识,且有较大比例的超说明书用药循证医学证据级别较低,缺乏高质量系统评价或随机对照试验的论证,这将对患者用药安全造成一定的风险,因此超说明书用药必须谨慎为之。
    眼科医师应该时刻评估患者的获益及风险,当遵照说明书不能安全有效的达到治疗目的时,可在遵循国家法律、地方政府法规及医院有关规范的前提下,参考推荐目录的信息和相关文献的意见,结合患者具体情况,制定个体化给药方案。眼科超说明书用药主要集中在超适应和超给药途径用药,尤其是将注射剂改为眼内注射途径,存在一定的风险。因此,在超说明书用药过程中,应重点关注患者眼部情况的变化,注意眼内压、注射点出血,警惕眼内炎、静脉栓塞等不良反应的发生。临床医生应对治疗过程中出现的不良反应及疗效等进行记录并上报至药事管理与药物治疗学委员会。
    医院药事管理部门应对本医院内超说明书用药采取“准入制度”,针对超说明书用药开展临床用药监测、评价和超常预警工作,定期组织医学和药学专家对超说明书用药的药品品种进行有效性和安全性评估,尤其关注不良反应的发生,及时终止不安全、不合理的用法,以保障患者用药安全,降低医疗风险。药师要做好超说明书用药处方及医嘱点评工作,对超说明书用药有效性和安全性进行监管和评估,及时终止不安全、不合理用法,以保障患者用药安全和充分知情,规范超说明书用药,降低医疗风险。
    综上所述,眼科因独特的眼部给药特点,超说明书用药在眼科临床使用普遍存在。为进一步规范超药品说明书用药的管理,降低医疗机构及医务人员的执业风险,提高药品治疗有效性、安全性提供循证参考依据,本集团药学部组织集团眼科药学学组和临床有关专家编写了供本集团内使用的《眼科超药品说明书用药参考目录(2021年版)》。本研究对目录内容的眼科超说明书用药品种及超适应用药进行了详述,旨在以充分循证医学证据为基础,更好地协助本集团各医院备案药品超说明书使用,促进合理用药,保障患者用药安全。同时为其他医院眼科超说明书用药提供循证依据,共同推进眼科合理用药。

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    主办:中山大学
    承办:中山大学中山眼科中心
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    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
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