您的位置: 首页 > 2022年9月 第37卷 第9期 > 文字全文
2023年7月 第38卷 第7期11
目录

重视小儿眼科麻醉前评估

Attach importance to assessment before anesthesia of pediatric ophthalmic surgery

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年9月 第37卷 第9期 691-694 发布时间: 收稿时间:2022/11/22 15:24:14 阅读量:5062
作者:
关键词:
小儿麻醉小儿眼病眼科手术术前检查术前评估
pediatric anesthesia pediatric ophthalmopathy ophthalmic surgery preoperative examination preoperative assessment
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.09.01
收稿时间:
 
修订日期:
 
接收日期:
 
小儿眼科麻醉的挑战是既要保障患儿的麻醉安全又要提高手术接台效率。麻醉前的充分评估和详细的准备可以有效地降低麻醉期间的并发症。在麻醉前访视期间,需要做到仔细地询问病史,全面的麻醉体格检查及必要的实验室检查或专科会诊,完成充分告知任务,从而提高小儿眼科麻醉安全性。
The challenge of pediatric ophthalmic anesthesia is how to balance the safety and efficiency of ophthalmic surgery. Careful pre-operative evaluation and preparation can effectively reduce potential complications during pediatric ophthalmic anesthesia. During the preoperative assessment, it’s necessary to gather information, perform a full physical examination, take required laboratory tests or consultations with specialties, and deliver appropriate information and consent to increase the safety of pediatric ophthalmic anesthesia



    小儿常见致盲眼病包括先天性白内障、先天性青光眼、早产儿视网膜病变、视网膜母细胞瘤、眼内感染性疾病、眼外伤、角膜疾病、家族性视网膜病变、眼眶病等,部分先天性眼病可能是先天性疾病的表现之一,例如Sturge-Weber综合征常合并癫痫及多发血管瘤,这些合并的眼外异常会对麻醉计划和安全性造成影响[1-3]
    声门上通气工具的广泛开展以及吸入麻醉药物七氟醚的应用[4-5]大大提高了小儿眼科麻醉质量与效率。特别提出,婴幼儿由于心肺储备少,在麻醉过程中,容易出现缺氧等临床表现,稍有处理不及时,可给患儿带来灾难性的后果,如心脏骤停等,正如既往报道[6]表明婴幼儿围手术期心脏骤停发生率为2.6/10000,其中因麻醉原因导致的病死率为0.2/10000。 


      眼科手术,特别是内眼手术,手术创伤非常小,这点与其他类型的手术区别很大。因此,小儿眼科手术期间致命并发症则主要由麻醉管理不当和/或患儿合并的先天性重要脏器疾病引起,这也就引出一个重要的临床问题,如何评估小儿眼科麻醉带来的麻醉风险,避免发生严重的呼吸、循环并发症。笔者认为,重视小儿眼科麻醉前评估,并制订相应的麻醉方案及应急措施,对保障患儿眼科手术期间的安全,具有十分重要的意义。

1 询问病史

      麻醉前访视应询问患儿当前的病情及诊断,初步了解眼科手术的类型及主刀医生,从而大致判断手术时间。对患儿既往病史、麻醉手术史及家族史、过敏史及生长发育情况进行详细询问。婴幼儿患者还应了解其分娩情况、有无早产等。与足月儿相比,早产儿在术后出现呼吸暂停和心动过缓的风险显著增加[7]。因此,对于早产患儿,尽量将手术推迟至受孕后48~50周后进行[8],并在术后有监护条件的病房接受24h持续的生命体征监测[9]
      询问病史时,详细了解患儿近期是否患有发热、上呼吸道感染、咳嗽、流涕等呼吸系统疾病。幼儿通常每年会患4~6次上呼吸道感染,每次持续时间7~10d。上呼吸道感染会使围手术期呼吸道不良事件的风险增加[10],例如呛咳、屏气、喉痉挛、支气管痉挛、肺不张、甚至肺炎等,若处理不当,患儿可出现严重的低氧血症。由于上呼吸道感染感染患儿的呼吸道高反应性可维持到感染后6周,因此,对于患儿轻度上呼吸道感染患儿,尽管有流清涕、干咳等症状,眼科麻醉使用喉罩通气方式代替气管插管,并在麻醉期间尽量使用丙泊酚,可降低呼吸道不良事件的风险[10]。如果患儿有明确的下呼吸道感染的症状(如发热、咳浓嗽、胸部X线检查结果异常等),择期眼科手术延期进行。 
      对于循环系统,则重点询问患儿日常活动情况,如能否正常和其他孩子一起玩耍?或者询问运动或哭闹后有无紫绀或气短等表现,从而初步判断有无先天性心脏病等病史[11]。先天性眼科疾病患儿也常常合并有先天性心脏疾病,需要特别重视这类患儿的术前检查[12]。如果患儿没有紫绀,生长发育良好,运动能力良好,听诊心音正常,则眼科麻醉期间一般不会发生严重的并发症。对于神经系统的评估,需要询问有无发育迟缓、语言障碍、智力水平及四肢活动情况等。询问近期有无呕吐及腹泻等,从而评估消化系统状态;询问有无晕动症病史,因为它是斜视手术后恶心呕吐的重要危险因素[13]。同时,特别询问患儿的过敏史,包括药物、食品等是否过敏,并应特别留意可能的乳胶过敏[14-15]
      此外,还应重视家族中的麻醉病史,特别是有特殊家族史的患儿,例如恶性高热、先天性神经肌肉疾病、假性胆碱酯酶缺乏、先天性凝血功能障碍等,并详细了解既往麻醉相关细节[16-17]

2 麻醉体格检查

      麻醉体格检查着重几个方面。1)一般情况:观察患儿的精神状态、营养状况及皮肤颜色,有无发育缺陷或畸形等,有助于初步判断患儿对麻醉药物耐受情况。2)头颈部检查:检查有无面部发育畸形,有无张口受限和/或下颌活动障碍,检查颈部活动情况,从而综合判断是否存在气道困难;对患有遗传性或畸形综合征的患儿应充分警惕颈椎异常或颅面畸形,从而严重影响麻醉的安全管理[18]。利用压舌板详细检查有无牙齿松动,避免牙齿损伤、脱落,导致气管内异物。3)呼吸系统:观察患儿呼吸频率、幅度,听诊双肺呼吸音,检查有无干湿啰音、哮鸣音等呼吸道疾病体征。4)循环系统:首先检查心率,小儿的心率正常值随年龄的增长而不同;听诊心脏,排除合并心脏疾患,必要时结合心电图、超声心动确诊。

3 实验室检查

      本中心小儿择期眼科手术常规术前检查包括电解质、血常规、心电图和凝血4项等。此外,因为新冠疫情的原因,也常规例行胸部影像学检查。对于先天性眼科疾病患儿,应排除合并其他脏器先天性疾病。当患儿合并含眼科等2个或以上脏器先天性疾病时,需要考虑先天性综合征的可能。如晶体脱位的患儿,合并心脏结构的异常,需要考虑马凡氏综合征,此时需要行心脏彩超排除先天性心脏疾病。血乳酸的检测有助于排除代谢性疾病,必要时请儿科会诊,从而保障眼科麻醉的安全[19-21]。如果患儿有严重的心脏结构缺陷,应做超声心动图评估其目前的解剖结构及心脏功能,并请儿科心脏病专家协助进行术前评估,高危患儿需要转到具有心脏专科的医院进行手术。

4 麻醉前的充分告知义务

      患儿及其父母在眼科手术麻醉前不可避免出现焦虑情绪,我们在既往的问卷调查中发现,对于眼科手术,患儿家长最担心内容分别是:眼睛的治疗效果>麻醉医生是否一直监护孩子>不能一次通过麻醉评估;而对眼科麻醉,患儿家长最担心的内容分别是:术后疼痛怎么办>术后何时苏醒>全身麻醉维持多长时间。麻醉医师在术前需要安抚他们的情绪,以保证手术过程的顺利进行。麻醉医师应用适合患儿的方式进行术前谈话,并和患儿沟通,降低患儿的焦虑情绪;并对父母通常最关心眼科手术和眼科麻醉内容,针对性地告知常见并发症及处理措施,从而缓解家长的焦虑情绪及潜在的医疗纠纷。 
      此外,详细告知其术前禁食、禁饮的时间,目的是降低反流、误吸的风险[22]。由于本中心的小儿眼科麻醉大多采取喉罩通气模式,因此禁食6h、禁饮4h,该指南既有利于顺利进行手术,也能顾及患儿的舒适度。本调查还发现:对于下午的手术,家长特别希望能给予早餐的详细清单,并明确解释,以免造成误解。

5 结语

      通过详细询问眼科麻醉的患儿的病史及完善相应的检查,可以有效提高眼科麻醉的安全性。对于患有先天性眼科疾病患儿,除一般的病史和体格检查外,还应警惕患儿的全身情况和一些潜在的先天性综合征,谨慎的做法是麻醉前明确有无先天性心脏病和代谢性疾病等病史,充分考虑这些特殊因素,从而制订相应的眼科麻醉方案,保障小儿眼科麻醉质量。

开放获取声明

      本文适用于知识共享许可协议(Creative Commons),允许第三方用户按照署名(BY)-非商业性使用(NC)-禁止演绎(ND)(CC BY-NC-ND)的方式共享,即允许第三方对本刊发表的文章进行复制、 发行、展览、表演、放映、广播或通过信息网络向公众传播,但在这些过程中必须保留作者署名、仅限于非商业性目的、不得进行演绎创作。详情请访问:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
1、Khanna P, Ray BR, Govindrajan SR, et al. Anesthetic management of pediatric patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome: our experience and a review of the literature[ J]. J Anesth, 2015, 29(6): 857-861.Khanna P, Ray BR, Govindrajan SR, et al. Anesthetic management of pediatric patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome: our experience and a review of the literature[ J]. J Anesth, 2015, 29(6): 857-861.
2、Ophthalmology Group of Chinese Pediatric Society of Chinese Medical Association. Chinese expert consensus on eye examination under general anesthesia for infants (2022)[ J]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi, 2022, 58(3): 169-175.Ophthalmology Group of Chinese Pediatric Society of Chinese Medical Association. Chinese expert consensus on eye examination under general anesthesia for infants (2022)[ J]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi, 2022, 58(3): 169-175.
3、Cavuoto KM, Rodriguez LI, Tutiven J, et al. General anesthesia in the pediatric population[ J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2014, 25(5):411-416.Cavuoto KM, Rodriguez LI, Tutiven J, et al. General anesthesia in the pediatric population[ J]. Curr Opin Ophthalmol, 2014, 25(5):411-416.
4、甘小亮, 王古岩. 做好眼科麻醉的几点思考[ J]. 中华医学杂志, 2022, 102(21): 1564-1567.
GAN Xiaoliang, WANG Guyan. Several considerations on how to achieve perfect ophthalmic anesthesia[ J]. National Medical Journal of China, 2022, 102(21): 1564-1567.
甘小亮, 王古岩. 做好眼科麻醉的几点思考[ J]. 中华医学杂志, 2022, 102(21): 1564-1567.
GAN Xiaoliang, WANG Guyan. Several considerations on how to achieve perfect ophthalmic anesthesia[ J]. National Medical Journal of China, 2022, 102(21): 1564-1567.
5、Lewis H, James I. Update on anaesthesia for paediatric ophthalmic surgery[ J]. BJA Educ, 2021, 21(1): 32-38.Lewis H, James I. Update on anaesthesia for paediatric ophthalmic surgery[ J]. BJA Educ, 2021, 21(1): 32-38.
6、Hohn A, Machatschek JN, Franklin J, et al. Incidence and risk factors of anaesthesia-related perioperative cardiac arrest: A 6-year observational study from a tertiary care university hospital[ J]. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2018, 35(4): 266-272.Hohn A, Machatschek JN, Franklin J, et al. Incidence and risk factors of anaesthesia-related perioperative cardiac arrest: A 6-year observational study from a tertiary care university hospital[ J]. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 2018, 35(4): 266-272.
7、 Kaur B, Carden SM, Wong J, et al. Anesthesia management of laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity. A retrospective review of perioperative adverse events[ J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2020, 30(11): 1261-1268. Kaur B, Carden SM, Wong J, et al. Anesthesia management of laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity. A retrospective review of perioperative adverse events[ J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2020, 30(11): 1261-1268.
8、Rozema T, Westgate PM, Landers CD. Apnea in preterm and term infants after deep sedation and general anesthesia[ J]. Hosp Pediatr, 2018, 8(6): 314-320.Rozema T, Westgate PM, Landers CD. Apnea in preterm and term infants after deep sedation and general anesthesia[ J]. Hosp Pediatr, 2018, 8(6): 314-320.
9、Salaün JP, de Queiroz M, Orliaguet G. Development: Epidemiology and management of postoperative apnoea in premature and term newborns[ J]. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med, 2020, 39(6): 871-875.Salaün JP, de Queiroz M, Orliaguet G. Development: Epidemiology and management of postoperative apnoea in premature and term newborns[ J]. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med, 2020, 39(6): 871-875.
10、Becke K . Anesthesia in children w ith a cold[ J]. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2012, 25(3): 333-339.Becke K . Anesthesia in children w ith a cold[ J]. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2012, 25(3): 333-339.
11、Bektas ?, K?r M, Y?ld?z K, et al. Symptom frequency in children with congenital heart disease and parental care burden in predicting the quality of life of parents in Turkey[ J]. J Pediatr Nurs, 2020, 53: e211-e216.Bektas ?, K?r M, Y?ld?z K, et al. Symptom frequency in children with congenital heart disease and parental care burden in predicting the quality of life of parents in Turkey[ J]. J Pediatr Nurs, 2020, 53: e211-e216.
12、 P Vilela MA, Colossi CG, Freitas HP, et al. Ocular alterations associated with primary congenital heart disease—a cross-sectional study[ J]. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol, 2020, 27(1): 28-33. P Vilela MA, Colossi CG, Freitas HP, et al. Ocular alterations associated with primary congenital heart disease—a cross-sectional study[ J]. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol, 2020, 27(1): 28-33.
13、Darvall J, Handscombe M, Maat B, et al. Interpretation of the four risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting in the Apfel simplified risk score: an analysis of published studies[ J]. Can J Anaesth, 2021, 68(7): 1057-1063.Darvall J, Handscombe M, Maat B, et al. Interpretation of the four risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting in the Apfel simplified risk score: an analysis of published studies[ J]. Can J Anaesth, 2021, 68(7): 1057-1063.
14、Wu M, McIntosh J, Liu J. Current prevalence rate of latex allergy: Why it remains a problem?[ J]. J Occup Health, 2016, 58(2): 138-144.Wu M, McIntosh J, Liu J. Current prevalence rate of latex allergy: Why it remains a problem?[ J]. J Occup Health, 2016, 58(2): 138-144.
15、Goldberg H, Aharony S, Levy Y, et al. Low prevalence of latex allergy in children with spinal dysraphism in non-latex-free environment[ J]. J Pediatr Urol, 2016, 12(1): 52.e1-52.e5.Goldberg H, Aharony S, Levy Y, et al. Low prevalence of latex allergy in children with spinal dysraphism in non-latex-free environment[ J]. J Pediatr Urol, 2016, 12(1): 52.e1-52.e5.
16、 Li G, Brady JE, Rosenberg H, et al. Excess comorbidities associated with malignant hyperthermia diagnosis in pediatric hospital discharge records[ J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2011, 21(9): 958-963. Li G, Brady JE, Rosenberg H, et al. Excess comorbidities associated with malignant hyperthermia diagnosis in pediatric hospital discharge records[ J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2011, 21(9): 958-963.
17、Salazar JH, Yang J, Shen L, et al. Pediatric malignant hyperthermia: risk factors, morbidity, and mortality identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Kids' Inpatient Database[ J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2014, 24(12): 1212-1216.Salazar JH, Yang J, Shen L, et al. Pediatric malignant hyperthermia: risk factors, morbidity, and mortality identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Kids' Inpatient Database[ J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2014, 24(12): 1212-1216.
18、Bertolizio G, Saint-Martin C, Ingelmo P. Cervical instability in patients with Trisomy 21: The eternal gamble[ J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2018, 28(10): 830-833.Bertolizio G, Saint-Martin C, Ingelmo P. Cervical instability in patients with Trisomy 21: The eternal gamble[ J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2018, 28(10): 830-833.
19、 Fnon NF, Hassan HH, Ali HM, et al. Sengers syndrome: a rare case of cardiomyopathy combined with congenital cataracts in an infant: postmortem case report[ J]. Cardiovasc Pathol, 2021, 54: 107371. Fnon NF, Hassan HH, Ali HM, et al. Sengers syndrome: a rare case of cardiomyopathy combined with congenital cataracts in an infant: postmortem case report[ J]. Cardiovasc Pathol, 2021, 54: 107371.
20、Guleray N, Kosukcu C, Taskiran ZE, et al. Atypical presentation of Sengers syndrome: A novel mutation revealed with postmortem genetic testing[ J]. Fetal Pediatr Pathol, 2020, 39(2): 163-171.Guleray N, Kosukcu C, Taskiran ZE, et al. Atypical presentation of Sengers syndrome: A novel mutation revealed with postmortem genetic testing[ J]. Fetal Pediatr Pathol, 2020, 39(2): 163-171.
21、Beck DB, Cusmano-Ozog K, Andescavage N, et al. Extending the phenotypic spectrum of Sengers syndrome: Congenital lactic acidosis with synthetic liver dysfunction[ J]. Transl Sci Rare Dis, 2018, 3(1):45-48.Beck DB, Cusmano-Ozog K, Andescavage N, et al. Extending the phenotypic spectrum of Sengers syndrome: Congenital lactic acidosis with synthetic liver dysfunction[ J]. Transl Sci Rare Dis, 2018, 3(1):45-48.
22、Frykholm P, Schindler E, Sümpelmann R, et al. Preoperative fasting in children: review of existing guidelines and recent developments[ J]. Br J Anaesth, 2018, 120(3): 469-474.Frykholm P, Schindler E, Sümpelmann R, et al. Preoperative fasting in children: review of existing guidelines and recent developments[ J]. Br J Anaesth, 2018, 120(3): 469-474.
1、国家自然科学基金 (81901995)。This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81901995)()
上一篇
下一篇
其他期刊
  • 眼科学报

    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    承办:中山大学中山眼科中心
    主编:林浩添
    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    浏览
  • Eye Science

    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    承办:中山大学中山眼科中心
    主编:林浩添
    主管:中华人民共和国教育部
    主办:中山大学
    浏览
推荐阅读
出版者信息
目录