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非去极化肌松药对眼压升高的青光眼患者全身麻醉诱导期眼压的影响

Effects of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants on intraocular pressure of glaucoma patients with elevated intraocular pressure during induction of general anesthesia

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年9月 第37卷 第9期 733-739 发布时间: 收稿时间:2022/11/23 19:02:03 阅读量:4964
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眼压罗库溴铵顺式阿曲库铵米库氯铵麻醉诱导青光眼
intraocular pressure rocuronium cis-atracurium mivacurium anesthesia induction glaucoma
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.05.01
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目的:探讨全身麻醉诱导期应用不同种类的非去极化肌松药罗库溴铵、顺式阿曲库铵和米库氯铵对眼压升高的青光眼患者眼内压的影响。方法:将术侧眼眼压>21mmHg青光眼手术患者随机分配到罗库溴铵组、顺式阿曲库铵组和米库氯铵组。靶控输注丙泊酚至患者脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)低于55后,根据组别分别静注0.6mg/kg罗库溴铵、0.1mg/kg顺式阿曲库铵及0.2mg/kg米库氯铵,待4个成串刺激(train of four stimulation,TOF)比值降至0后置入可弯曲喉罩,随后行机械通气并给予芬太尼1.5~2.0μg/kg,2%~3%七氟烷吸入维持麻醉。分别于麻醉诱导前(T0)、镇静后(T1)、肌松后(T2)及喉罩置入后(T3)测量三组青光眼患者术侧眼眼压并记录上述时间点血流动力学参数。结果:罗库溴铵组、顺式阿曲库铵组、米库氯铵组患者的眼压在T1、T2、T3时间点均较T0显著下降,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.001);三组患者T2时间点眼压与T1相比差异均无统计学意义(P=0.337,P=0.520,P=0.062);三组患者给予肌松药前后的眼压差值(T2–T1)分别为(0.68±4.39)、(0.36±3.72)和(1.27±3.91)mmHg,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.353)。结论:非去极化肌松药罗库溴铵、顺式阿曲库铵及米库氯铵对眼压升高的青光眼患者的眼压无明显影响,且3种肌松药之间未见显著差异。
Objective: To compare the effects of different types of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants including rocuronium,cis-atracurium and mivacurium on intraocular pressure of glaucoma patients with elevated intraocular pressure during induction of general anesthesia. Methods: Glaucoma patients with intraocular pressure >21 mmHg were randomly assigned to rocuronium group, cis-atracurium group and mivacurium group. After target controlled infusion of propofol until the bispectral index (BIS) lower than 55, 0.6 mg/kg rocuronium, 0.1 mg/kg cisatracurium and 0.2 mg/kg mivacurium were injected intravenously according to different groups. The flexible laryngeal mask was placed after the train-of-four stimulation (TOF) ratio decreased to 0 and the mechanical ventilation was implemented immediately. General anesthesia was maintained by 1.5–2.0 μg/kg fentanyl and 2%– 3% sevoflurane. Intraocular pressure and hemodynamic parameters were measured before anesthesia induction (T0), after sedation (T1), after muscle relaxation (T2), and after laryngeal mask insertion (T3). Results: The intraocular pressure of patients in rocuronium group, cis-atracurium group and mivacurium group at T1, T2, T3 were lower than baseline (T0), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001); There was no significant difference in intraocular pressure at T2 compared with T1 in rocuronium group, cis-atracurium group and mivacurium group (P=0.337, P=0.520 and P=0.062 respectively); The difference of intraocular pressure between T2 and T1 in rocuronium group, cis-atracurium group and mivacurium group were (0.68±4.39), (0.36±3.72) and (1.27±3.91) mmHg respectively and there was no significant difference among the groups (P=0.353). Conclusion: The non-depolarizing muscle relaxants rocuronium, cis-atracurium and mivacurium have no significant effect on the intraocular pressure of glaucoma patients with elevated intraocular pressure, and there is no significant difference among the three muscle relaxants.
      青光眼是致盲率较高的一类眼科疾病[1]。在青光眼疾病发生、发展过程中,眼压不仅是确定诊断、判断预后的主要指标,也是影响疾病进展的重要因素[2]。因此,对于需在全身麻醉下进行手术的眼压升高的青光眼患者,在整个麻醉过程中,尤其是麻醉诱导阶段,如何合理用药避免此类患者眼压的剧烈波动是麻醉医生工作的重要关注点[3-4]。常用的全身麻醉药物、阿片类药物、去极化肌松药对眼压的影响已有较为一致的研究结果[5-7]。而非去极化肌松药对眼压的作用尚未形成统一的研究结论。以往的研究[8-12]表明:不同种类的去极化肌松药如罗库溴铵、维库溴铵、阿曲库铵对无眼疾的正常眼压患者的眼压无明显的影响。亦有研究[9,13-14]报道:全身麻醉诱导和维持期间,非去极化肌松药如罗库溴铵、米库氯铵、顺式阿曲库铵可不同程度的降低正常患者的眼压。非去极化肌松药对眼压的影响尚不明确,而且目前临床上尚缺乏在眼压升高的青光眼患者中应用不同种类非去极化肌松药探讨其对眼压影响的研究。因此,本研究以眼压升高的青光眼患者为研究对象,拟探讨全身麻醉诱导期3种非去极化肌松药罗库溴铵、顺式阿曲库铵、米库氯铵对眼压升高的青光眼患者眼压的影响情况。

1 对象与方法

1.1 对象

      收集2017年9月至2019年9月于复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院行青光眼手术的患者。纳入标准:择期全身麻醉下行青光眼手术的患者,术侧眼基础眼压>21mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级I~III级,年龄18~65岁。排除标准:术侧眼眼科手术史、外伤史;术侧眼存在角膜水肿、损伤或凹凸不平导致无法测得准确眼压;神经-肌肉接头相关疾病史;正在应用或近期应用影响神经肌肉传导的相关药物;相关药物过敏史;无法配合测量眼压;拒绝签署知情同意书。本研究获得复旦大学附属眼耳鼻喉科医院医学伦理委员会批准,患者均签署知情同意书。
      采用随机数字表法将入选患者随机分为罗库溴铵组、顺式阿曲库铵组和米库氯铵组。患者、眼科医生及麻醉医生对于分组均不知情。麻醉护士将每位患者所需的试验药物(罗库溴铵、顺式阿曲库铵和米库氯铵)均稀释至20mL以备全身麻醉诱导期使用。

1.2 麻醉方法

      患者入手术室后行脉搏血氧饱和度、心电图、无创血压、脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)监测及肌松监测。术侧眼采用0.4%盐酸奥布卡因滴眼液预先实施表面麻醉。麻醉诱导过程采用靶控输注丙泊酚(血浆浓度在5μg/mL)的方式,待BIS低于55,三组患者分别静注肌松药物(0.6mg/kg罗库溴铵、0.1mg/kg顺式阿曲库铵和0.2mg/kg米库氯铵)。待4个成串刺激(train of four stimulation,TOF)的比值降为0后,置入可弯曲喉罩并采用压力控制模式行机械通气。麻醉维持过程采用2.5%~3%七氟烷吸入复合静注1.5~2.0μg/kg芬太尼,术毕停止七氟烷吸入并静注丙泊酚(0.5~1.0mg/kg)后将患者转运至麻醉后恢复室(post anesthesia care unit,PACU)。

1.3 观察指标

      于麻醉诱导前(T0)、镇静后(T1)、肌松后(T2)及喉罩置入后(T3)4个时间点由同一位的眼科医生采用Tono-Pen AVIA眼压计(Reichert公司,美国)连续2次测量术侧眼的眼压并取平均值作为记录值。 并同时记录4个时间点的心率及平均眼压。记录患者恢复自主呼吸的时间、喉罩拔除时间以及符合送出PACU所需时间。

1.4 统计学处理

      根据主要结局指标给予3种非去极化肌松药后患者眼压较给药前的变化值进行样本量计算。将前期预实验结果导入样本量计算软件NCSSPASS,将α设为0.05,检验效能设为0.8,计算得出每组所需样本量为39例。考虑到眼压计测量期间出错等脱落因素的影响,将每组患者的例数扩充至45例。
      采用SPSS23.0统计软件进行数据分析。计量资料用均数±标准差(x±s)表示。首先对数据进行正态性检验,采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验对非正态分布数据进行统计分析,采用单因素方差分析对符合正态分布的数据进行三组组间比较,多重比较采用Bonferroni方法将显著性水准调整为α'=0.05/3=0.0167。应用单因素方差分析评估组内各时间点的差异,多重比较采用Bonferroni方法将显著性水准调整为α'=0.05/6=0.0083。计数资料以例数表示,采用χ2检验进行统计分析。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般情况

      将135名符合条件的受试者按照1:1:1的随机化比例分配到罗库溴铵组、顺式阿曲库铵组和米库氯铵组。其中罗库溴铵组有5名患者、顺式阿曲库铵组有1名患者、米库氯铵组有4名患者的数据因眼压计测量出错、肌松药物应用出错等因素被剔除。罗库溴铵组、顺式阿曲库铵组和米库氯铵组3组患者的性别(P=0.081)、年龄(F=0.142,P=0.868)、ASA分级(P=0.095)、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)(F=0.083,P=0.920)比较,差异均无统计学意义(表1)。

表1 患者的基本资料比较

Table 1 Comparison of basic data among patients


2.2 眼压的比较

     与T0时间点相比,3组患者在T1、T2、T3时点青光眼术侧眼压均下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);T2时间点的眼压与T1时间点相比,差异均无统计学意义(P=0.337,P=0.520,P=0.062);T3时间点与T1相比,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.004,P=0.007,P<0.001);T3时间点眼压与T2时间点相比,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.001,P=0.008,P<0.001;图1)。
    罗库溴铵组、顺式阿曲库铵组、米库氯铵组3组患者T2与T1时间点眼压的差值(T2–T1)分别为(0.68±4.39)、(0.36±3.72)和(1.27±3.91)mmHg,三组患者变化幅度的组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.353)。

图1 三组患者在全身麻醉诱导过程中各时间点眼压的比较
Figure 1 Comparison of intraocular pressure during induction of general anesthesia among the 3 groups 与T0时间点相比,*P<0.05;与T1时间点相比,# P<0.05;与 T2时间点相比,$ P<0.05。 Compared with T0, *P<0.05; Compared with T1 time point, # P<0.05; Compared with T2, $ P<0.05.

2.3 血流动力学的比较

    罗库溴铵组患者T2时间点心率与T0时相比,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002);顺式阿曲库铵组T1、T2、T3时间点心率与T0相比,差异有统计学意义(P=0.004,P=0.006,P<0.001),T3与T1、T2相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);米库氯铵组T1、T2、T3时间点心率与T0时相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),米库氯铵组患者T2、T3时间点与T1心率相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,P=0.004)。罗库溴铵组、顺式阿曲库铵组和米库氯铵组3组患者的平均压在T1、T2时间点与T0相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),T3与T1、T2相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。罗库溴铵组T2时间点平均压与T1相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。顺式阿曲库铵组T3时间点平均压与T0相比,差异有统计学意义(P=0.003)。米库氯铵组T2时间点平均压与T1相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001,表2)。

表2 三组患者在全身麻醉诱导各时间点血流动力学参数比较 

Table 2 Comparison of hemodynamic parameters among the 3 groups during general anesthesia induction


2.4 手术时长及复苏情况的比较

      三组患者手术时长(F=0.551,P=0.578)、自主呼吸恢复时间(F=0.230,P=0.795)、喉罩拔除时间(F=2.250,P=0.110)及符合出室标准的时间(F=0.664,P=0.517)组间比较,差异均无统计学意 义(表3)。

表3 三组患者手术时长及复苏情况比较 

Table 3 Comparison of operation duration and resuscitation indicators among the 3 groups


3 讨论

      眼压是决定青光眼患者疾病进展甚至预后的主要因素。在全身麻醉诱导阶段,用药复杂,且需进行面罩辅助通气、气管插管、喉罩置入等气道操作。因此,明确麻醉诱导过程中每种药物及不同操作对眼压升高的青光眼患者眼压的影响对于维持眼压的稳定至关重要[3-4]。本研究截取了丙泊酚镇静后、肌松后及喉罩置入后3个关键时间点,以反应眼压升高的青光眼患者在全身麻醉诱导期间眼压的变化程度。研究[15]显示:当眼压下降至<6.5mmHg持续时间超过10d以上时,可导致低张性黄斑病变,甚至出现视网膜脱离的风险。亦有研究[16-17]表明:青光眼患者眼压低于5mmHg存在视力障碍的风险。在整个全身麻醉诱导期间,患者的眼压均较基础值明显下降,但均未出现低于5mmHg的情况。因此,全身麻醉诱导并未导致患者的眼压下降至危险的临界值。
      不同种类的非去极化肌松药如罗库溴铵、维库溴铵、阿曲库铵对无眼疾的正常眼压患者的眼压无明显影响[8-12]。在全身麻醉诱导和维持期间,非去极化肌松药如罗库溴铵、米库氯铵、顺式阿 曲库铵可不同程度地降低正常患者的眼压[9,13-14]。非去极化肌松药对眼压的影响情况及具体机制目前尚不明确。有学者[18]认为眼肌张力可能参与了肌松药对眼压的调节。但亦有动物研究[19]发现:切断眼肌后应用肌松药与眼肌完整的动物对比,眼压并无差别,因此认为眼肌张力并未参与肌松药物对眼压的调节。在既往关于非去极化肌松药对眼压影响的临床研究[20-22]中,常合并应用不同种类的麻醉药或镇痛药,而合并使用的吸入麻醉药、静脉麻醉药、镇痛药及镇静药物对眼压的影响程度并不一致。背景用药的复合效应可能会混淆非去极化肌松药对眼压的实际影响,进而影响判定非去极化肌松药对眼压影响效应的准确性。本研究仅应用静脉麻醉药丙泊酚和肌松药行全身麻醉诱导来对比3种非去极化肌松药对眼压影响的情况。T2与T1时间点眼压数值的组内比较无差异,说明3种非去极化肌松药的应用并没有进一步的降低眼压。为了去除丙泊酚对眼压的影响效应,我们进一步采用T2与T1时间点眼压的差值来体现肌松药对眼压的影响作用,结果表明三组患者T2与T1时间点的眼压差值的组间比较,差异无统计学意义,即罗库溴铵、顺式阿曲库铵、米库氯铵这3种非去极化肌松药对眼压的影响不存在差异。
     气道相关操作是全身麻醉诱导期间导致眼压波动的另一大主要因素。喉罩置入相较于气管插管,具有操作轻柔、对患者刺激小的优势。有研究[23]发现喉罩置入操作未引起眼压的变化。临床道[24]也指出:喉罩置入引起眼压轻度的升高与置入前相比,差异有统计学意义。既往研究结论的不一致可能和麻醉诱导用药差异、喉罩品牌不同以及置入操作者的技术熟练程度有关。本研究果显示:与置入前的眼压值相比,喉罩置入后的眼压值有所升高,表明喉罩置入操作会引起眼压上升,但是仍然低于基础眼压值。我们在喉罩置入前仅给予了镇静药和肌松药,未给予镇痛药物,因而不能完全阻断喉罩置入所产生的伤害性刺激。这也提示我们在麻醉诱导气道操作前,应予以完善的镇静、镇痛和肌松才能有效的避免眼压的波动。
     综上所述,全身麻醉诱导过程中,眼压升高的青光眼患者的眼压在镇静后、肌松后及喉罩置入后均较诱导前明显下降。非去极化肌松药罗库溴铵、顺式阿曲库铵及米库氯铵对眼压升高的青光眼患者的眼压无明显影响,且3种肌松药之间未见显著差异。因此,本研究结果为眼压升高的青光眼患者实施全身麻醉诱导时非去极化肌松药的合理应用提供临床参考。

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1、上海市科学技术委员会项目 (16DZ1911108)。This work was supported by the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Project, China (16DZ1911108)()
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