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右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼用于老年青光眼患者经巩膜二极管激光睫状体光凝术术后自控静脉镇痛的临床效果

Effect of dexmedetomidine combined with sufentanil on patient-controlled intravenous analgesia after transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation in elderly glaucoma patients

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年9月 第37卷 第9期 740-746 发布时间: 收稿时间:2022/11/23 19:15:54 阅读量:5147
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右美托咪定青光眼术后自控静脉镇痛麻醉眼内压
dexmedetomidine glaucoma postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia anesthesia intraocular pressure
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.09.02
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目的:评估右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼用于老年青光眼患者经巩膜二极管激光睫状体光凝术 (transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation,TDLC)术后自控静脉镇痛(patient-controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)的安全性和有效性。方法:选择行TDLC术老年青光眼患者80例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为SD组(n=40)和S组(n=40)。SD组术后PCIA采用舒芬太尼1.5μg/kg+右美托咪定1.5 μg/kg+托烷司琼4mg;S组采用舒芬太尼2μg/kg+托烷司琼4mg。将相应药物置入生理盐水配成100mL混合液加入电子镇痛泵,手术结束即刻行PCIA至术后24h。观察比较两组患者基本情况和手术情况,比较术前(T0)、术后即刻(T1)、术后6h(T2)、术后12h(T3)和术后24h(T4)患者的收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、心率(heart rate,HR)、NRS疼痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分及非手术眼的眼内压(intraocular pressure,IOP),比较术后恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制、躁动等不良反应及使用其他辅助镇痛药物的情况。结果:两组患者基本情况和手术情况的差异无统计学意义。两组各时点DBP、非手术眼IOP及NRS评分差异无统计学意义。SD组T3、T4时点SBP,T2、T3、T4时点HR以及T2、T3时点Ramsay评分均低于S组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者发生不良反应的总例数差异无统计学意义,但SD组恶心呕吐(1例)和烦躁(2例)发生率均低于S组(分别为6例和9例),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者呼吸抑制和眩晕嗜睡发生率以及使用其他辅助镇痛药物例数差别无统计学意义,SD组舒芬太尼使用量低于S组(P<0.05)。结论:采用右美托咪定1.5μg/kg复合舒芬太尼1.5μg/kg行PCIA时不影响非手术眼IOP,可安全有效地应用于老年青光眼患者TDLC术后镇痛。
Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of dexmedetomidine combined with sufentanil for postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) after transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation (TDLC) in elderly patients with glaucoma. Methods: Eighty elderly glaucoma patients undergoing TDLC were selected and randomly divided into a SD group (n=40) and a S group (n=40) by random number table method. In SD group (n=40), sufentanil 1.5 μg/kg, dexmedetomidine 1.5 μg/kg and tropisetron 4 mg were used for postoperative PCIA, and sufentanil 2 μg/kg and tropisetron 4 mg were used in S Group (n=40). The corresponding drugs in saline solution was added into 100 mL solution with electronic analgesia pump. PCIA was performed immediately after the operation until 24 h after the operation. The basic condition and operation situation of the two groups were observed and compared, and systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), NRS pain score, Ramsay sedation score and non-operation eye intraocular pressure (IOP) at preoperative (T0), after operation (T1), postoperative 6 h (T2), 12 h after operation (T3) and 24 h after operation (T4) were compared, and postoperative adverse reactions such as nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, restlessness and use of other auxiliary analgesic drug were also compared. Results: There was no significant difference between two groups of patients’ basic and surgical conditions. There was no significant difference between two groups at each time point DBP, non-operation eye IOP and NRS score. SBP at T3 and T4, HR at T2, T3 and T4, and Ramsay score at T2 and T3 in SD group were lower than the S group, the difference was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in the total number of adverse reactions between two groups, but the incidence of nausea and vomiting and restlessness in group SD were lower than those in group respectively, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the incidence of respiratory depression, dizziness, lethargy and the use of other auxiliary analgesics. The sufentanil usage in group SD was lower than that in group S (P<0.05). Conclusion: PCIA with dexmedetomidine 1.5 g/kg combined with sufentanil 1.5 g/kg does not affect the non-operation eye IOP. It can be safely and effectively applied to postoperative analgesia for elderly patients with glaucoma after TDLC
经巩膜二极管激光睫状体光凝术(transscleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation,TDLC)是目前治疗难治性和终末期青光眼最常用的手术,患者术后常伴随剧烈疼痛[1]。老年青光眼患者又常合并高血压、冠心病等疾病,术后疼痛增加心脑血管意外风险,还可能诱发非手术眼的眼内压(intraocular pressure,IOP)改变[2-3],影响患者预后和非手术眼安全,此类患者的术后镇痛具有重要临床意义。病人自控静脉镇痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA)是目前常用的术后镇痛方式[4],研究显示右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼已成功应用于多种手术和老年患者的PCIA[5-7],但该方法是否适用于老年青光眼患者TDLC术后镇痛,以及对非手术眼IOP的影响尚未有研究。本研究拟将右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼用于老年青光眼患者TDLC术后PCIA,评估其安全性和有效性,为临床应用提供参考和依据。

1 对象与方法

1.1 对象

本研究经天津市眼科医院医学伦理委员会同意,患者家属知情并签署知情同意书。纳入2018年11月至2020年5月于天津市眼科医院行DLTSC术的老年青光眼患者80例,年龄≥65岁,美国麻醉医师协会(American Anesthesia Association,ASA)II或III级。其中男42例,女38例,均为单眼手术。选择行TDLC术老年青光眼患者80例,采用随机数字表法将患者分为SD组(n=40)和S组(n=40)。参照 相关文献要求,舒芬太尼的输注用于胸科或腹腔镜术后镇痛剂量一般为1μg/(kg·h),右美托咪定静脉持续输注的剂量0.15μg/(kg·h),考虑DLTSC术后疼痛特点并结合预试验结果,本研究中SD组 (n=40)术后PCIA采用舒芬太尼1.5μg/kg+右美托咪定1.5μg/kg+托烷司琼4mg,S组(n=40)采用舒芬太尼2μg/kg+托烷司琼4mg。所选患者术前均能配合检查,无定向力和意识功能障碍,除外存在呼吸、神经系统和肝肾疾病以及长期服用阿片类镇痛药物史患者。
麻醉采用局部麻醉复合监护麻醉(monitored anesthesia care,MAC)进行,患者术前禁食水8h,入室后常规检测BP、HR、SpO2及ECG。面罩吸氧,经静脉滴注咪达唑仑0.02mg/kg、舒芬太尼0.1 μg/kg、托烷司琼2mg,术中持续静脉输注丙泊酚1~2mg/(kg·h)。术中由同一位医师以2%利多卡因与0.75%布比卡因1:1配比取3mL行球后神经阻滞,阻滞5min后开始手术,术中麻醉医师根据患者血压(blood pressure,BP)、心率(heart rate,HR)、疼痛反应、呼吸和镇静情况,进行相应的镇痛镇静处理,保障患者生命指征平稳和手术顺利进行。手术采用波长为810nm的Oculight Slx半导体激光机(Iris Medical Instruments Inc,美国),激光能量开始设置为1500mW,每次以100mW增减能量,以听到爆破音时的能量为治疗能量,激光持续时间为1500ms,间隔为400ms,激光能量范围和击射点数依照手术眼IOP情况进行调整。术后术眼眼罩覆盖加压包扎,待患者生命指征平稳、意识清晰后返回病房。

研究人员根据分组将相应药物与生理盐水配成100mL混合液加入LY-1型电子镇痛泵(张家港龙医医疗器械有限公司),调整参数并于手术结束即刻开始输注镇痛。参数设定为输注流速2mL/h,单次追加药量0.5mL,锁定时间15min。SD组给予舒芬太尼1.5μg/kg+右美托咪定1.5μg/kg+托烷司琼4mg,S组给予舒芬太尼2μg/kg+托烷司琼4mg。患者术后依据疼痛反应自行按压自控键给药,自控镇痛效果不佳时可辅助使用其他口服或静脉镇痛药物。
由另一位研究人员(对镇痛治疗不知情)记录患者基本信息以及围术期情况。具体内容包括:术前(T0)、术后即刻(T1)、术后6h(T2)、术后12h(T3)和术后24h(T4)的收缩压(systolicblood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、HR、NRS疼痛评分[8]、Ramsay镇静评分[9-10]和非手术眼IOP,术后恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制、躁动不安等不良反应以及使用其他辅助镇痛药物的情况。NRS疼痛评分方法为:将疼痛程度用0~10共11个数字表示,0表示无痛,10代表最痛,患者根据自身疼痛程度在这11个数字中挑选一个数字代表其疼痛程度。Ramsay镇静评分标准:1分为患者焦虑、躁动不安;2分为患者配合,有定向力、安静;3分为患者对指令有反应;4分为嗜睡,对轻叩眉间或大声听觉刺激反应敏捷;5分为嗜睡,对轻叩眉间或大声听觉刺激反应迟钝;6分为嗜睡,患者对轻叩眉间或强声刺激无任何反应。围手术期IOP采用回弹式眼压计(Icare,芬兰)进行测定记录[11-12]

1.2 统计学处理

采用SPSS18.0统计软件分析数据。计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内不同时点比较采用重复测量资料方差分析。等级资料以中位数表示,采用秩和检验。计数资料采用卡方检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

两组年龄、性别比、体重、术前合并高血压例数、手术时间、术中舒芬太尼用量以及激光能量和点数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。
SD组患者T3、T4时点的SBP,以及T2、T3、T4时点的HR均低于S组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组患者各时点DBP和非手术眼IOP差异无统计学意义(P<0.05,表2)。

两组患者各时点NRS疼痛评分差异无统计学意义,而SD组患者T2、T3时点的Ramsay镇静评分低于S组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,表3)。
两组不良反应的总例数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),其中呼吸抑制和眩晕嗜睡发生率以及术后使用其他辅助镇痛药物的例数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。SD组恶心呕吐(1例)和烦躁(2例)发生率均低于S组(分别为6例和9例),舒芬太尼的总使用量也低于S组(表4)。

表1 两组基本情况和手术情况的比较(n=40)
Table 1 Comparison of basic conditions and surgical conditions of the two groups (n=40)

20230210102424_0002.png

表2 两组血流动力学和非手术眼IOP的比较(n=40,x±s)
Table 2 Hemodynamic and non-surgical eye’s IOP in two groups (n=40,x±s)

20230210102500_6870.png

表3 两组患者不同时点NRS疼痛评分和Ramsay镇静评分的比较(n=40)
Table 3 Comparison of NRS pain score and Ramsay sedation scores between two groups of patients at difffferent points of time (n=40)

20230210102532_2125.png

表4 两组不良反应、舒芬太尼用量和辅助用药的比较(n=40)
Table 4 Comparison of adverse reactions, sufentanil dosage, and adjuvant medications in the two groups (n=40)

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3 讨论

右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼已成功用于多种手术及老年患者术后PCIA[13],但国内目前尚未将其应用于老年青光眼患者的术后镇痛,尤其是TDLC术后患者。TDLC是难治性青光眼的姑息性手术,通过破坏睫状体减少房水生成、增加房水引流起到降低IOP效果。该手术术后疼痛剧烈,疼痛与破坏睫状体产生的炎性反应以及青光眼患者长期高眼压所致的眼部痛觉过敏有关,需要进行充分的镇痛治疗。以往单独使用舒芬太尼进行PCIA时剂量低时镇痛效果不佳[14],剂量过高则伴随呼吸抑制、恶心呕吐等不良反应增多[15-16]。舒芬太尼2μg/kg用于PCIA具备较可靠的镇痛效果,是目前临床常用的术后镇痛方法,本研究将此方法作为对照组进行研究[17]。研究[18]显示右美托咪定具有良好的镇静镇痛作用,既可减少阿片药物的用量,降低阿片类药物的不良反应,有效抑制炎症和应激反应,对抑制痛觉过敏也有良好效果,非常适用于老年患者的术后PCIA[19]。本研究结果显示:与单独应用舒芬太尼2μg/kg相比,右美托咪定1.5μg/kg复合舒芬太尼1.5μg/kg在镇痛效果相同的情况下,能降低部分时段的SBP和HR,减轻患者心脏负担和心肌氧耗,且能减少患者术后的烦躁和躁动,与多位学者的研究[20-21]结果一致。此外,SD组患者术后恶心呕吐的发生率和舒芬太尼用量均低于S组,提示使用右美托咪定减少舒芬太尼用量,可降低恶心呕吐发生率,提高患者术后舒适度和安全性。
TDLC是姑息性手术,手术眼将逐渐发生萎缩甚至失去功能,因此保护非手术眼具有重要意义。非手术眼IOP的增高或降低均有可能影响非手术眼的安全和未来转归,对此类患者进行术后镇痛管理时既要满足镇痛需要,又要减少药物对非手术眼IOP造成的影响。研究显示右美托咪定可降低老年患者IOP主要机制可能为通过降低交感神经兴奋性间接影响血压及房水生产和流出循环,部分麻醉和眼科医师在青光眼患者应用右美托咪定时存在顾虑。在本研究设计阶段,我们就安全性进行了分析,一方面青光眼患者的房水生成和流出循环系统本身存在结构性障碍,血压变化、血管张力降低等间接作用对IOP的影响相对有限,另一方面本研究选取右美托咪定用于PCIA,其剂量和输注速率均低于术中镇静的常规用法。最终研究结果显示:虽然部分时段血压有所下降,但并未影响非手术眼IOP,右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼可安全用于青光眼患者术后PCIA,对非手术眼IOP无明显影响,不存在干扰或影响眼科治疗的情况。

本研究尚有一定的局限性,一是所选剂量相对保守,未能达到绝对无痛镇静的理想状态,二是剂量分组较少,未来尚需进一步细化分组研究以确定最佳组合剂量。
综上所述,右美托咪定复合舒芬太尼可满足术后PCIA需要,减少舒芬太尼用量,减少患者烦躁和躁动,降低患者BP、HR以及恶心呕吐的发生率,同时不影响非手术眼的眼内压,可安全有效地用于老年青光眼患者TDLC术后镇痛。

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1、王鹏.右美托咪定辅助麻醉在青光眼合并白内障患者手术中对心率及睡眠的影响[J].世界睡眠医学杂志,2023,10(06):1221-1223+1226.WANG Peng. The effect of dexmedetomidine assisted anesthesia on heart rate and sleep in glaucoma patients with cataract surgery[J]. World J Sleep Med, 2023, 10(6): 1221-1223.
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