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超声睫状体成形术治疗不同类型青光眼的研究进展

Research progress in different types of glaucoma treatment with ultrasound cyclo-plasty

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2023年7月 第38卷 第7期 518-525 发布时间: 收稿时间:2023/9/7 11:53:47 阅读量:5511
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关键词:
超声睫状体成形术高强度聚焦超声青光眼睫状体睫状体治疗手术
ultrasound cyclo-plasty high-intensity focused ultrasound glaucoma ciliary body ciliary body surgery
DOI:
10.12419/2212270001
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超声睫状体成形术(ultrasound cyclo-plasty,UCP),是一种新型的睫状体治疗手术,目前已应用于治疗不同类型的青光眼。UCP通过微型高强度聚焦超声(high-intensity focused ultrasounds,HIFU)设备,高度选择性作用于睫状体,实现温和可控、稳定的降眼压(intraocular pressure,IOP)效果。相较于传统的睫状体破坏手术,UCP具有操作简单、耗时短、可重复性高及安全性高的特点。该文从UCP的由来、结构特点、作用机制、疗效、特点及安全性对UCP治疗不同类型青光眼的研究进展进行综述。
Ultrasound cyclo-plasty (UCP) is a novel technique for ciliary body surgery, which has been applied to treat different types of glaucoma. UCP works on the cilary body highly and selectively with the micro high-intensity focused ultrasounds (HIFU) to achieve a mild, controllable, and stable intraocular pressure(IOP) effect. Compared with the traditional ciliary body destruction surgery, UCP is simple operation, efficiency, high repeatability, and high safety.This article reviews the research progress in the UCP treating various types of glaucoma, from its origin, structural characteristics, mechanism, efficacy, characteristics, and safety.
青光眼是一种常见的致盲性眼病,可造成不可逆性视神经损伤及进展的视野缺损[1]。目前最重要的、可减缓视力丧失唯一有效的治疗方法是控制眼压(intraocular pressure,IOP)[2]。临床上常通过两种途径降低IOP:增加房水流出、减少房水生成[3]。目前,增加房水流出常用的滤过手术,如小梁切除术,常因组织纤维化及滤过泡瘢痕形成等原因存在较高的远期失败率,且对难治性青光眼疗效不佳[4];而减少房水生成的睫状体破坏手术,如睫状体光凝术、睫状体冷凝术,因可重复性差及并发症严重,仅限于晚期或难治性青光眼的治疗[5-6]
高强度聚焦超声(high-intensity focused ultrasounds, HIFU)为睫状体破坏手术提供了新思路。超声睫状体成形术(ultrasound cyclo-plasty,UCP)应用HIFU高度选择作用于睫状体的特点,实现了电脑辅助下的自动化睫状体治疗程序。目前,已有多项研究报道了UCP在不同类型青光眼患者降IOP中的疗效及安全性,这也提示我们需重新考虑睫状体治疗手术的应用时机和适应证。本文就UCP在不同类型青光眼的研究进展进行综述。

1 UCP的由来

20世纪80年代,Coleman等[7-9]首次使用HIFU设备(Sonocare)治疗难治性青光眼患者。该设备治疗探头由超声换能器、定位光束和生物传感器组成。首先通过定位设备选取治疗区域,再启动超声换能器在5s的暴露时间下施加治疗能量,对睫状体的1个部位产生作用并重复上述过程,实现睫状体的多区域治疗。尽管HIFU具有良好的降IOP效果[8, 10-12],但存在潜在的严重术后并发症风险[8-9],如:眼球痨、视力严重下降、脉络膜脱离,且其操作复杂、手术时间长,在20世纪90年代逐渐被弃用。2010年,Aptel等[13]在原有理论基础上改进了HIFU设备,使整个设备体积缩小、操作流程极大简化,UCP得以诞生,随即法国EYE TECH CARE公司对其进行商品化生产(EyeOP1)。

2 UCP的结构特点

EyeOP1设备由定位环、治疗探头、控制台三部分构成[14]。定位环内需注满生理盐水以确保超声能量传递。探头具有3种不同的规格(直径11、12、13 mm)[15],可在术前进行超声生物显微镜(ultrasonic biomicroscope,UBM)、眼前节光相干断层扫描、眼轴及白到白测量,依据不同患者的眼部情况选择适合的探头规格。探头中的6个换能器分布避开鼻侧和颞侧,以保证基本的房水生成,并避开睫状长神经,减少术中的疼痛感。换能器呈弧形,避免角膜和晶状体的损伤以及能量波及视网膜。超声的热效应不依赖于组织色素沉着,对虹膜和脉络膜的损伤较小[16]。其中1代探头换能器作用时间为4s或6s,2代探头8s或10 s,相邻两个扇区间的时间间隔为20 s。相较于1代探头的6个治疗扇区,2代探头可通过旋转,将治疗扇区增加到8或10个,整个治疗仅需数分钟。

3 UCP治疗青光眼的机制

3.1 房水生成减少

Aptel等[17]通过光学和电子显微镜发现经HIFU作用后的睫状体出现沿睫状体圆周分布的局灶性坏死,且与超声作用区域一致。作用区域的睫状突发生了炎症和坏死性改变,伴有表面上皮的出血和脱失,而基底部分和其余睫状体无明显异常,超声处理区域和未处理区域之间的分界非常清晰,提出睫状上皮坏死、房水生成减少是HIFU降低IOP的重要机制。

3.2 房水流出增加

Aptel等[15]发现UCP术后脉络膜上腔可见低回声微囊,这些患者的眼压明显低于未见脉络膜上腔低回声空间者,且这种改变似乎不随时间的推移而消失,可能是由于这些微囊是房水经巩膜穿透结膜的通道,使睫状上间隙和脉络膜上间隙的葡萄膜巩膜房水流出增加。
Mastropasqua等[18]使用眼前节光相干断层扫描和共聚焦显微镜观察到,治疗部位巩膜内的低反射空间相对于基线水平明显增加。同时Aptel等[17]观察到邻近治疗区域的巩膜变薄,他们推测可能是由于巩膜内间隙和巩膜变薄增加了通过葡萄膜巩膜途径房水流出,进而降低了IOP,是UCP治疗青光眼的重要作用机制。
图1 高倍显微镜下睫状突组织切片(400×,HE染色)
Figuer 1 High magnification (400×) micrographs of histologic slices revealing details of untreated ciliary processes(hematoxylin-eosin staining)
(a)治疗前的睫状突、治疗后(b)5 d、(c)21 d和(d)6个月睫状突凝固坏死的细节。该图引自Aptel等的研究[17]
(a) and ciliary process coagulation necrosis 5 d (b), 21 d (c) and 6 mo (d) after sonication. This figure is taken from the study of Aptel et al[17].
图2 同一患者颞上结膜内共聚焦显微镜检查
Figuer 2 In vivo confocal microscopy of the superior temporal conjunctiva in the same patient
(A)白色箭头显示治疗前巩膜上皮内分散、小的圆形微囊,白色箭头显示治疗30 d后,(B)微囊的密度和面积增加。该图引自Mastropasqua等的研究[18]
(A) The baseline planar reconstruction shows small roundish microcysts, located at different levels within the epithelium, scattered, and sometimes clustered (arrowhead). (B) Microcysts increased in density and area (arrow) 30 days after insonification. Bar represents 100 mm. This figure is taken from the study of Mastropasqua et al[18].

4 UCP治疗青光眼的效果

4.1 UCP治疗不同类型青光眼的降眼压效果我们就当前关于UCP疗效的报道[15, 18-37](表1)进行了回顾。总体而言,UCP在不同类型青光眼中表现出良好的降IOP疗效:末次随访时IOP降幅从18.3%~64.15%不等。

表1 UCP治疗不同类型青光眼降眼压疗效[15, 18-37]

Table 1 Effect of UCP on reducing IOP of different types of glaucoma[15, 18-37]

4.1.1 UCP治疗开角型青光眼的降眼压效果
Giannaccare等[28]在关于UCP治疗青光眼患者的前瞻性研究中纳入开角型青光眼(open-angle glaucoma, OAG)24眼,发现术后1年患者的平均IOP较术前降低了7.3 mmHg(28.5%)。Deb-Joardar等[19]纳入73例OAG患者,术后随访1年,IOP由基线的(23.5±3.0)mmHg降至(15.7±5.4)mmHg,降幅为32.6%。Leshno等[23]对中期开角型青光眼患者进行UCP治疗,随访2年,术后7d的IOP下降幅度最大,平均比基线下降46%。术后6个月眼压开始轻度升高,此后稳定,与基线测量值相比平均降低31%~34%。
4.1.2 UCP治疗闭角型青光眼的降眼压效果
Giannaccare等[28]纳入闭角型青光眼(angle closure glaucoma,ACG)11眼,发现术后1年患者的平均眼压较基线降低13.3 mmHg(41%)。Hu等[33]纳入原发性闭角型青光眼14眼(其中10眼使用6扇区,4眼使用8扇区),术后3个月IOP降幅为36.1%。张文静等[36]纳入32例闭角型青光眼患者,使用10扇区、换能器作用时间8 s的方案,术前平均IOP为(41.78±8.17)mmHg,术后6个月随访时平均IOP为20.67±4.35 mmHg。杨丛丛等人[30]报道了11例闭角型青光眼患者使用10扇区、换能器作用时间8 s的方案,术后随访3个月,IOP从基线的(54.7±5.4)mmHg降至(19.6±6.9)mmHg,降幅为64.15%,为本文纳入文献中IOP降幅最大的报道。
4.1.3 UCP 治疗新生血管性青光眼的降眼压效果
Giannaccare等人[28]纳入24例新生血管性青光眼(neovascular glaucoma,NVG)患者,术后1年平均IOP降低了7.1 mmHg(20.5%)。Hu等[33]纳入NVG 29眼(其中19眼使用6扇区,10眼使用8扇区),术后3个月IOP降幅为18.6%。Zhou等[21]在研究中发现UCP(8扇区,换能器作用时间8 s)术后1年,平均IOP降低29.6%。国内的相关研究[29-32]多使用10扇区、换能器作用时间8 s的方案,结果发现UCP术后6个月IOP降幅为42%~49.18%不等。
4.1.4 UCP治疗其他类型青光眼的降眼压效果
Giannaccare等[29-32]纳入剥脱性青光眼9眼,术后1年平均IOP降低了4.3 mmHg(18.3%)。杨丛丛等[30]纳入9例继发性青光眼患者,术后随访3个月,IOP降幅为51.72%。对于青光眼术后眼压失控的患者,UCP也表现出良好的降眼压效果,据崔晴晴[30]等的报道来看,术后3个月IOP由(45.82±8.81)mmHg降至(24.32±6.52)mmHg。
有些学者并未对不同类型青光眼进行UCP术后IOP降幅的统计。Aptel等[15]报道了使用6扇区、换能器作用3/4 s的方案,经(11.6±1.5)个月随访,患者IOP降幅为33.9%。研究[20, 22, 25-27, 34, 37-39]报道了使用6/8/10扇区、换能器作用8 s的方案,末次随访时患者IOP降低率达28.7%~42.5%不等。

4.2 UCP治疗青光眼的其他疗效

有报道[30-31, 33, 35]称UCP可降低疼痛等级评分,对于提高青光眼患者的生活质量具有重要意义。在患者术后使用的降眼压药物数量方面,研究结果不一致。有研究显示不能减少降眼压药物种类[15, 18, 23, 28, 33],但也有研究[28, 30-31, 34, 37]显示术后降眼压药物种类明显减少。究其原因存在实验样本量偏小、选择偏倚等因素,有待进一步研究开展予以评估。在患者术后最佳矫正视力(best correct edvisual acuity,BCVA,LogMAR)的变化方面,本文纳入的文献实验结果均显示UCP术后BCVA无明显变化。

4.3 治疗青光眼疗效的特点

4.3.1 不同类型青光眼IOP降幅不同
    根据Giannaccare、Hu等[28, 33]的研究结果来看,末次随访时平均IOP降幅排名均为ACG、OAG、NVG。而Giannaccare在2017年[24]的研究中,则得出NVG患者IOP降幅高于OAG的结果。这种差异一方面可能与样本偏差有关,另一方面可能与术前IOP的基线值有关。另外,Zhou等[21]的研究结果显示,UCP治疗NVG的IOP降幅要比非NVG的低,他们推测可能与UCP治疗后,睫状体上皮坏死、炎症因子刺激小梁网肿胀,进一步阻塞房角,房水外流受阻有关。
4.3.2 IOP降幅与术前眼压、扇区数量、作用时长相关
    将本文纳入所有文献报道的结果按照不同扇区、不同换能器作用时长汇总,IOP降幅结果见表2。
把根据换能器作用时间进行分组的研究进行汇总比较,见图3。
根据表2、图3可以看出,在相同时间条件下,10扇区似乎表现出更好的降IOP效果,而在使用相同扇区数的前提下,换能器作用时间与IOP降幅关系不确切。Mastropasqua等[18, 24, 40, 41]提出更长的持续时间似乎能在不影响安全性的前提下带来更高的反应率。不同的是,Deb-Joardar等[19]在研究中发现,使用8 s方案的患者降IOP幅度(37.4%)高于使用10 s方案者(30.4%)。
值得一提的是,多项研究[25, 28, 31, 37]发现术前IOP值与IOP降幅呈线性相关,为UCP治疗高IOP提供依据。

表 2 使用不同扇区、不同换能器作用时间方案的IOP降幅

Table 2 IOP reduction for schemes using different sectors and different transducer operating times

图3 不同换能器作用时间IOP降幅
Figure 3 IOP reduction for different transducer operating time
A为Aptel等[15];B为Denis等[14];C为Mastropasqua等[18];D为Deb-Joardar等[19]
A Aptel et al[15]; B Denis et al[14]; C Mastropasqua et al[18];D Deb-Joardar rt al[19].
4.3.3 UCP 术后眼压变化
在Hu等[33]的研究中,约50%的患者在术后早期随访中即发生IOP回升,主要是由于治疗的睫状体体积不够,减少房水生成程度不足,或存在剩余的正常上皮代偿性分泌房水。
一部分患者术后早期IOP降幅较大,但在较长一段时间后IOP缓慢上升[23]。一方面,Mastropasqua等[18]提出,经巩膜途径增加的房水流出可能随时间的迁移而减少,进而影响远期的降IOP疗效;另一方面,De Gregorio等[38]认为先前已坏死的睫状上皮可能发生再上皮化,其产生房水的能力得到部分恢复,导致晚期IOP回升。
5 UCP治疗的安全性在本文纳入的全部研究中,UCP均表现出良好的安全性,这一特性体现在其术中和术后并发症多呈轻微、一过性,较少发生严重的并发症。经统计(表3),所有文献纳入的831只眼中,最常见并发症为结膜充血(38.75%)、浅层点状角膜炎(14.20%)、前房反应(29.60%),多发生在术后早期,且绝大多数在经过对症治疗后数月内能得到恢复。严重的并发症,如持续性低眼压、眼球痨未见报道,而在睫状体冷凝及激光光凝术后较为常见[42-43]。目前报道的6例患者发生脉络膜脱离[14, 17, 20, 22, 26],经治疗后最迟在数月内可消退,无直接证据证明这些眼底并发症直接由UCP治疗引起。尚有1例视网膜脱离[33]因严重的白内障导致眼底检查无法完善,因此无法判断该种并发症与UCP治疗的因果关系;在对视力的影响方面,仅有个别病例[33,40,44]发生了视力下降和散光度数增加,与治疗过程中出现的角膜水肿、角膜炎症及角膜溃疡有关。

表3 UCP术后常见并发症

Table 3 Common complications after UCP

6 总结和展望

UCP作为一种新型的睫状体治疗手段,操作简单,可高度选择作用于睫状体以降低IOP,且并发症轻微、对视力影响较小,对于不同类型的青光眼患者,UCP均表现出稳定的有效性和安全性。就目前来看,UCP对于早期非NVG的治疗效果优于晚期难治性青光眼,尤其是早期ACG的降眼压效果更佳。在相同作用时间条件下,10扇区似乎表现出更好的降眼压效果,为我们选择治疗方案提供了参考。其作用机制值得进一步明确以帮助临床工作者更加合理的地应用这一技术,使其在青光眼的诊疗中发挥更大的作用。

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1、国家自然科学基金(81970785)。
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81970785).()
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