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咽旁间隙肿瘤切除术后并发霍纳综合征1例

Horner syndrome after surgical treatment of parapharyngeal space mass: A case report

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2022年8月 第37卷 第8期 685-690 发布时间: 收稿时间:2022/12/1 16:01:26 阅读量:4172
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霍纳综合征上睑下垂瞳孔缩小神经鞘瘤眼交感神经通路
orner syndrome ptosis miosis schwannoma oculosympathetic pathway
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10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.08.06
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    霍纳综合征是一种由眼交感神经传出通路中任意部分中断所造成的临床综合征,常以上睑下垂、瞳孔缩小等眼部特征为主要临床表现,往往提示头、颈或胸部严重疾病或术后并发症的发生。现报告1例49岁的男性患者,曾在武汉市中心医院耳鼻喉科行右侧咽旁间隙肿物切除术,术后第1天出现右眼上睑下垂,瞳孔缩小,伴同侧面部无汗。术后随访半年,上述症状未见明显改善。右侧咽旁间隙肿物的病理结果证实为交感干神经鞘瘤,该病例临床较为罕见。
Horner syndrome is caused by damage of the oculosympathetic pathway. It is a common disorder characterized by ocular signs such as ptosis and miosis, and these signs usually indicate the occurrence of severe head, neck and chest diseases or surgical complications. We report a case of 49-year-old male patient who underwent parapharyngeal space tumor resection in the Department of otolaryngology. On postoperative day one, the patient presented right eyelid drooping, the right pupil constricted, and the absence of sweating on the right side of the face.  After six months of follow-up, the above signs still presented and showed no significant change. T??he pathological assessment of the resected parapharyngeal space tumor demonstrated that it is the sympathetic trunk schwannoma, which is relatively rare in clinical practice.
    霍纳综合征是一种由眼交感神经传出通路中任意部分中断所造成的临床综合征,常常以“上睑下垂,瞳孔缩小”等眼部特征为主要临床表现,可伴或不伴有同侧面部无汗[1]。尽管霍纳综合征通常不会引起视力的显著下降或其他明显的症状,但作为眼交感神经通路被中断的警示信号,常常提示头、颈或胸部严重疾病或术后并发症的发生[2-4]。霍纳综合征的快速、准确诊断,对于首诊医师,尤其是眼科医师具有非常重要的临床意义。现武汉市中心医院眼科接诊1例咽旁间隙肿物切除术后并发霍纳综合征的患者,术后病理证实为交感干神经鞘瘤,临床较为罕见[5],现报告如下。

1 临床资料

    患者,男性,49岁,主因“体检发现右侧咽旁间隙肿物半年” ( 图1A ,1B) , 于 2021年6月7日在武汉市中心医院耳鼻喉科行右侧咽旁间隙肿物切除术,患者术后第 1 天出现右眼上睑下垂 ( 上睑遮盖角膜上缘 4 mm) ,瞳孔缩小 ( 直径约 1.5 mm)( 图2A ,2B) ,伴同侧面部无汗。眼科检查:右眼视力 0.6 ,左眼视力1.0,右眼眼压14 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),左眼眼压16 mmHg;双眼球运动无明显异常;右眼球突出度13 mm,左眼球突出度14 mm;双眼瞳孔对光反射灵敏;暗室环境下5 s内右眼瞳孔散大明显迟缓(与左眼相比),眼底(?)。术后病理提示:颈部淋巴结反应性增生(图3A)。免疫组织化学示CD20、CD21、CD3、Ki-67、BCL-2、CD5、CyclinD1淋巴组织呈反应性增生表达模式 ,PCK(-);肿物切片证实为交感干神经鞘瘤(图3B),免疫组织化学示SOX-10,S-100(+),CD34(局灶+),SMA,Desmin(?),Ki-67Li<5%。术后半年随访,右眼上睑下垂,瞳孔缩小、同侧面部无汗症状未见明显改善,眼球运动,眼球突出度及对光反射未见明显异常。
20230210145901_2918.png

图1 右侧咽旁间隙肿瘤术前MRI
Figure 1 Preoperative MRI of the tumor in right parapharyngeal space
(A) 右侧咽旁间隙肿物冠状切面图,可见椭圆形T1W低信号,边缘光滑清晰,大小约3.0 cm ×1.8 cm ×4.8 cm,增强呈不均匀强化(蓝色箭头);(B) 右侧咽旁间隙肿物水平切面,T2W混杂高信号(蓝色箭头)。
(A) The coronal section of the tumor in the right parapharyngeal space showed oval T1W low signal, smooth and clear edge with approximately 3.0 cm ×1.8 cm ×4.8 cm in size, and uneven enhancement (blue arrow); (B) The horizontal section of the tumor demonstrated T2W mixed high signal (blue arrow).

20230210150000_5611.png

图2 术后第1天外观图
Figure 2 Appearance of the eye on the first day after operation
(A)右眼上睑下垂(上睑遮盖角膜上缘4 mm),左眼正常;(B)右眼瞳孔直径明显缩小(右眼直径约1.5 mm,左眼直径约2.5 mm)。
(A) Upper blepharoptosis in right eye (upper eyelid covering 4 mm of upper limbus of cornea) and the left eye appeared normal; (B) Pupil diameter of right eye decreased significantly (the diameter of right pupil was about 1.5 mm and left pupil was about 2.5 mm).

20230210150054_9018.png

图3 右侧咽旁间隙肿瘤术后病理
Figure 3 Postoperative pathological examination of the tumor in right parapharyngeal space
(A) 右侧颈部淋巴结:淋巴结反应性增生(HE,×40;淋巴滤泡不规则排列,T细胞增生);(B) 右侧颅底肿物:神经鞘瘤(HE,×100);可见大量梭形细胞,其细胞质红染、部分透亮,呈束状、旋涡状排列。
(A) Pathological findings suggested reactive hyperplasia of right cervical lymph nodes lymph node (HE, ×40; irregular arrangement of lymphatic follicles and proliferative T cells); (B) T??he right skull base tumor: It was conformed as schwannoma (HE, ×100); a large number of spindle cells could be seen in the field, the cytoplasm was red and partly bright, arranged in bundles and vortexes.

2 讨论

    霍纳综合征临床表现直观,但病因复杂,其发生与眼部交感神经传导通路的解剖紧密相关。据文献[6]报道,眼交感神经通路主要包括中枢性、节前性、节后性 ( 图4 ) 。按照损伤部位,霍纳综合征被分为中枢型、节前型和节后型:中枢型发生率相对较低,常合并其他神经系统症状(如吞咽困难、同侧感觉障碍、深感觉丧失、共济失调及旋转性眼球震颤等) [7-9]; 节前型最常见的原因是创伤和肿瘤 ( 臂丛损伤、Pancoast癌、医源性损伤等) [10-11];节后型霍纳综合征的病因较多,常见于颈部、颅底、海绵窦、眶上裂病变等,其中,颈动脉夹层最为常[12-13]。鼻咽癌侵犯咽旁间隙及颞骨岩部时可引起伴颅神经症状的霍纳综合征[14],颈交感链神经鞘瘤可表现为霍纳综合征并伴随颈部搏动性肿块旧[15]。本例患者出现的霍纳综合征,考虑为咽旁间隙肿物切除术中损伤颈部交感神经所致,临床诊断为节后型。
20230210150208_2853.png

图4 眼交感神经通路图
Figure 4 Sympathetic nerve pathway of eyes
中枢性:下丘脑-中脑-脑桥-延髓-睫脊中枢(C8-T2的侧角),不包括睫脊中枢;节前性:睫脊中枢-在锁骨下动脉下方穿行-跨过肺尖-颈总动脉伴行-颈下神经节-颈中神经节-颈上神经节;不包括颈上神经节;节后性:颈上神经节分两路:一路随颈外动脉 (支配面部的泌汗和血管收缩纤维),另一路随颈内动脉-海绵窦-眶上裂-眼部)。
Central: hypothalamus - midbrain - pons - medulla oblongata - lateral angle of C8-T2 (the ciliary center itself is excluded); Preganglionic: ciliary center - below subclavian artery - crossing apex of lung - common carotid artery - inferior cervical ganglion - middle cervical ganglion - superior cervical ganglion (the superior cervical ganglion is excluded); Postganglionic: superior cervical ganglion is divided into two ways: one with external carotid artery (dominating facial sweating and vasoconstrictive fibers), the other way (internal carotid artery-cavernous sinus-superior orbital fissure-eye).

    霍纳综合征的眼、面部体征可能呈现多样化,临床表现如下:1 )上睑下垂:即眼交感神经通路损害所致的上睑下垂一般不超过2 mm[6],主要是因为Muller肌能提供2 mm的上睑提升作用,需要与动眼神经麻痹引起的上睑下垂相鉴别,后者往往遮盖整个角膜,同时常伴有眼球运动障碍,瞳孔散大等体征。2 )瞳孔缩小:由于交感神经支配的瞳孔开大肌与副交感神经支配的瞳孔括约肌之间的平衡被打破,导致患侧瞳孔较健侧缩小1~1.5 mm,在光线较暗的环境中更为明显。由于失交感神经支配的瞳孔扩大主要依赖于瞳孔括约肌松弛这一被动过程,因此在暗处瞳孔散大较健侧迟缓。3 )眼球内陷或眼球下沉:上下眼睑的平滑肌均由交感神经支配,当交感神经张力丧失时,上眼睑下垂、下眼睑抬高(又称“反向上睑下垂”) [16]。上眼睑的下降和下眼睑的上升使眼睛的开口或睑裂变窄,视觉效果上表现为眼球内陷或下沉。4 )虹膜异色:部分患者可能会出现虹膜异色,尤其是先天性疾患所致的患者,其产生机制尚不完全明确,可能与交感神经损伤影响了黑素细胞发育有关。棕色虹膜患者可出现虹膜颜色变浅,而蓝色虹膜患者常出现颜色加深,儿童患者有时在交感神经损伤数年后才出现虹膜异色。5 )结膜充血:急性霍纳综合征的一种短暂的早期症状,在最初几周后很少出现,交感神经阻滞导致微小毛细血管的血管扩张,结膜血管扩张使受累眼睛呈现充血现象[17]。6)一过性低眼压:眼压降低是霍纳综合征的一种短暂症状,系交感神经传导通路被切断减少了房水的产生,从而降低了眼内压[18]。7)面部无汗症:支配面部的促泌汗神经纤维和血管收缩神经纤维主要位于T 2、T 3水平。如果病变未累及T2、T3神经根,不会导致面部无汗[19-20];如果是颈外动脉远端的病变,前额部出汗,而面部少汗。本例患者主要出现了上睑下垂、瞳孔缩小及同侧面部无汗这3个重要的临床体征,其他体征尚不明显。
    霍纳综合征还可以通过药物试验进行辅助诊断,如可卡因试验(通过抑制正常瞳孔开大肌突触间隙去甲肾上腺素递质的正常再摄取,使去甲肾上腺素在突触间隙聚集,从而增强瞳孔散大作用[21])、氢溴酸羟苯丙胺试验(可通过促进突触内去甲肾上腺索的释放而使瞳孔散大,节后损伤由于神经末梢的退变,不会出现瞳孔散大)、阿普可乐实验(当作用于霍纳综合征的瞳孔时,由于失神经支配的节后受体超敏现象,患侧瞳孔可明显散大、下垂的上睑可上抬)。当患者出现霍纳综合征时,影像学检查非常必要,可有助于进一步明确病变的范围及性质:中枢性或节前性霍纳综合征,提示在颅内、颈部和上胸段病变,需进行颅脑、颈髓MRI、胸部CT等检查;如考虑节后性病变如颈内动脉夹层,需行颈动脉超声、头颈部CT、血管造影或脑血管造影检查。
    霍纳综合征常需要与以下列疾病鉴别诊断:1 )动眼神经麻痹。动眼神经麻痹的上睑下垂是由于提上睑肌引起,而非Muller平滑肌功能障碍所致,上睑下垂症状更为明显;此外,动眼神经麻痹常伴有其他眼肌受累及瞳孔散大,临床不难鉴别。2 )生理性瞳孔不等大:正常人群中也存在瞳孔不等大的现象,且同样在暗光下明显。生理性瞳孔不等大,双眼差别约0.5 mm,双眼对光反射灵敏,无上睑下垂或其他神经系统伴随体征,可卡因滴眼液可散大双侧瞳孔,临床上容易鉴别。3 )提上睑肌腱膜断裂:为机械性上睑下垂,一般不伴有其他眼部症状。
    霍纳综合征治疗本身一般不需要特殊处理,主要针对其原发病治疗。如果因为急性期上睑下垂影响美容,可使用安普乐定滴眼液可用作治疗剂,逆转霍纳综合征中的上睑下垂,稳定期可以通过外科手术来修复。本例患者在出现霍纳综合征后,并未诉明显不适,故选择临床观察,未做特殊处理。
    尽管霍纳综合征本身对人体危害不大,它常常继发于多种疾病甚至是严重的恶性疾病,而这类患者往往在眼科首诊。因此,作为一名眼科医师,对Horner征阳性的患者要详细询问病史,系统全面地查体,并针对性地进行影像学检查,及时转诊,从而对原发疾病做出早期诊断甚至挽救生命。

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1、武汉市卫生健康科研基金 (WX19Q29);湖北省卫生健康科研基金 (WJ2019H376);眼科学国家重点实验室开放课题基金 (2020KF05)。T??his work was supported by the WuhanMunicipal Health Commission Medical Research (WX19Q29), Health Commission of Hubei Province Scientific Research Project (WJ2019H376), Open Research Funds of the State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology (2020KF05), China()
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