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重视先天性白内障术后高眼压和青光眼的防治

Prioritizing Prevention and Treatment of High Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma Following Congenital Cataract Surgery

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2024年5月 第39卷 第5期 229-233 发布时间:2024-05-28 收稿时间:2024/8/15 8:42:52 阅读量:800
作者:
关键词:
先天性白内障 手术相关不良事件 青光眼术后视觉康复 形觉剥夺性弱视
congenital cataract operation related adverse events glaucoma postoperative visual rehabilitation amblyopia due to form deprivation
DOI:
10.12419/24032501
收稿时间:
2024-03-25 
修订日期:
2024-04-05 
接收日期:
2024-05-01 
先天性白内障是严重影响婴幼儿视功能的疾病。随着白内障手术和人工晶体植入手术技术的发展,先天性白内障患者术后多可获得高质量的视觉康复。然而,如何更好防治手术相关的不良事件和并发症、先天性白内障伴随的其他眼部发育不良疾病的治疗以及形觉剥夺性弱视的治疗,仍然是先天性白内障手术后需要重视的临床问题。文章对先天性白内障摘除及人工晶体植入术后高眼压和继发性青光眼的发生、相关危险因素、治疗和预防的手段进行总结,以期进一步提高对先天性白内障术后高眼压和青光眼防治的认识,减少术后并发症对视功能造成的进一步损害。
Congenital cataract is a significant condition that profoundly impacts the visual function of infants and young children. Advancements in cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation have enabled the achievement of high-quality visual rehabilitation after congenital cataract surgery. Nevertheless, effective prevention and treatment of surgery-related adverse events and complications, as well as managing other ocular dysplasia and form deprivation amblyopia that may arise in conjunction with the surgery, continue to pose important clinical challenges following congenital cataract surgery. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the occurrence, risk factors, treatment and prevention of high intraocular pressure and secondary glaucoma after congenital cataract and intraocular lens implantation. Its aim is to enhance the comprehension of preventive and therapeutic measures for high intraocular pressure and glaucoma after congenital cataract surgery, thereby minimizing potential postoperative complications and preserving visual function.
       先天性白内障是严重影响婴幼儿视功能的疾病。随着白内障手术技术的进步,医生可以通过白内障手术恢复眼球屈光间质的透明,并通过人工晶状体(intraocular lens, IOL)植入实现晶状体摘除后的屈光矫正。然而,先天性白内障的视觉康复仍面临一些重要的临床问题,包括白内障摘除后IOL植入的时机选择、形觉剥夺性弱视的治疗以及先天性白内障可能合并的其他眼球先天异常的治疗。此外,如何更精准地预防术后并发症,如一过性高眼压和术后继发性青光眼,以防止对视功能造成进一步的损害,也是关键的临床问题。
       近年来,先天性白内障术后青光眼风险的临床研究受到越来越多的重视,研究多聚焦于不同手术年龄[1-3]、眼轴长度[2, 4-5]、角膜大小[6]、有/无晶状体植入等危险因素[4]。中山眼科中心先天性白内障临床研究团队的刘臻臻、陈惠等[7]Br J Ophthalmol (BJO)发表了一项为期3年的临床研究结果:“Predicting therisk of glaucoma-related adverse events following secondary intraocular lens implantation in paediatric eyes: a 3-year study”,本期《眼科学报》刊发该论文的中文译版。这是一项非常有指导价值的临床研究结果,该研究关注先天性白内障术后无晶状体眼并进行Ⅱ期IOL植入术的患者,首次建立了量化模型,评估了术前、术后眼部不同相关因素对术后可能出现青光眼相关不良事件(glaucoma-related adverse events, GRAEs)风险的预测。研究结果表明,术后一过性高眼压、Ⅱ期手术年龄较大、IOL睫状沟植入是发生GRAEs的危险因素,该研究建立了两个多因素模型、相应的列线图风险评分系统和配套的网站。这些结果为临床医生更好地重视和预防GRAEs提供了依据,同时研究建立的列线图和网站等也为临床评估提供了便捷的手段。

1 先天性白内障术后青光眼的定义和发生率

       对于先天性白内障摘除联合IOL植入,或者Ⅱ期IOL植入术后发生的青光眼,研究一般将其定义为与手术相关的不良事件,即本文所述的GRAEs。无晶状体眼研究组(infant aphakia treatment study, IATS)将儿童白内障术后GRAEs(包括了青光眼和可疑青光眼)定义为[1]
       (1)青光眼:眼压>21 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),且有以下一个或以上的解剖学改变:(a)角膜直径增加;(b)双眼不对称进行性近视漂移伴角膜直径和(或)眼轴的增加;(c)视杯直径进行性增大,杯盘比增加≥0.2;(d)必须进行手术才能控制眼压。
       (2)可疑青光眼:停用局部糖皮质激素(激素)后连续2次眼压>21 mmHg,或可通过抗青光眼药物控制眼压,但无上述任何青光眼的解剖改变。
       欧洲青光眼学会(european glaucoma society, EGS)发布的第五版指南[8]和中国青光眼指南(2020)[9]在青光眼分类中将其分类归入儿童青光眼,并清晰地将其定义为白内障术后继发性青光眼(glaucoma following cataract surgery, GFCS),同时根据白内障的类型还可以将其细分为先天性白内障、先天性白内障合并眼部异常/全身疾病、无青光眼病史的获得性白内障三种类型。
       根据文献报道的总结[1-3, 5-6, 10-15],无晶状体眼患儿及一期植入IOL患儿术后5年青光眼发病率为7%~25%,GRAEs(青光眼+可疑青光眼)发病率为17.3%~31% 。Ⅱ期IOL植入术后GRAEs发病率为2.60% ~ 18.9%,由于随访时间差异较大,报道的发生率也存在较大差异。EGS更指出继发性青光眼是婴幼儿白内障术后的常见严重并发症,如在婴幼儿9月龄前进行白内障手术,青光眼发生率可高达50%。如何防治GRAEs,已经成为提升儿童白内障复明质量的关键。

2 重视对可能导致先天性白内障术后青光眼的病因和危险因素的研究

       先天性白内障术后与眼压升高和青光眼相关的不良事件,在临床上常见的是术后一过性的高眼压和本文所讲的GRAEs。在以往的临床实践中,认为手术后一过性的高眼压可能与粘弹剂残留、术后炎症反应[16]及激素类药物诱发有关[17],一般通过针对病因的治疗和短期的降眼压治疗即可缓解,停止使用抗青光眼药物后可恢复正常。而刘臻臻教授团队研究提供了新的临床证据,提示这种术后一过性眼压升高的患者在更长观察期内存在发生GRAEs风险。这就提醒临床医生,需要更加精准地处理术中和术后可能导致一过性眼压升高的病因,如术中彻底清除粘弹剂、密切关注术后炎性渗出等反应、术后给予足够的局部和全身的抗感染治疗,但又要关注局部激素可能诱发的高眼压。成人的研究已经证明,对于激素高敏感者、小梁网功能异常者,更容易出现激素引起的高眼压[18]。激素在婴幼儿、儿童引起高眼压的量效和时效作用比成年人更短、更快[19-20],因此炎症控制后要及时停用或转换非甾体激素制剂。同时,医生对发生手术一过性高眼压的病例要严密随访,尤其是观察眼压和可能导致GRAEs的眼前段改变,以减少GRAEs的发生。
       术后一过性高眼压、Ⅱ期手术年龄较大、IOL睫状沟植入是发生GRAEs的危险因素,临床上除了本文所提出的危险因素以外,实际上GRAEs的病因和发生机制可能更加复杂,每个具体病例造成高眼压和青光眼的主要病因也可能不同。以往研究认为,手术后的无晶状体眼容易导致青光眼的机制可能与缺乏晶状体的支撑引起小梁网及Schlemm's管塌陷造成房水排出障碍有关[17],其他原因还要考虑先天性白内障可能同时合并有先天性眼前段结构异常[21],如房水排出系统的发育异常和障碍,白内障术后包括Ⅱ期人工晶体植入术后所导致的眼前段解剖结构的改变,白内障术后可能存在其他与青光眼发生相关的并发症,如术后炎症导致的房角的虹膜前粘连、瞳孔的闭锁[22]、睫状沟植入人工晶体可能对房水的分泌产生的影响[13]等。因此,今后还要继续加强对先天性白内障术后高眼压和青光眼病因和机制的研究。

3 与先天性白内障术后青光眼相关危险因素的防治

3.1 先天性白内障的手术时机选择

       先天性白内障手术时机与术后青光眼的发生密切相关,手术时机随着手术技术的发展、临床研究结果也在不断更新,以期获得更好的手术效益。对于先天性白内障,一般研究认为需早期进行白内障摘除手术恢复屈光间质透明,以降低形觉剥夺性弱视风险[23]。然而由于婴幼儿眼球发育尚不成熟, 2岁以下患儿的IOL屈光度数计算可能存在较大误差,I期植入IOL易导致屈光误差,且其晶状体囊袋可能无法容纳为成人设计的 IOL[1-3, 5-6, 10-12, 24],术后易出现晶体位置异常等问题。因此,国内外学者多提倡白内障摘除与人工晶体植入分阶段进行。国外研究表明[1-3, 5-6, 10-12],<3个月行白内障手术会增加青光眼患病风险,< 7个月的白内障婴儿进行手术时,不建议一期植入IOL;对于>7个月患儿,行白内障摘除联合IOL植入是安全的。目前国内共识认为[24]:单眼白内障患儿在出生后4~6周可行白内障摘除手术;对于双眼致密混浊的白内障患儿,可在出生后10周内行手术治疗。中山眼科中心刘奕志团队[13]曾于研究中报道过手术策略:1)年龄>24个月的患儿进行白内障摘除联合IOL植入;2)对于单侧白内障,白内障摘除联合I期IOL植入/ Ⅱ期IOL植入的患儿年龄可小于24个月,以预防弱视,这主要取决于手术眼的眼轴; 3)对于双侧白内障,在学龄前进行Ⅱ期IOL植入术,以防止IOL植入术后出现大的近视漂移。近年来随着手术技术发展,IOL的植入年龄出现前移至1岁半甚至7月龄的趋势[24]。当然,目前临床研究的结果也与其他先天性疾病类似,存在随访期不一的缺点,尚需更长随访期的临床研究结果验证。

3.2 先天性白内障手术IOL 植入技术

       IOL睫状沟植入与GRAEs的风险增加有关。在先天性白内障手术中,无论I期还是Ⅱ期IOL植入,均需要选择适宜的植入技术。I期手术的IOL植入一般可选择囊袋内植入,但若无法囊袋植入IOL时,也可选择睫状沟植入IOL。Ⅱ期IOL植入手术时,由于无晶状体眼患儿晶状体残余囊袋情况各异,医生会视具体情况决定进行囊袋内植入或睫状沟植入。刘奕志教授团队前期已发现Ⅱ期IOL睫状沟植入是术后发生青光眼的风险因素[13],后期研究通过对该因素量化评估进一步证实了这一点[7]。这就提示先天性白内障在I期和Ⅱ期手术中应尽可能地保留和利用囊袋,优先选择囊袋内植入IOL,以降低发生GRAEs的风险。当然,两种晶状体植入方式的预后比较仍需要更大样本量、更长随访时间的研究来提供更有临床价值的证据。

4 先天性白内障术后青光眼的防治

       鉴于先天性白内障术后青光眼的高发生率及其对视功能的潜在不可逆损害,对于接受I期或II期IOL植入术后的患者,在加强视力康复的同时,均应严密随访术眼的眼压、眼前段结构、眼底视网膜神经纤维和视盘凹陷。目前临床上已有适合小儿使用的眼科检查设备,如适用于婴幼儿和难以进行常规坐位检查儿童的眼压计、小儿眼前段照相机和小儿眼底照相机等。一旦发现高眼压,应该进行详细的评估检查,明确原因并进行针对性处理。有研究者建议,在I期单纯摘除白内障手术的同时进行周边虹膜切除,以预防房水流出障碍和房角关闭的发生[22],尤其是在手术中已进行后囊膜环形撕开和前段玻璃体切割的情况下,在手术中增加周边虹膜切除术,可大大降低I期术后无晶体眼状态下闭角型青光眼的发生率。此外,对于Ⅱ期人工晶体植入患者,医生在术前也应该进行眼压以及眼前段尤其是前房角结构的评估。中山眼科中心的团队发现,对于已经发生白内障术后继发性青光眼的患儿,单独进行前房角粘连分离和(或)前房角切开,或在Ⅱ期人工晶体植入时联合应用,具有良好的降眼压效果[25]。当然,针对GRAEs中更常出现的一过性高眼压,药物降低眼压的治疗手段是首选。尽管目前有很多新种类的降眼压药物,但大多数都缺乏婴幼儿和儿童用药安全性的评价和数据,因此在治疗中应该尽量选取儿童不良反应较少的药物,如前列腺素衍生物和碳酸酐酶抑制剂[26]。对于顽固性高眼压,传统的青光眼外引流手术如小梁切除术的疗效较差,EGS建议应采用房水引流阀植入术。

5 总结与展望

       先天性白内障手术能够为患儿提供视觉康复的机会,但仍需要高度重视术后GRAEs的防治。本期刊发表BJO论文的中文译版,基于国际上样本量最大的单中心先天性白内障手术后无晶体眼队列,建立了II期IOL植入术后GRAEs的预测模型,为临床上预防GRAEs提供了有价值的工具。未来,随着更多数据的积累和更长时间的随访,该模型还可不断完善,为更多类型的先天性白内障患儿术后青光眼不良事件的风险预测提供帮助,并有助于进一步理解GRAEs发病机制,从而提高临床医生对术后不良事件的预防和治疗水平。

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