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Ahmed青光眼引流阀植入术后处理引流盘纤维包裹的研究进展

Research progress on the treatment of fiber wrapping of drainage tray after Ahmed glaucoma drainage valve operation

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2023年1月 第38卷 第1期 63-68 发布时间:2022-12-01 收稿时间:2022/12/7 10:22:27 阅读量:4565
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Ahmed青光眼引流阀难治性青光眼纤维包裹治疗
Ahmed glaucoma valve refractory glaucoma encapsulated cyst treatment
DOI:
10.3978/j.issn.1000-4432.2022.11.14
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Ahmed青光眼引流阀植入术作为难治性青光眼的主要治疗方案,能很大程度控制眼压,且疗效和预后均优于常规滤过性手术。但是远期引流盘周围被纤维包裹后会阻塞房水流出,引起术后高眼压,导致手术失败。因此,解决引流盘纤维包裹能很大程度地提高青光眼阀植入术后远期成功率,这也是目前的研究热点。目前临床上主要采用术前预防及术后二次操作对纤维包裹进行干预,但长期效果欠佳。本文就青光眼引流阀纤维包裹发生的组织病理学及分子机制、临床目前解决方案、前沿研究进展以及对Ahmed青光眼阀门的材料改造的探索进行综述。
Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation, as the main treatment option for refractory glaucoma, can control intraocular pressure (IOP) to a large extent. And its efficacy and prognosis are superior to those of conventional filtration surgery. IOP is well-controlled in the early postoperative stages. However, long-term fibrosis of encapsulated bleb inhibits fluid exchange and causes elevated IOP, leading to surgical failure. Therefore, treating fibrosis of encapsulated bleb can improve the long-term success rate after glaucoma valve implantation, which is also a research hotspot. Currently, the main clinical interventions are preoperative prophylaxis and postoperative secondary operations for fiber wrapping, but its long-term efficacy is not satisfactory. This article reviews the occurrence, histopathology and molecular mechanism of fibrous encapsulation, treatment in a clinical setting, cutting-edge research progress, and exploration on material modification of Ahmed glaucoma valve.
    青光眼房水引流物植入术(glaucoma drainage implant,GDI)是目前公认的难治性青光眼的首选手术方式[1]。术中常用的植入在前结膜与筋膜下的青光眼阀门装置,称为前置式引流阀,其作用机制是在阀门开放时,将房水引流入巩膜处的引流盘周围,使其被毛细血管和淋巴管吸收,从而降低眼内压[2]。但不同于Molteno和Baerveldt植入物,Ahmed青光眼引流阀(Ahmed glaucoma valve,AGV)作为目前最具代表性的房水引流物,是利用文丘里原理设计出的房水流速限制器。AGV在很大程度上解决了之前GDI存在的过度引流导致术后低眼压的问题,并且随着术者技术的不断精进,浅前房、引流管暴露、引流管口堵塞房角、引流盘位置前移等术后并发症明显减少[3]。但引流阀出水口纤维包裹阻塞房水流出,依旧是引起术后晚期高眼压,导致手术失败的主要原因之一。本文就青光眼引流阀纤维包裹的发生,临床预防措施,包裹形成后处理方法进行概述,并就目前对解决纤维包裹的研究进展进行详细阐述。

1 纤维包裹的发生

    
AGV植入术后Tenon’s囊纤维包裹的平均发生率高达32.1%[4]。Jade等[5]回顾分析了78例经常规性滤过手术无效的难治性青光眼的AGV植入术,术后1年效果较好,成功率为77.4%,随访5年成功率降至45.1%,其中12.8%的失败率是由引流盘纤维包裹引起术后高眼压导致。Essam等[6]回顾评估83例AGV植入术后的患者随访(20±3.1)个月后的资料,发现术后并发症中由于Tenon’s囊纤维包裹导致手术失败的患者有10例。

2 纤维包裹物的形成

2.1 纤维包裹物形成的组织病理

    
Mahale等[7]将14例AGV植入术后出现纤维包裹患者的纤维包裹物切除后作病理分析发现:纤维包裹物总厚度为1.5~2.0 mm,宏观上可分为内外两层。外层是由疏松排列的胶原束、梭形成纤维细胞和管径不同的成熟血管组成。内层由致密的胶原束和纺锤形成纤维细胞组成,并向基底板形成假内皮,这些假内皮细胞由单层成纤维细胞组成,在瘢痕组织表面形成内皮样薄片。正是肌成纤维的增多及活化使得包裹物变得致密,房水流出受阻。

2.2 纤维包裹物形成的分子机制

    
青光眼引流阀植入手术主要针对难治性青光眼人群,难治性青光眼病因复杂,尽管多种发病机制混合存在,但其分子机制研究证明均是由于各种细胞因子及炎症因子共同作用所致。新生血管性青光眼大多是由于视网膜缺血缺氧释放大量促血管内皮生长因子,其通过诱导α/β整合素促进各类细胞迁移及攀附[8];外伤性青光眼是由于外伤引起的大量炎性细胞、巨噬细胞沉积房角并释放转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor β,TGF-β) [9],TGF-β会刺激纤维血管膜的形成以及成纤维细胞的增殖;多次滤过手术后的青光眼患者及年轻青光眼患者的眼内局部创伤愈合反应强烈,存在炎症因子IL-6的高表达[10],激活IL-6/JAK2/STAT3途径,促进成纤维细胞的活化[11]玻璃体切除后的继发性青光眼,会释放大量成纤维细胞刺激因子。Mahale等[7]通过对包裹物组织进行分子细胞免疫染色,发现TGF-β、促血管内皮生长因子等促纤维化因子及炎症因子增多,而作为TGF-β的内源性抑制剂的蛋白多糖decorin、lumican减少,使胶原纤维排列杂乱,加速纤维包裹物形成。

3 纤维包裹形成的临床预防措施

一旦纤维包裹形成,流出通道发生堵塞,房水无法顺利引流至结膜下,引起术后高眼压,最终导致手术失败,故其预防措施一直是国内外专家研究的重点。目前为预防纤维包裹的形成,术中使用的药物主要是5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil,5-FU)或丝裂霉素C(mitomycin C,MMC)。5-FU通过抑制胸苷合成酶,阻碍DNA合成,降低Tenon’s
囊中的成纤维细胞活性[12]。MMC则是利用其内在的烷化基团,交联相同或相邻的成纤维细胞DNA分子中的碱基,从而损伤DNA,诱导Tenon’s囊中成纤维细胞凋亡[13]。对比5-FU和MMC、5-FU选择性地作用于细胞周期的生长阶段,具有周期特异性,而MMC的促凋亡效应则不依赖细胞周期[14]。因此,5-FU经常需要重复应用,而MMC在术中仅需应用一次就能有效抑制瘢痕,且明显促进滤过泡的形成。赵丽君等[15]对35例(37只眼)行AGV植入术的新生血管性青光眼患者进行随访,其中术中使用MMC组18只眼,5-FU组19只眼,术后6个月MMC组总成功率大于5-FU组,且后续需再次针刺分离的患者数量明显少于5-FU组。

4 纤维包裹物形成后的处理

    目前临床上对于纤维包裹的处理方式主要有针刺分离术和手术切除治疗。

4.1 早期纤维包裹的处理方式

    针刺分离术适用于AGV植入术后药物控制眼压不佳、引流管通畅的早期薄壁包裹。余敏斌等[16]在1997年首次报道了采用针刺分离术联合球结膜下注射5-FU的治疗方法。此方法有效抑制了小梁切除术后包裹性囊状滤过泡的瘢痕形成,使部分患眼重新形成功能性滤过泡。此术式早期成功率较高,但远期效果差异较大。Erden等[17]对37例AVG术后短期内出现纤维包裹患者进行5-FU针刺分离治疗后随访,81.6%的患眼行1次针刺有效,18.4%的患眼则需行2~3次针刺治疗,1年后有效率下降至60.3%。针刺分离术联合球结膜下注射5-FU的主要并发症为反复针刺导致的结膜下出血以及代谢药物引起的角膜上皮损伤。

4.2 中晚期纤维包裹的处理方式

    若形成的纤维包裹较厚,粘连较重,针刺效果不佳者可行手术切除治疗。Rosbach等[18]报道了11例行AGV术后纤维包裹切除的患者,平均年龄为28.6岁,其中4例患者在27.6个月的时间内眼压控制在正常范围内,且无需药物干预。吴君舒等[19]也报道在对13例纤维包裹切除术后的患者进行平均7.1个月的随访期间,57岁以上患者完全成功率为75%;37岁及以下患者完全成功率为0(注:完全成功率指术后不使用降压药可将眼压控制在正常范围内的比例)。可见纤维包裹在年轻人中更为常见,且手术切除包裹后,眼压控制依旧欠佳,原因可能为年轻患者较老年患者更容易发生纤维增殖、炎症反应等。

5 解决纤维包裹的研究新进展

    针刺分离治疗只适用于早期纤维滤泡且常需反复穿刺,单纯的手术切除远期会出现反复机化。国内外专家就如何处理纤维包裹进行了许多尝试。

5.1 羊膜移植联合 AGV 植入术

    羊膜来自人体胎盘,透明无毒,缺乏抗原,它具有抑制瘢痕形成、抗感染和抑制新生血管形成的作用[20]。基础实验和临床研究[21]均显示:羊膜具有改善小梁切除术后滤过泡形成的作用。羊膜移植联合AGV改良手术是在引流阀植入术的基础上在巩膜表面与引流盘表面各覆盖一片25 mm ×25 mm大小的羊膜[22]。Yazdani等[23]对比3组患者:AMT联合AGV植入,AGV术中加用MMC和常规AGV植入,每组各25例;术后12个月,羊膜组的术后成功率与MMC组相同,术后加用青光眼药物的次数低于单纯植入组,且安全无毒副作用。但羊膜成本较高,目前在临床上并未广泛使用。

5.2 Ologen 植入联合 AGV 植入术

    Ologen胶原基质蛋白(Ologen collagen matrix,OCM)是一种人工合成的、可降解的多孔胶原蛋白,且实验证明无免疫抗原反应。OCM的作用机制是利用胶原本身的多孔结构在结膜下形成疏松的空间,扰乱致密胶原纤维束的形成来减轻纤维包裹[24]。其手术方法是在AGV手术关闭结膜瓣前,将直径12 mm ×1 mm的圆形OCM段放置于阀门引流盘上。Harizman等[24]对比了13例OCM联合AGV植入术患者和13例常规AGV植入术患者,随访3个月后OCM组平均眼压明显低于常规组,术后12个月常规组高眼压的发生率为61.5%,OCM组高眼压的发生率为38.5%。Kim等[25]对20例行青光眼手术患者进行为期1年随访,其中12例行常规AGV植入术,8例行OCM联合AGV植入术,术后6个月内OCM组完全成功率(50%)明显高于AGV组(8.3%),但术后1年两组效果无显著差异。OCM在小梁切除术中虽被多次证明有效[21],但考虑OCM在6个月后可能存在一定程度的降解,降低抗纤维化效率[26],尚未在AGV术中普遍使用。

5.3 长效激素植入物 (Retisert) 联合 AGV 植入术

    Retisert是一种玻璃体腔植入物,它能长效的、缓慢的释放醋酸氟轻松,具有很强的抗炎效果[27]。Lowry等[27]对比10例在前房内植入Retisert的AGV手术的患眼和51例常规AGV手术的患眼,术后随访1个月期间实验组眼压下降明显低于对照组,但随访1 2个月后两组眼压无明显差异。Retisert常用于无法控制的眼后段的葡萄膜炎,但对AGV术后的纤维包裹是否能长期有效抗瘢痕化还尚存在争议[28]

5.4 AGV 术后硅胶带植入

    王贝贝等[29]考虑如果在滤过泡与阀门之间创造一定空间来减少纤维组织的攀附,是否能减轻纤维包裹的形成,于是尝试了硅胶带植入配合治疗纤维包裹物。将10例青光眼引流阀植入术后因纤维包裹导致眼压增高的患者作为研究对象,分离纤维滤泡粘连后将外垫压手术常用的硅胶带固定在患者原引流盘巩膜处,随访时间为(10.10±8.21)个月,术后完全成功率为50%,除1例糖尿病伴新生血管性青光眼患者无效外,其余患者均可通过1种降压药将眼压控制在正常范围内。

5.5 AGV 材料改造

    AGV(FP-7/FP-8)均是由圆形的引流盘、一根引流管及连接两者的单向阀门3部分组成,材质均为医用级别硅胶[30],相较于之前的聚丙烯材质(S-2),柔软的硅胶使得术后功能性滤泡的形成率更高,炎症反应更小[31]。但由于硅胶是疏水性材料,使得房水内的成纤维细胞极易攀附于引流盘,会促进Tenon’s囊下纤维增生。从材料学方向对现有引流阀表面材质改性,使其能高效抗纤维化并减轻纤维包裹物的形成,已成为生物材料领域的研究热点,吸引不少学者的探索。
    5.5.1 5- 氟尿嘧啶聚已内酯缓释膜
    Bi等[32]利用聚己内酯的成膜特性,采用喷雾成膜法制备了5 -氟尿嘧啶聚已内酯缓释膜(5-fluorouracil polycaprolactone sustained-release film,5-FU-PCL)缓释薄膜,经体外实验证明该缓释膜释药时间能达到3个月,通过建立健康兔子模型动物进行体内对照实验,对比5-FU-PCL缓释膜组、5-FU棉片浸没组以及单纯植入组,在术后3个月时组织病理学检查显示,缓释膜组形成的包裹的纤维组织厚度明显小于其他组 。
    5.5.2 MMC 负载的蛋白石页岩纳米微粒
    蛋白石页岩是一种多孔的,具有吸附性的二氧化硅物质,其纳米微粒可用于载药输送系统。Dong等[33]在蛋白石页岩纳米微粒(opal shale microparticles,OS MPs)表面包覆MMC,对Ahmed引流阀进行物理表面改性。表面负载5.51 μg MMC-OS MPs,经体外实验证明释药时间可持续15 d,且对Tenon’s囊没有毒性作用。利用兔子模型进行动物实验,分为单纯AGV植入组,AGV-OS MPs空载植入组,AGV-OS MPs-MMC组,术后随访3个月后AGV-OS MPs-MMC组兔子眼压明显低于其余两组,且组织病理标本中滤过泡厚度明显薄于其余两组。
    5.5.3 聚 2 - 甲基丙烯酰氧乙基磷酰胆碱
    Kee等[34]利用聚2一甲基丙烯酰氧乙基磷酰胆碱(poly-2-methacryloyloxy ethyl phosphorylcholine,PMPC)特有的抗污、防止细胞黏附的特性,将PMPC作为涂层与AGV进行结合。通过对比两组兔眼模型的引流阀出水口纤维壁厚度以及眼内压高低来判定涂层效果。术后4周,PMPC组眼内压低于单纯AGV植入组,且组织病理学检查提示PMCP组纤维囊泡壁厚度较薄。
    5.5.4 其他材料涂层
    Fischer等[35]选择市面上成品的亲水性平板涂层AGV、肝素平板涂层AGV与微图案化表面的AGV(微图案化表面[36-37]:利用光刻技术对水凝胶板进行改造,形成能够引导和控制细胞的取向黏附,减少成纤维细胞附着的一种表面改性材料)进行实验对比,分别将其植入健康兔子眼内进行为期6周的随访,结果显示亲水涂层对房水产生的阻力最小,而组织病理切片的结果显示,形成滤过泡的厚度为肝素涂层AGV<微图案化表面AGV<亲水涂层AGV<普通材质AGV。结合以上实验结果,说明利用材料学对Ahmed引流阀进行表面改性,能很大程度上改善和延缓纤维包裹的形成。

6 结语

    难治性青光眼一直是临床上棘手的疾病,青光眼引流阀植入术是目前最有效的手术方式。但引流盘纤维包裹仍是制约中远期手术效果的瓶颈,且亚洲年轻患者引流盘具有更易纤维化的特性,因此为了避免二次手术,改造出抗引流盘纤维包裹的Ahmed引流阀显得尤为重要。现在临床上尚未有确凿的方案解决引流盘纤维包裹的形成,随着国内外青光眼专家对纤维包裹发生机制的不断探索以及对引流盘的不断创新改造,如今结合材料学对现有Ahmed引流阀进行表面改性是最新的研究思路,不少学者也纷纷对此进行尝试。值得注意的是,理想状态的引流阀需要具备高效的抗黏附、抗炎、抗纤维增生的作用,以最大限度减少纤维包裹物的生成,因此选择合适材料及工艺显得至关重要,相信在不远的将来,理想的新型改造Ahmed引流阀将会面世。

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1、国家自然科学基金 (8217040929)。
This work was supported by the National Science of China (8217040929).()
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