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经鼻内镜低位泪囊鼻腔吻合联合新型RT人工泪管置入治疗慢性泪囊炎的临床初步报告

Endonasal endoscopic lower position dacryocystorhinostomy combined with RT lacrimal stent intubation for treating chronic dacryocystitis

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2025年1月 第40卷 第1期 27-34 发布时间:2025-1-28 收稿时间:2025/1/17 9:33:44 阅读量:57
作者:
关键词:
泪囊炎人工泪管鼻内镜低位泪囊鼻腔吻合术
chronic dacryocystitis lacrimal stent endoscopic lower position dacryocystorhinostomy
DOI:
10.12419/24110305
收稿时间:
2024-11-05 
修订日期:
2024-12-02 
接收日期:
2024-12-25 
目的:研究经鼻内镜低位泪囊鼻腔吻合术联合RT新型人工泪管置入手术的临床有效性和安全性。法:采用前瞻性随机对照研究,将临床诊断为原发性鼻泪管阻塞继发的慢性泪囊炎患者随机分为两组。研究组(A组)43例(44眼)采用低位经鼻内镜泪囊鼻腔吻合联合新型RT人工泪管置入术。对照组(B组)39例(39眼)采用常规经鼻内镜泪囊鼻腔吻合联合双泪小管置入式人工泪管置入。术后3~6个月取出人工泪管,随访时间1~12个月,平均6个月。观察术中术后的并发症,评估其安全性。结果: A组治愈42眼(95.45%),好转2眼(4.54%);B组治愈38眼(97.43%),好转1眼(2.56%),两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组有12眼(30.77%)使用骨动力系统用于磨削骨质,A组未使用骨动力系统;A组手术时间为(31.88±1.64) min;B组手术时间为(48.54±4.40) min,两组比较差异有统计学意义(<0.01);B组术后人工泪管从内眦脱出2例,A组在人工泪管置入或取出时,均无管体被拉断裂的病例,无人工泪管从内眦侧脱出的病例。两组患者术后均无人工泪管导致的泪点撕裂,术后随访平均6个月,均无复发。论:低位经鼻内镜泪囊鼻腔吻合术联合RT新型人工泪管置入可以作为一种新的治疗慢性泪囊炎手术有效、安全的方法。
Objective: To study the efficacy and safety of endonasal endoscopic lower position dacryocystorhinostomy(En-LPDCR) combined with new RT lacrimal stent intubation for treating chronic dacryocystitis. Methods: In A prospective randomized controlled study, patients with chronic dacryocystitis secondary to primary nasolacrimal duct obstruction who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into two groups. In study group (Group A), 43 cases (44 eyes) were treated with the En-LP-DCR combined with new RT lacrimal stent intubation. Control group (Group B), 39 cases (39 eyes): conventional endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy combined with bicanalicular intubation. The stent was removed from 3 to 6 months after surgery and followed up 6 to 12 months. Results: There was no recurrence of chronic dacryocystitis in both groups. In group A, 42 eyes (95.45%) were cured and 2 eyes (4.54%) were improved. In group B, 38 eyes were cured (97.43%) and 1 eye was improved (2.56%), there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). In group B, 12 eyes (30.77%) With the incorporation of powered instrumentation to make bony ostium with full exposure of the lacrimal sac., while group A did not use powered dynamic system. Operation time of group A was (31.88±1.64) min; The operation time of group B was (48.54±4.40) min. The difference between the two groups was significant (< 0.01). In group B, the stent dislocated from the medial canthus in 2 cases, while in group A, there were no cases of the stent dislocated. No patient with dislocation, displacement of stent and punctum erosion founded in both groups, and no recurrence of chronic dacryocystitis was observed during the average follow-up of 6 months. Conclusion: Endonasal endoscopic lower position dacryocystorhinostomy combined with new RT lacrimal stent intubation is a new and effective method for the treatment of chronic dacryocystitis, with minimally surgical injury and faster postoperative recovery.

文章亮点

1. 关键发现

 • 经鼻内镜低位泪囊鼻腔吻合术(En-LP-DCR)联合新型人工泪管置入是一种新的治疗慢性泪囊炎、鼻泪管阻塞的有效方法,手术损伤较小,术后恢复更快。该术式较传统 En-DCR 手术,简化了手术操作,术中不需要骨钻,手术时间更短。

2. 已知与发现

 • 该手术对泪囊泵功能影响较小,术后接近生理状态,低位引流,手术效果好。

3. 意义与改变

 • En-LP-DCR 联合新型 RT 人工泪管的置入,简化了手术操作,弥补了既往低位手术的不足,提高了治愈率。

       原发性鼻泪管阻塞继发慢性泪囊炎是眼科常见病和多发病,导致患者出现持续性溢泪、溢脓,由于局部存在感染,若累及角膜,可引起角膜炎、角膜溃疡,甚至发生化脓性眼内炎、眶蜂窝织炎等[1-3]。传统的外路泪囊吻合术(external dacryocystorhinostomy, Ex-DCR),是治疗慢性泪囊炎和鼻泪管阻塞的有效方法,但该手术操作较复杂,创伤比较大,且遗留面部瘢痕,不易为患者接受[4-6]。随着微创外科技术的快速发展,鼻内镜手术技术的日益成熟,影像学及手术器械的迅速发展,经鼻内镜泪囊鼻腔吻合术(endonasal endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, En-DCR)即鼻内镜泪囊鼻腔吻合术,逐步推广应用于临床[7-10]。En-DCR手术简化而有效,无颜面部切口,并可同时处理鼻部病变,术后内镜复查可及时发现并处理鼻腔及造口周围病变,防止造口堵塞、鼻腔粘连。与传统泪囊鼻腔吻合术相比,En-DCR更符合现代外科手术的微创化要求[11-12]。然而,目前广泛在临床开展的En-DCR手术,通常需要尽可能大范围地去除泪囊内侧骨壁和泪囊内侧囊壁,制作的骨孔较大且位置较高,充分暴露泪囊外侧黏膜壁,暴露泪总管内口,以提高手术成功率,但是该操作损伤大,操作费时费力,对泪囊的完整性破坏较大而影响泪泵的功能,使得部分患者术后仍有溢泪或眼中含泪的症状[13-15]。本研究采用经鼻内镜低位泪囊鼻腔吻合术(endoscopic lower position dacryocystorhinostomy, En-LP-DCR),同时联合新型RT人工泪管的置入,探索新的En-DCR手术方式,以简化手术操作并提高治愈率,取得较好效果,现报告如下。

1 对象与方法

1.1 研究对象

       本研究经解放军总医院第三医学中心伦理审查委员会批准KY2024-032,遵循《赫尔辛基宣言》的原则,82例受试者签署知情同意书,自愿参加本研究。采用前瞻性随机分组对照研究,将2018年12月—2020年12月就诊于解放军总医院眼科医学部的原发性鼻泪管阻塞继发的慢性泪囊炎患者,符合入选标准者,随机分为研究组和对照组。纳入标准:1)鼻泪管阻塞伴慢性泪囊炎的成年患者,鼻泪管阻塞位于泪囊鼻泪管交界处;2)CT泪道造影的泪囊的左右径和前后径均大于5 mm,垂直径大于8 mm;3)泪囊前泪道阻塞段长度不超过1 mm;4患者精神正常。排除标准:1)泪囊和鼻泪管恶性肿瘤;2)外伤性泪囊炎、鼻泪管骨折;3)急性泪囊炎或慢性泪囊炎急性发作;4)严重鼻中隔偏曲鼻腔重度狭窄、重度萎缩性鼻炎者;5)无法耐受手术者。

1.2 手术方法

       研究组(A组)采用低位经鼻内镜泪囊鼻腔吻合联合新型RT人工泪管置入术:2%利多卡因鼻腔黏膜下浸润麻醉,于中鼻甲腋外上方,用咬骨钳咬掉鼻腔外侧壁骨质,造一直径为1 cm的骨孔,充分暴露泪囊内侧壁。用镰状刀弧形切开下1/4~1/3泪囊内侧壁,呈“П”字形切开。修剪鼻腔黏膜,将泪囊瓣翻向鼻腔黏膜瓣,使两瓣的边缘对合在一起。经鼻腔置入RT人工鼻泪管并双泪小管置入式人工泪管,支撑吻合道(图1、2)。对照组(B组)采用常规经鼻内镜泪囊鼻腔吻合联合双泪小管置入式人工泪管置入术(图3):2%利多卡因鼻腔黏膜下浸润麻醉,于中鼻甲腋外上方,用咬骨钳咬除上颌骨鼻突及泪骨骨壁(在骨质较厚且硬的患者需借助骨钻),造一直径为1 cm的骨孔,充分暴露泪囊内侧壁。用镰状刀弧形切开全泪囊或2/3泪囊,暴露泪总管,修剪鼻腔黏膜,将泪囊瓣翻向鼻腔黏膜瓣,使两瓣的边缘对合在一起。置入Crawford人工泪管;泪囊与鼻腔黏膜瓣对合处用人工泪管及止血海绵压迫两瓣膜,使之对合贴附在一起(图4)。术后随诊:1)局部抗生素眼液点眼 每日4次;2)常规泪道冲洗;3)清洁、清洗鼻腔;4)术后3~6个月取出双泪小管人工泪管和RT人工鼻泪管;5)随访时间1~12个月,平均6个月。
图 1 新型RT人工泪管(分体式)
Figure 1 New RT lacrimal stent(splitable)
根据患者泪道的阻塞部位的不同,可以合并在一起使用(A),也可以分开单独使用(B,C)。
Depending on the obstruction of lacrimal passage, it can be used combined(A) or separately(B,C).
图 2 经鼻内镜低位泪囊鼻腔吻合联合RT新型人工泪管置入术示意图
Figure 2 Schematic diagram of En-LP-DCR combined with new RT lacrimal stent intubatio
图 3 传统经鼻内镜泪囊鼻腔吻合联合双泪小管置管术示意图
Figure 3 Schematic diagram of conventional En-DCR combined with bicanalicular intubation

图 4 低位经鼻内镜泪囊鼻腔吻合联合新型RT人工泪管置入术中像
Figure 4 Intraoperative endoscopic views of in a patient underwent En-LP-DCR combined with new RT lacrimal stent intubation 
(A)用咬骨钳咬掉鼻腔外侧壁骨质,造一直径为1 cm的骨孔,充分暴露泪囊内侧壁(箭头);(B)用镰状刀弧形切开中下1/3泪囊内侧壁,呈“门”字形切开(箭头);(C)置入RT人工鼻泪管并双泪小管置入式人工泪管(箭头),支撑吻合道。
(A) A bone ostium with a diameter of 1cm with full exposure of the the medial wall of the lacrimal sac(arrow); (B) The medial wall of the middle and lower 1/3 sac was cut with a sickle knife in a "door" shape. (arrow); (C) A bicanalicular silicone tube was inserted into the ostium (arrow).

1.3 疗效评价

       治愈指鼻内镜下泪囊造孔形成及上皮化,溢泪、流脓等症状消失,冲洗泪道通畅。好转指鼻内镜下泪囊造孔形成及上皮化,患者症状减轻,冲洗泪道通畅或加压后通畅。无效指症状无缓解,冲洗泪道不通或加压后仍不通,造孔闭锁。治愈和好转均视为手术成功,二者相加计算有效率[16]

1.4 安全性评价

       观察两组术中有无人工泪管于置入时发生断裂;术后有无发生人工泪管脱位、移位及造成泪点撕裂。

1.5 统计学方法

       采用 SPSS 20.0统计学软件进行统计分析。计量资料以均数±标准差表示,计数资料以(%)表示。

2 结果

2.1 两组疗效比较

       A组43例(44眼),B组39例(39眼),样本数比较差异无统计学意义。两组患者术后随诊慢性泪囊炎均无复发。A组治愈42眼(95.45%),好转2眼(4.54%);B组治愈38眼(97.43%),好转1眼(2.56%)(图5,6),两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组有12眼(30.77%)使用骨动力系统用于磨削骨孔,A组未使用骨动力系统;A组手术时间为(31.88±1.64) min;B组手术时间为(48.54±4.40) min,两组比较差异有统计学意义(< 0.01)。
图 5 双眼不同方式经鼻DCR术后CT
Figure 5 CT view in patient underwent different En-DCR
右眼传统En-DCR术后:可见泪囊内侧骨壁开放较大,但黏膜增厚吻合道阻塞,泪囊内有高密度造影剂充填,泪囊腔较小(黑箭头);左眼En-LP-DCR术后:见吻合口在泪囊的中下1/4部,泪囊内侧骨壁和黏膜大部分被保留(白箭头)。
Conventional En-DCR of right eye:Extensive bone removal near medial wall of the lacrimal sac and the ostium was blocked with mucosa thickened. The small sac was filled with high-density contrast.(black arrow)En-LP-DCR of leftt eye: The ostium located in middle and lower with 1/4 sac with the bone and mucosa near medial wall of the sac preserved mostly.(white arrow).
图 6 
Figure 6 
(A)经鼻内镜低位泪囊鼻腔吻合联合RT新型人工泪管置入术后3月,吻合道形成好,人工泪管在位(箭头);B经鼻内镜低位泪囊鼻腔吻合联合RT新型人工泪管置入术后3月,除去人工泪管以后,见吻合口位置较低,接近生理鼻泪管下口位置和大小(箭头)。
(A) The perfact ostium and the stent In situ was seen in patient underwent En-LP-DCR combined with new split RT silicone stent intubation three months later (arrow). (B) A successful case with En-LP-DCR combined with new split RT silicone stent intubation 3 months after operation with stent removel.The perfact lower ostium close to the position and size of the physiological inferior orifice of duct (arrow).

2.2 两组安全性比较

       B组术后人工泪管从内眦脱出2例,A组在人工泪管置入或取出时,均无管体被拉断裂的病例,无人工泪管从内眦侧脱出的病例,见表1。

表 1 En-LP-DCR组和传统高位En-DCR组临床病例特点
Table 1 Clinical characteristics of En-LP-DCR group.and conventional endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy group

病例特点

Group A:En-LP-DCR组

Group B:传统高位En-DCR组

P

 

病例数

年龄/

性别(男/女

术前鼻泪管阻塞病史/

带管时间/d

取管后随诊时间/

手术时间/min

治愈[n(%)]

复发[n(%)]

43

46.86±13.15

10/33

29.6 ±40.0

88.9 ±23.7

9.8 ±5.9

31.9±1.6

41 (95.45)

0

39

44.58±12.29

2/37

63.0±91.8

112.0 ±53.5

14.0 ±14.7

48.5±4.4

38(97.43)

0

<0.01

 

 

0.42

0.009

0.036

0.380

0.001

 

3 讨论

       内镜的发展过程经历了一个多世纪,1893年Caldwell首先经鼻腔实施DCR,但由于鼻腔照明不足及术中出血的问题没有得到认可使用,1901年Hirshman首次用改良的膀胱镜对鼻腔、鼻窦行内镜检查。以后,随着电子和光学技术的发展,出现了性能优良的硬质鼻内镜。到1988年得益于鼻内操作技术的发展,Rice首先在尸体上施行经鼻内镜DCR,次年,McDonough等首次报道鼻内镜下行鼻腔泪囊造孔手术并获得成功[17-18]。慢性泪囊炎是最早采用经鼻内镜手术的眼部疾病,目前已经在临床广为应用[1]。经鼻内镜泪囊鼻腔吻合术可同期处理鼻部疾病,并且不损伤内眦部血管韧带,无面部瘢痕,合并泪小管狭窄或阻塞的患者可在泪小管内放置人工泪管获得满意疗效。
       鼻内镜在泪道疾病中的应用,拓宽了手术适应证,改变了传统治疗模式,使手术创伤更小、安全性高、并发症减少。由于对操作者经验和精细操作技术要求较高、操作相对复杂、手术学习周期长等原因,鼻内镜在泪器疾病中的应用受到一定限制[8]。有文献报道,鼻内镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合术失败的主要原因在于不能准确判断泪囊窝在鼻腔外侧壁上的投影位置,进而影响造口的位置、造口的大小以及造成毗邻结构的损伤而引起并发症[7, 19-20]。特别是当患者的泪骨较厚时,制作足够大的骨窗以便充分暴露泪总管更具有挑战性,可能需要额外的设备如骨钻来辅助进行手术,这样就增加了手术的难度和复杂性,也进一步限制了手术的开展。
       对于经验丰富的术者,En-DCR手术的并发症发生率低于2%,与外路手术的并发症发生率相近[21]。最重要的并发症源于对解剖标志认识不清,从而对邻近结构造成损伤。常见的情况有术中咬切范围过于向后,破坏了上颌窦和额窦的引流;当泪囊位置靠后时,直接接触骨膜,因而在泪囊切开时,眶骨膜被打开进入眶内,可能损伤眼球、眼外肌,造成眶脂肪脱出、出血等情况;还可能造成脑脊液漏,特别是在对儿童手术时,必须特别注意,以避免脑脊液漏的发生[21]
       泪囊与鼻泪管交界处是大部分鼻泪管阻塞的部位,该位置在泪囊后内方、鼻泪管的上端,被泪骨覆盖,骨质仅0.057 mm,存在一个2.5 mm×5.7 mm 的薄弱区,称为“手术窗口”。En-LP-DCR术式简单、安全、恢复迅速,手术成功率高达90%[13, 22]。低位手术所做的泪囊鼻腔造口,便于充分引流泪囊内的储积的泪液和脓液,损伤小,可以较好地保持泪囊的完整性和弹性,有利于保持泪囊的泪泵功能[13],主要适用于泪囊较大、阻塞部位较低的患者,对于小泪囊、阻塞部位较高的患者不适用。而对于阻塞部位较高、小泪囊者,适用于高位En-DCR手术,充分暴露泪总管是手术成功的关键,手术成功率可达95%。这主要是因为泪囊窝在鼻腔外侧壁的投影约有2/3在中鼻甲腋之上,泪囊的切口定位至少应在中鼻甲腋上方8 mm,因此唯有术中充分暴露泪囊,才可以保证充分的开放引流,并防止术后泪囊吻合口的挛缩狭窄,特别是对于骨质较厚较硬的患者,术中往往需要借助骨钻暴露骨孔,这无疑增加了手术难度[23-26],也限制了该手术的临床普及。高位手术另一个缺点是,由于术中去除骨质及黏膜较多,由于手术操作造成的创面相对较大,容易损伤周围组织,不仅术后恢复时间长,而且增加了术后吻合口处发生粘连增殖,导致吻合口狭窄或阻塞的可能性。而结合应用新型RT人工泪管,可以避免En-LP-DCR术式的缺点,达到高位手术的优势,同时既简化了操作,又提高了手术成功率。本研究的初步结果显示,En-LP-DCR组未使用骨动力系统,手术时间为(31.88±1.64) min;传统高位En-DCR手术时间为(48.54±4.40) min,两组比较差异有统计学意义。研究证实En-LP-DCR手术用时更短,操作更简单,而手术效果与高位手术比较差异无统计学意义。主要是因为术中使用的新型RT人工泪管,可以更好地适应吻合口形态,产生持久、均匀的机械支撑作用来扩张吻合口,使得泪囊黏膜更好地贴附于骨窗的前后缘,使吻合口上皮化时间大幅缩短,减少吻合口处的纤维组织增生收缩而导致吻合口狭窄或闭锁,提高手术成功率。
       通过初步研究表明,En-LP-DCR联合新型人工泪管置入是一种新的治疗慢性泪囊炎、鼻泪管阻塞的有效方法,手术损伤较小,术后恢复更快。该术式较传统En-DCR手术,简化了手术操作,术中不需要骨钻,手术时间更短。且该手术对泪囊泵功能影响较小,术后接近生理状态,低位引流,手术效果好。本研究的不足之处在于,目前仅为初步研究,长期的治疗效果还有待于通过大样本和多中心的进一步研究。

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1、 军队科研项目(BLB23C003)。
This work was supported by milatary Scientific Research Project (BLB23C003 ).()
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