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蠕形螨感染相关眼表疾病的研究进展

Research progress on ocular surface diseases related to Demodex mite infection

来源期刊: 眼科学报 | 2025年10月 第40卷 第10期 848-857 发布时间:2025-10-28 收稿时间:2025/10/27 10:27:35 阅读量:27
作者:
关键词:
蠕形螨眼表疾病睑缘炎角膜病眼红斑痤疮洛替拉纳
demodex mite ocular surface disease blepharitis corneal disease ocular rosacea lotilaner
DOI:
10.12419/25030102
收稿时间:
2025-03-10 
修订日期:
2025-05-05 
接收日期:
2025-06-24 
蠕形螨是人类皮肤上最常见的寄生虫,在眼部主要寄居于毛囊、睑板腺及皮脂腺,可引起眼干、眼痒、异物感明显等眼部症状。目前已证实有2种寄生于人类的蠕形螨:毛囊蠕形螨和皮脂蠕形螨,二者均可诱发各类眼表疾病,如睑缘炎、睑板腺疾病、角膜病、翼状胬肉以及眼红斑痤疮等,但是由于疾病症状相似、检查遗漏以及认知不到位等主客观因素,该病易被误诊、漏诊。蠕形螨具有高度的年龄依赖性,并且可以在无症状的成年人中发现,因此蠕形螨的致病性一直存在争议,现有研究表明,蠕形螨可以通过直接损伤、诱发超敏反应和作为载体携带细菌等方式致病。蠕形螨的感染可以通过有效的手段进行检测,确诊后可通过热敷、眼睑清洁、局部或全身使用除螨药物进行治疗。了解蠕形螨在眼部疾病中的重要性对于准确诊断和适当的管理策略至关重要,近年来对于蠕形螨的研究越来越多,有必要对蠕形螨感染相关眼表疾病的诊断及治疗技术进行更新,因此本文综述了蠕形螨的病原学、流行病学、致病机制、检出方法,探讨了蠕形螨感染与各类眼表疾病之间的联系以及治疗方法,以期为蠕形螨感染相关眼表疾病的研究提供参考。
Demodex mites are the most common parasites found on human skin. They primarily reside in hair follicles, meibomian glands, and sebaceous glands of the eyes, and can trigger eye-related symptoms such as dry eyes, itchy eyes, and a pronounced foreign-body sensation. At present, it has been established that two types of Demodex mites parasitic in humans: Demodex follicle mite and Demodex sebum mite. Both types can induce various ocular surface diseases, including blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, corneal disease, pterygium and ocular rosacea. However, due to subjective and objective factors, such as similar disease symptoms, omission of examination and a lack of awareness, these diseases are easy to misdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. Demodex mites exhibit a highly degree of age-dependence and can be detectd in asymptomatic adults. Consequently, the pathogenicity of Demodex mites has been a subject of debate. Existing studies have shown that Demodex mites can cause diseases through direct injury, by inducing hypersensitivity reactions, and by acting as carriers for bacteria. Effective means are available for detecting Demodex mite infections. Treatement options include warm compresses, eyelid cleaning, and the use of topical or systemic anti-mite drugs. Understanding the significance of Demodex mites in ocular diseases is crucial for accurate diagnosis and the formulation of appropriate management strategies. In recent years, there has been a growing body of research on Demodex mite. It is necessary to update the diagnositic and therapeutic techniques  for ocular surface diseases associated with Demodex mite infection. Therefore, this paper reviews the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenic mechanism, and detection methods of Demodex mite. It also discusses the relationship between Demodex mite infection and various ocular surface diseases, as well as the corresponding treatment methods, with the aim of providing a reference for the research on ocular surface diseases related to Demodex mite infections. 

文章亮点

1. 关键发现

 • 通过广泛搜集蠕形螨感染相关眼表疾病的研究,深入总结临床诊疗新进展。

2. 已知与发现

 • 蠕形螨感染是眼表疾病的病因之一,与不同眼表疾病发生的相关度不一。
 • 近年来蠕形螨感染相关眼表疾病发病机制、临床特点、诊断及治疗相关研究逐渐深入。

3. 意义与改变

 • 综述了蠕形螨感染相关眼表疾病的临床表现及治疗,深入了解其研究进展有助于未来进一步诊疗的探索。

       人体蠕形螨是一种条件致病性寄生虫,当机体免疫力下降或合并其他感染时才会引起临床症状,其在眼部疾病中的作用多年来一直存在争议。在过去的几十年中,人们提高了对蠕形螨及其致病作用的认识,但蠕形螨仍是引起眼表疾病反复发作的病因之一,在大多数人中,它是一种无症状的侵害,但在一些患者中,它可以促进睑缘炎、睑板腺功能障碍(meibomian gland dysfunction, MGD)和眼红斑痤疮或睑缘炎等疾病的发生。

1 病原学

       蠕形螨属在动物中种类繁多,但在人类身上仅发现两种,即毛囊蠕形螨和皮脂蠕形螨[1]。两种蠕形螨都寄居于人的体表,毛囊蠕形螨可在毛囊内被发现,皮脂腺蠕形螨则寄生于连接毛囊的皮脂腺内。成年螨类长约0.3~0.4 mm,足体两侧各有4条短足,能够以8 - 16 cm/h的速度移动。皮脂腺蠕形螨略微短于毛囊蠕形螨,皮脂腺蠕形螨末端较为尖锐,呈锥状;毛囊蠕形螨末端较为钝圆[2]。蠕形螨的发育必须在人体上进行,其生活史可分为5期:卵、幼虫、前若虫、若虫、成虫,所有阶段都表现出避光性,白天蠕形螨经常隐藏在毛囊里,夜间爬到体表进行交配,整个生活史约10~15 d,但是当蠕形螨离开宿主时,在体外仅能生存几天[3]

图 1 蠕形螨的解剖[4]
Figure 1 Anatomy of Demodex mites[4]

20251104152102_1314.png

图 2 光学显微镜下各期毛囊蠕形螨
Figure 2 Demodex follicles in each stage under light microscopy

20251104152242_8464.png
左到右依次展示:虫卵、若虫 、成虫。
From left to right, they are displayed: eggs, nymphs, and adults.

2 流行病学

       蠕形螨感染率在14%-89.3%[5],Rychlik 等[6]的3 684次试验中蠕形螨检出率为43.02 %,并且发现蠕形螨主要聚集于睑缘和面部皮肤。有研究认为蠕形螨的感染率随着年龄的增加而增加,70岁以上的成年人感染率高达100%[7,8],而在Li等[9]的研究中,皮脂蠕形螨在青年组中更占优势,毛囊蠕形螨在高龄组中更占优势,青年组毛囊蠕形螨和皮脂蠕形螨同时检出率为78.0%,高于高龄组的检出率48.9%,这说明不同年龄段人群所感染的蠕形螨种类不同。Vargas-Arzola等[10]评估了8 033名大学生的睫毛蠕形螨流行情况,发现毛囊蠕形螨的感染率为1.47%,并且发现性别不是蠕形螨感染的危险因素[11];Zhang 等[12] 发现,中国健康儿童眼部蠕形螨感染率为12%,秋冬季的患病率比春夏季高近3倍;蠕形螨感染还可能与BMI有关,Dokuyucu等[13]认为当BMI>18 kg/m2时,蠕形螨阳性率与BMI呈正相关。因此,蠕形螨感染率具体取决于年龄、季节、职业、参与者类型和地理位置。

3 蠕形螨的致病机制

       长期以来,蠕形螨的致病机制一直存在争议,比较合理的解释包括直接损伤、作为细菌的载体、诱发超敏反应等[14]。蠕形螨在睫毛毛囊内爬行可以直接引起毛囊扩张导致睫毛松动,方向改变或者睫毛脱落导致患者出现倒睫、乱睫,蠕形螨在眼睑和睫毛中的过度繁殖及脱毛等行为导致细菌异常生长、生物被膜形成和促进炎症过程发展,从而导致眼表疾病的发生[15],同时蠕形螨阻塞皮脂腺也可引起眼睑皮肤红、脱屑、睑缘血管扩张、蒸发过强型干眼等症状[16]。研究报道,高数量的蠕形螨寄居及其代谢产物的堆积是睑缘炎与MGD发生的病理基础,当大量的螨虫形成一个凝结体,随着蠕形螨不断死亡堆积,形成袖套状分泌物,成为一个良好的细菌培养基[17],同时蠕形螨携带的葡萄球菌、链球菌和芽孢杆菌在毛囊内繁殖,继发细菌感染。螨体本身作为异物也可引起异物性肉芽肿反应[18],虽然蠕形螨可导致眼部疾病,但蠕形螨为条件性感染,感染蠕形螨与临床症状不完全相关[19]

4 蠕形螨的检出方法

4.1 光学显微镜检查

       光学显微镜检查为传统的蠕形螨检查方法,具体操作:每个眼睑各选取3根睫毛共12根(主要选取根部带有脂样袖套状分泌物的睫毛或倒睫、乱睫),将拔下的睫毛平行置于载玻片上,加盖盖玻片,光学显微镜下观察蠕形螨,分别统计每个眼睑3根睫毛上蠕形螨检出的数量及形态。若拔出的睫毛根部鳞屑较多,可于载玻片上滴加香柏油和 100%乙醇20 μL或0.25%荧光素钠滴剂再进行观察,有利于对虫体进行分辨。如蠕形螨≥3只/3根睫毛,则判定为蠕形螨阳性;如发现2只/3根睫毛时判定为蠕形螨可疑阳性[20]

4.2活体共聚焦显微镜检查

       活体共聚焦显微镜检查(in vivo confocal microscopy, IVCM)是一种可以在不需要任何侵入性操作的情况下从细胞水平上提供高分辨率角膜图像的非侵入性成像技术,可特异性地检测角膜神经纤维和炎症细胞[21],目前已被用为诊断蠕形螨感染的检查方法[18]。IVCM可以在非侵入状态下实时地观察睑板腺腺泡大小、形态、腺泡单元密度及腺体纤维化程度[22],同时对睫毛毛囊进行蠕形螨检查,避免反复拔睫毛带来的痛苦,提高了蠕形螨的检出率。研究表明IVCM下蠕形螨阳性睑缘炎患者角膜神经密度明显降低,树突状细胞密度水平升高,与蠕形螨载量正相关[23]。总之,IVCM在检测蠕形螨的数量和敏感性方面优于传统方法,且由经验丰富的操作者执行时具有较高的敏感性和特异性。

5 蠕形螨感染与眼表疾病

5.1 蠕形螨睑缘炎

       蠕形螨感染与睑缘炎密切相关。睑缘炎患者蠕形螨感染的概率是正常人的2.5-5.7倍[24,25],与蠕形螨病显著相关的临床体征是眼睑红斑、眼睑毛细血管扩张和几乎所有种类的睫毛改变( P < 0.05 )[25]。蠕形螨睑缘炎症状与干眼相似,但烧灼感和瘙痒感更为强烈。我国蠕形螨睑缘炎诊断和治疗专家共识(2018年)[11]提出:蠕形螨睑缘炎多为双眼发病,主要累及睑缘皮肤、睫毛囊和腺体以及睑板腺,多表现为反复发作的睑缘红、眼痒、眼干、眼烧灼感、异物感、畏光及分泌物增多。Sharma等[26]的研究通过对174名验光师的调查发现,验光师预估蠕形螨睑缘炎的临床患病率为29%,但仅30%的验光师会采取针对性干预措施。这一结果揭示了该病症存在显著漏诊现象,提示需加强临床工作者对该病的诊断意识和规范化治疗能力。Zou等 [27]对蠕形螨睑缘炎患者睫毛进行16S rDNA测序,结果发现蠕形螨睑缘炎患者睫毛中的细菌多样性降低、细菌群落组成与健康志愿者的不同,并发现伯克霍尔德菌可能在减少蠕形螨感染、脂质蓄积和炎症方面起到了积极的作用,同时观察到蠕形螨感染患者睫毛组织中放线菌门的丰度显著上调,这一发现为四环素类抗生素的临床应用提供了微生物组学层面的理论依据。

5.2 蠕形螨与睑板腺疾病

       蠕形螨感染与MGD关系密切。蠕形螨感染可加重MGD患者的眼部症状(如瘙痒、干涩)[28],其机制可能与堆积的蠕形螨及其分泌物机械性阻塞睑板腺有关,由此引发的慢性肉芽肿性炎症反应不仅加重MGD,还可促进睑板腺囊肿的形成[8]。蠕形螨与睑板腺的形态学变化密切相关,并可能导致不均匀的腺体萎缩,这种变化与螨的数量成正比,在MGD患者中更是如此[29]。Sun等[30]发现蠕形螨感染对不同年龄段MGD患者眼表及睑板腺参数(睑板腺缺失面积、睑板腺开口评分、睑脂形状评分等)的影响不同,蠕形螨感染与否对青年患者(18~40岁)的眼表参数无影响,但老年患者(41~70岁)蠕形螨阳性组的干眼症状、泪膜破裂时间及睑板腺参数与对照组的差异有统计学意义。睑板腺囊肿的复发与蠕形螨的感染之间存在直接的相关性。研究发现[31]复发性睑板腺囊肿患者的蠕形螨感染比例为86%高于原发性睑板腺囊肿组的58%。最近,国内一项病例对照研究对101例睑板腺囊肿患儿和42例非睑板腺囊肿患儿进行睫毛采样和蠕形螨检查,并记录螨虫的存在和计数。结果显示睑板腺囊肿组患者蠕形螨感染密度及感染率均显著高于对照组(P < 0.05),进一步分析表明,蠕形螨感染密度与睑板腺囊肿发病呈显著相关性,而单纯蠕形螨定植状态(阳性/阴性)与睑板腺囊肿发病无统计学关联[32]。Yam等[33]发现复发性睑板腺囊肿患者的48眼中有35眼检出蠕形螨,检出率为72.9%,在接受茶树油除螨治疗后仅有1例再复发,这说明有必要对复发性睑板腺囊肿的患者进行除螨治疗。

5.3 蠕形螨与干眼

       中国干眼专家共识:定义和分类(2020 年)将干眼分为5型[34],MGD本身可以造成脂质异常型干眼,但是合并有蠕形螨感染的MGD患者,其眼表损害的程度比单纯MGD更重。Ayyildiz等[35]学者在针对40~68岁首次诊断为干眼的个体中发现蠕形螨感染与眼表疾病指数(ocular surface disease Index, OSDI)评分升高存在显著相关性。该研究纳入30例蠕形螨感染阳性和54例蠕形螨感染阴性的干眼患者发现感染组患者的平均OSDI评分达到(61.82±10.95)分,显著高于非感染组的(40.96±12.73)分(P < 0.001),提示寄生虫感染可能通过诱发睑缘炎性反应、破坏睑板腺功能以及增加角膜上皮损伤等病理机制,加剧干眼症患者的眼部不适症状。Sun等[30]发现年轻患者蠕形螨感染与OSDI评分无关,而老年蠕形螨阳性患者的OSDI评分高于可疑阳性和阴性患者( P < 0.05)。因此,蠕形螨感染对干眼症状的影响在年龄较大的患者中更为严重。少数个体没有症状,但眼部有较多的蠕形螨和严重的体征,这可能是由于在严重蠕形螨感染的情况下,角膜神经密度显著降低,从而导致角膜感觉减退[23]

5.4 蠕形螨与角膜病

       5.4.1 角膜炎
       蠕形螨感染可以导致角膜疾病的发生,当蠕形螨引起的炎症累及睑板腺开口时导致泪膜不稳定时,易产生干性角结膜炎及表层点状角膜炎[18]。Kheirkhah等[36]首次报道了眼部蠕形螨病的角膜表现,包括浅表性角膜混浊、角膜血管化、角膜边缘浸润、小水疱样病变和角膜瘢痕。Yildiz-Tas等[23]发现与健康对照组相比,蠕形螨睑缘炎患者的角膜神经密度显著降低,炎性树突状细胞数量显著升高,蠕形螨的载量与树突状细胞数量呈显著正相关。Niu等[37]纳入30例复发性角膜上皮糜烂的患者,对照组为无眼表疾病的屈光不正患者,与对照组相比,复发性角膜上皮糜烂患者的蠕形螨检出率(83.3%)明显高于对照组(38.7%)(P < 0.01),复发次数与蠕形螨检出数量呈正相关(P < 0.01)。对于复发性角膜炎患者应考虑到蠕形螨感染,及时的诊断和适当的治疗可以遏制角膜感染的进展。
       5.4.2 蠕形螨与角结膜炎
       睑缘炎相关性角结膜病变(blepharokeratoconjunctivitis, BKC)是一种慢性复发性睑缘炎症性疾病,通常与继发性结膜和角膜疾病有关[38],严重者可出现新生血管及瘢痕形成,导致视力受损。Wu等[39]纳入50例BKC患者和50名年龄、性别匹配的健康参与者,发现BKC患者蠕形螨感染频率高于健康人群(P = 0.002),蠕形螨感染阳性BKC患者睑缘炎症和MGD较蠕形螨感染阴性BKC患者严重,儿童BKC的角膜新生血管和瘢痕化明显较成人更严重( P < 0.05),证明在BKC患者中眼部蠕形螨感染与更严重的睑缘炎症和MGD有关。印度一项回顾性研究[40]发现,在232例BKC中,有83例111眼确诊为蠕形螨感染,所有感染蠕形螨的患眼均有睑缘炎,其中47眼出现角膜瘢痕,40眼出现角膜血管化,并具有角膜缘干细胞缺乏样特征,因此在所有难治性的病例中都应该考虑是否存在蠕形螨感染。
       5.4.3 蠕形螨与圆锥角膜
       蠕形螨感染引起频繁揉眼可导致角膜膨隆、变薄,目前相关结论较少,还需进一步研究加以证实。圆锥角膜好发于青春期,以角膜中央或旁中央扩张变薄并向前呈锥形突起为特征,常造成高度不规则散光,晚期视力显著下降而致盲。圆锥角膜发生的危险因素主要包括长期揉眼、过敏性结膜炎、种族因素、全身疾病等[41]。Hung等[42]的研究发现角膜扩张症与眼部蠕形螨病之间存在潜在的联系,该研究调查了21例( 36眼) 角膜扩张症患者,所有扩张症患者均合并蠕形螨睑缘炎及相关症状,在经热敷、改善眼睑卫生后,蠕形螨感染情况好转,角膜地形图的改变得到控制,甚至逆转。另一项横断面研究发现圆锥角膜患者眼部蠕形螨感染频率为47.37%,并且圆锥角膜组( 38眼)患者的揉眼次数多于健康对照组( 40眼)(P < 0.001)[43]。蠕形螨感染在临床上是一个容易被忽视的诊断,但这可能是引发揉眼,进而发生圆锥角膜的危险因素之一。 
       5.4.4 蠕形螨与角膜接触镜
       蠕形螨感染与角膜接触镜不耐受之间存在重要关系,当佩戴角膜接触镜者出现不适症状时,医生应将蠕形螨感染作为鉴别诊断的一部分。Vargas-Arzola等[10]对118例蠕形螨感染阳性的患者进行了分析发现40.6%的人有角膜接触镜佩戴史(P < 0.05)。Tarkowski等[44] 通过拔出耐受和不耐受角膜接触镜佩戴者的睫毛,并在光学显微镜下观察,发现92.86%的不耐受戴镜者患有蠕形螨,仅有5.88%的耐受戴镜者患有蠕形螨。何燕等[45]报道了一例佩戴角膜塑形镜后棘阿米巴性角膜炎合并蠕形螨睑缘炎的患者,在抗阿米巴药物治疗期间螨虫检查阳性,在联合抗螨虫治疗后症状好转,睫毛根部袖套状分泌物消失。总之,佩戴角膜接触镜者被认为携带更多数量的蠕形螨,这可能是导致角膜接触镜不耐受和放弃佩戴角膜接触镜的因素之一。

5.5 蠕形螨与翼状胬肉

       目前蠕形螨感染与翼状胬肉的研究并不多,现有的证据表明蠕形螨病可能是引起翼状胬肉发生的因素之一,并显著促进其发展。翼状胬肉是一种由结膜部位突破角膜缘,进入透明角膜形成的三角形纤维血管组织病变,是一种多因素导致的疾病[46]。蠕形螨感染被认为与翼状胬肉的复发有关,Huang等[47]的研究发现复发性翼状胬肉患者眼部蠕形螨的发生率高于原发性翼状胬肉患者(P < 0.05),无论是翼状胬肉还是蠕形螨病患者白细胞介素17( interleukin 17, IL -17 )水平均显著升高,合并蠕形螨感染的翼状胬肉患者IL - 17水平进一步升高(P < 0.05 )。Tarkowski等[48]检测了69例参与者的蠕形螨感染情况,发现合并蠕形螨感染的翼状胬肉患者占93.3%,蠕形螨感染与翼状胬肉的发生有关( P < 0.05 )。

5.6 蠕形螨与眼红斑痤疮

       眼红斑痤疮与蠕形螨之间存在很强的相关性[49],红斑痤疮患者感染蠕形螨的风险是正常人的3倍[24]。眼红斑痤疮是一种慢性炎症性皮肤病,其临床表现主要反映在眼部,多为双眼同时受累,常累及眼周皮肤、眼睑、结膜和角膜,发生睑缘炎、睑腺炎/睑板腺囊肿、结膜炎和角膜损伤等[50]。大多数学者认为眼红斑痤疮的损害是由蠕形螨感染介导的细胞免疫反应引起,此外,从蠕形螨中分离出的蔬菜芽孢杆菌在红斑痤疮中作为炎症刺激物发挥作用[51]。O’Reilly等[52]的体外试验提示眼红斑痤疮患者睫毛上的蠕形螨高密度与角膜溃疡的发生、发展之间可能存在联系。方静等[53]发现60例眼红斑痤疮患者中女性患者多于男性(男女比例1︰9),且女性患者病程更长,蠕形螨的检出率更高,也有研究认为眼部表现在两性中没有明显差异[54]
       眼表是一个整体的环境,任何一个部位受到侵犯都可能会波及相邻组织。综上我们发现,蠕形螨感染可对眼表造成多方面的损害,主要包括螨虫寄生于睫毛毛囊及睑板腺内,其代谢产物、机械刺激及继发免疫反应可引发慢性睑缘炎,导致眼睑红肿、瘙痒、睫毛脱落或倒睫;同时,螨虫阻塞睑板腺开口,破坏脂质层分泌,造成泪膜稳定性下降和蒸发过强型干眼症;严重感染可能累及角膜,引发点状角膜炎、角膜溃疡甚至视力下降;还可以通过局部刺激及免疫反应引起圆锥角膜、翼状胬肉、眼红斑痤疮等疾病的发生,此外,长期感染可加重睑板腺功能障碍,形成炎症与组织损伤的恶性循环,需尽早诊断并尽早治疗干预。

6 治疗

6.1 蠕形螨睑缘炎的治疗

       蠕形螨睑缘炎的物理治疗主要包括局部热敷、睑板腺按摩和强脉冲光(intense pulsed light, IPL)等[55]。IPL对蠕形螨作用的确切机制尚不完全清楚,有学者认为IPL传递的能量和产生的热量可能会将温度提高到临界水平以根除蠕形螨[56]。局部外用甲硝唑、茶树油、1%伊维菌素乳膏等药物可有效除螨[57]。此外,0.25%的洛替拉纳滴眼液是美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)于2023年批准的首个用于治疗蠕形螨睑缘炎的药物[58]。最近一篇meta分析提供了有力的证据,该研究证明了0.25 %洛替拉纳滴眼液治疗蠕形螨睑缘炎的有效性,且耐受性良好[59]。蠕形螨的全身治疗多使用抗生素,如四环素、多西环素、伊维菌素和甲硝唑[60]。口服伊维菌素可有效减少蠕形螨的侵害,系统的甲硝唑治疗,即使在短周期内也可有效降低螨密度。与单独使用伊维菌素相比,伊维菌素和甲硝唑的联合治疗在减少蠕形螨数量方面取得了更好的效果[61],局部联合应用伊维菌素和IPL也可显著改善蠕形螨睑缘炎和睑板腺分泌物分级[62]

6.2蠕形螨相关MGD的治疗

       蠕形螨相关MGD的治疗方法类似蠕形螨睑缘炎的治疗。IPL是一种应用于各种医学和皮肤美容的技术,IPL在治疗蠕形螨相关MGD方面显示出良好的效果,Fishman等[55]使用IPL对从睫毛中提取的活体蠕形螨进行治疗,结果表明IPL足以杀死附着在睫毛上的蠕形螨。这证实了IPL治疗MGD患者睫毛中蠕形螨的有效性。其他研究也证实IPL治疗可以改善蠕形螨相关MGD患者的眼表状况、睑板腺功能、睑板腺的宏观结构和微观结构,也可以明显减少眼部蠕形螨的数量[63]。除IPL外,局部及全身用药可同步缓解蠕形螨相关MGD的症状,但研究表明,任何单一的治疗方案在治疗一个月后都不能彻底消除蠕形螨。这突出了疾病的慢性和需要长期治疗的特点[64]

6.3 蠕形螨相关角膜疾病的治疗

       目前对于蠕形螨相关角膜疾病尚无统一的治疗方案和标准。有研究表明,3个月疗程的外用1.0 %伊维菌素乳膏可有效治疗眼部蠕形螨病,在治疗3个月后角膜荧光染色明显好转(P < 0.01)且药效可持续至用药后1年[65]。伊维菌素已被证明是一种用于治疗蠕形螨感染相关红斑痤疮的抗寄生虫药物,但该药目前未在国内上市,缺少国内数据。该药在国外研究中取得了较好的疗效,这为蠕形螨睑缘炎患者提供了一种有前途的治疗选择。Niu[37]等将30例治愈的复发性角膜上皮糜烂患者进行随机分组后,A组给予IPL治疗(每28天1次,共治疗3次),B组给予人工泪液滴眼治疗,3个月后A组没有出现复发,且眼睑充血明显减少,睫毛根部袖套状分泌物明显减少,睑板腺缺失评分和睑脂评分均降低(P < 0.05)。相反,B组没有表现出任何显著的变化。这些研究结果表明,局部使用伊维菌素与IPL对蠕形螨相关角膜炎可以起到治疗效果。
       治疗蠕形螨病的主要目的是减少螨类的过度繁殖和减轻炎症反应,当发现眼表疾病合并蠕形螨感染时,需尽早进行除螨治疗。根据既往研究可以看出,目前常见的除螨手段有物理治疗、局部治疗和全身治疗,确诊蠕形螨感染后除积极配合治疗外,一个重要的预防途径是保持良好的卫生习惯来避免感染,注重眼睛和面部的日常清洁,不与他人共用并定期更换毛巾。

7 结语

       蠕形螨感染相关眼表疾病的诊断并不困难,当下首要的是加强医师对蠕形螨的认知,能及时对蠕形螨感染进行诊断并做出处理。同时蠕形螨的检出率也依赖于检出手段,直接在体内观察蠕形螨的困难,传统拔睫毛的方式会出现漏诊,可同时使用多种检查手段如共聚焦显微镜辅助检查,提高螨虫检出率,从而完善流行病学数据。此外蠕形螨的治疗也由于靶向药物的批准使用进入了新的纪元,因此整体情况是乐观的,但蠕形螨的体外培养尚不成熟,这对新药的研发仍是一个需要克服的难题,未来还需要更多研究来完善。

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