Global pattern, trend, and cross-country inequality of blindness and vision impairment: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

来源期刊： Eye Science | 2025年9月第2卷第3期： 211-221 发布时间：2025-09-20 收稿时间：2025/9/25 15:30:17 阅读量：151

作者：: 郭潇,

陈志斐,

熊坤,

姚经纬,

黄子轩,

龚夏,

黄家琪,

黄文勇,

刘恬,

黄文敏,

关键词：: Global Burden of Disease blindness visual impairment; Global Burden of Disease blindness visual impairment

DOI：: 10.12419/es25030602

Received date：: 2025-03-11
Revised date：: 2025-05-21
Accepted date：: 2025-07-08
Published online：: 2025-09-20

Background: Blindness and vision impairment (BVI) continue to pose significant global public health challenges, disproportionately impacting vulnerable populations and further widening socioeconomic disparities. This study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of the global burden of BVI and the socioeconomic inequalities in its distribution from 1990 to 2021, aiming to provide insights for targeted intervention strategies. Methods: Using data from Global Burden of Disease 2021, this study performed a multiscale analysis of BVI burden, examining patterns at the global, regional and national levels. We quantified the disease burden using disability-adjusted life years DALY and prevalence rates. Temporal trends were analyzed by calculating estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC). Stratified assessments were carried out by sex and age group across 21 regions and 204 countries. The study also included comparative analyses of six major eye conditions and evaluated their associations with socio-demographic index (SDI). Results: Globally, the age-standardized prevalence of BVI increased from 12,453.52 per million (95% UI: 10,287.58-15,226.09) in 1990 to 15,784.33 per million (12,761.44-19,502.32) in 2021, with an EAPC of 1.09% (95% UI: 0.97-1.20). During this period, global DALYs attributable to BVI increased by 37.7%. Disease trends exhibited significant divergence, with near vision loss showing the steepest increase (EAPC: 1.47%), while the prevalence of glaucoma declined (EAPC: -0.73%). Geographic disparities were pronounced, with substantial improvements observed in Equatorial Guinea (EAPC: -1.75) and worsening burdens in Benin (+0.54). Disease distribution demonstrated strong regional clustering, with near vision loss being predominant in Sub-Saharan Africa (64.47%) and East Asia (50.97%), while cataract was the most common condition in Oceania (33.86%). Females consistently bore a higher burden, particularly in South Asia (646.3 vs 563.2 DALYs). Moreover, we identified a strong inverse correlation between SDI and BVI burden (ρ=-0.772 for DALYs). Conclusions: This study highlights the severe global burden of BVI and the significant cross-country inequality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It emphasizes the urgent need for targeted interventions and the integration of eye care into universal health policies to promote global health equity in the post-pandemic era.

HIGHLIGHTS

· Global blindness and vision impairment (BVI) have continued to rise from 1990 to 2021, with widening disparities across regions, sexes, and socioeconomic levels. The burden is highest in low-SDI settings and disproportionately affects women, particularly in South Asia.

· Using Global Burden of Disease 2021 data, we applied age–sex stratified, multi-scale analyses across 204 countries and 21 regions. Temporal trends were quantified with estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), integrating prevalence, DALYs, and SDI correlations.

· Findings call for targeted interventions in low- and middle-income countries, prioritizing women and vulnerable populations. Integrating eye care into universal health coverage is essential to reduce inequities and improve global vision health.

INTRODUCTION

Blindness and vision impairment (BVI) impact approximately 2.2 billion people across the globe, imposing a considerable burden on individuals, their households, communities, and societies as a whole^{[1, 2]}. The World Report on Vision 2023 points out that the effects of BVI are particularly severe in low- and middle-income countries. These cross-country disparities not only diminish individuals’ quality of life and life expectancy but also impede progress towards achieving several sustainable development goals^{[3, 4]}. Recently, the World Health Organization's directive to incorporate eye care into the framework of universal health coverage has highlighted the necessity for a thorough assessment of national disparities in the burden of BVI and an explanation of the root causes behind these disparities.

The persistent regional disparities in eye health warrant scholarly focus, especially amid emerging global challenges. While countries with medium and low Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) levels had managed to achieve notable reductions in blindness rates by 2019, newly emerging risk factors—particularly the widespread use of digital devices—pose a threat to reversing these trends^[5]. Excessive screen time, which has become a defining feature of modern work, education, and leisure activities, has been associated with digital eye strain, the progression of myopia, and dry eye syndrome^{[6, 7]}. Moreover, the aging of the global population —with one-third of the world’s population projected to be over 60 years old by 2030—combines with sedentary lifestyles and reduced time spent outdoors, further increasing the risks for age-related eye diseases^[8]. These evolving trends highlight the urgent need for up-to-date epidemiological data^[9].

The objective of this study is to offer fresh insights into global disparities in major BVI by utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 (GBD). This research aims to estimate the disease burden of BVI at global, regional, and national scales. Furthermore, we analyzed disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 204 countries and territories, with the data segmented by age group and sex from 1990 to 2021. Additionally, we investigated the influence of SDI on DALY values.

METHOD

Data sources

This study conducts a secondary analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. It assesses health losses attributable to 369 diseases and injuries across 204 countries and territories, with the data stratified by age and sex^[10]. The GBD employs a comprehensive meta-regression framework for data analysis, presenting a variety of interconnected indicators that collectively offer a detailed evaluation of disease burden^[11]. These indicators encompass prevalence and DALYs. The latter quantifies the overall disease burden by representing the number of years of healthy life lost due to illness. Specifically, DALYs gauge the disparity between an individual’s current health status and an ideal health status, in which the individual attains life expectancy without experiencing disease or disability.

To evaluate the burden of BVI, we extracted prevalence estimates along with their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), with a particular focus on conditions classified under the GBD etiological code B.10.1. The analysis encompassed data on the prevalence and DALYs for conditions including glaucoma, cataract, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), uncorrected refractive disorders (URD), near vision loss, and other types of vision loss. These data were stratified by age group and sex across various regions for the period from 1990 to 2021. The information was obtained from the Global Health Data Exchange for the GBD 2021 study (https://ghdx.healthdata.org/gbd-2021). Additionally, SDI was used as a comprehensive indicator of a country’ s or region’s development status. It combines data on per capita income, educational attainment, and fertility rates into a single value ranging from 0 to 1, with higher values indicating greater levels of development^[12].

Data analysis

This study covered three geographical scales, namely global, regional, and national levels, and incorporated several key methodological elements. First, we computed multiple burden metrics, including total DALYs per 100,000 population, crude DALY rates, and age-standardized DALY rates. Additionally, we used the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) to analyze trends in VI. This was done by fitting linear regression models to the natural logarithm of ASRs, where the slope coefficient (β) indicates the annual trend. An upward trend was identified when both the EAPC value and the lower bound of its 95% CI were greater than 0. Conversely, a downward trend was determined when both values were less than 0 for both prevalence and DALY metrics. We conducted comprehensive descriptive analyses by stratifying the data in detail according to sex (male/female), 5-year age groups, and geographical regions (national and GBD regional levels). To examine disease-specific burden patterns, we employed multiple visualization techniques: choropleth maps were used to show the national-level distributions of both standardized and non-standardized DALY rates and prevalence; grouped bar charts were utilized to compare disease prevalence and DALY proportions across 21 GBD regions; horizontal stacked bar charts illustrated gender-specific DALY rates for BVI and major eye diseases by region in 2021; and scatter plots analyzed the relationship between age-standardized DALY rates and SDI values across 204 countries and territories. All statistical analyses and visualizations were carried out using JD_GBDR_V2.06.1, R software (version 4.2.2; R Foundation for Statistical Computing), and Python 3.6, with the aid of key libraries such as pandas and matplotlib.pyplot for data manipulation and graphical representation. The multi-platform approach ensured robust computation of burden metrics and facilitated sophisticated geospatial and temporal visualizations.

RESULTS

Overview of BVI burdens

The age-standardized prevalence of BVI rose from 12453.52 (95% UI: 10,287.58-15,226.09) per million in 1990 to 15784.33 (12,761.44-19,502.32) per million in 2021, with an EAPC of 1.09% (95% CI: 0.97%-1.20%) (Table 1). Correspondingly, the DALYs rate for BVI increased by 37.7% over the same period. In 1990, it was 268.4 (184.0-381.4) per 100,000 population, and in 2021, it reached 369.6 (241.2-543.9) per 100,000 population (Figure 1, Supplementary Table 1). There was a modest annual increase in the DALYs rate, with an EAPC of 0.14% (95% CI: 0.08-0.19) (Supplementary Table 2). Age-standardized DALYs showed a more gradual increase, rising by 0.2% increase (Supplementary Table 1). When examining disease-specific trends, divergent patterns emerged. Near vision loss exhibited the most significant increase in prevalence, with an EAPC of 1.47%. In contrast, the prevalence of glaucoma declined significantly, with an EAPC of -0.73% (Figure 2). Other conditions, such as AMD and refraction disorders, showed slight decreases in prevalence (Table 1). The maps of DALY rates and prevalence rates indicated similar geographical distributions between 1990 and 2021 (Supplementary Figure 1).

Table 1 Age-standardized prevalence rates for BVI and different eye diseases from 1990 to 2021

	Age-standardized Prevalence rates
	1990 (million)	2019 (million)	2021 (million)	EAPC (1990-2021)	EAPC (2019-2021)
BVI	12453.52 (10287.58-15226.09)	15558.7 (12578.24-19253.26)	15784.33 (12761.44-19502.32)	1.09 (0.97-1.2)	0.72 (-0.5-1.96)
Cataract	1145.05 (1022.69-1278.12)	1173.18 (1039.68-1323.84)	1181.01 (1044.47-1334.29)	0.21 (0.12-0.31)	0.33 (-0.75-1.43)
Glaucoma	116.29 (100.81-136.3)	94.15 (81.14-110.29)	90.12 (77.78-105.49)	-0.73 (-0.78--0.69)	-2.16 (-3.25--1.06)
AMD	99.5 (83.16-118.04)	94.25 (78.43-114.5)	94 (78.32-114.42)	-0.26 (-0.31--0.22)	-0.13 (-2.47-2.26)
Near vision loss	9788.66 (7371.64-12888.27)	13157.06 (9949.15-17190.03)	13436.18 (10223.45-17585.84)	1.47 (1.32-1.62)	1.06 (-0.55-2.68)
Refraction disorders	2053.56 (1835.31-2275.8)	1937.25 (1729.93-2152.53)	1919.66 (1715.24-2135.28)	-0.24 (-0.27--0.21)	-0.46 (-0.97-0.06)
Other vision loss	507.89 (452.94-568.05)	459.49 (407.44-516.66)	454.75 (402.01-511.73)	-0.39 (-0.42--0.36)	-0.52 (-1.2-0.18)

BVI, Blindness and vision loss; AMD, Age-related Macular Degeneration, EAPC, estimated annual percentage change

Regional variations in disease prevalence

Global analyses uncovered distinct geographical patterns in the burden of vision impairment (Figure 2). Supplementary Table 3-4 display the age-standardized DALY rates across 21 regions and 204 countries/territories. Among them, Equatorial Guinea (EAPC: -1.75, 95% CI: -1.84 to -1.65) and Saudi Arabia (EAPC: -1.66, 95% CI: -1.71 to -1.61) demonstrated the most significant declines in BVI DALY rates from 1990 to 2021. In contrast, Côte d'Ivoire (EAPC: +0.62) and Benin (EAPC: +0.54) experienced the largest increases (Supplementary Table 5). The distribution of disease showed strong regional clustering. Near vision loss accounted for 64.47% of cases in Central Sub-Saharan Africa and 50.97% in East Asia. Cataract was responsible for 33.86% of burden in Oceania and 28.25% in South Asia. Uncorrected refractive disorders (URD) made up 31.71% of cases in Southern Latin America and 28.69% in North Africa/Middle East. Other types of vision loss constituted 21.46% of cases in the Caribbean and 21.17% in Eastern Europe. Glaucoma (6.63%) and AMD (7.24%) exhibited focal prevalence in High-income Asia Pacific and Western Europe, respectively (Supplementary Figure 2, Supplementary Table 7-8).

Disease burden across gender and age group

Figure 3 illustrates the age-stratified trends in DALYs due to vision impairment from 1990 to 2021. The results reveal significant differences across age groups: the group 95 years and above showed a consistent downward trend in DALYs, whereas the cohort aged 45-50 years exhibited a pronounced upward trend. Distinct patterns of fluctuation were noted in both under 5 years old and young adults aged 20-24 years. On a global scale, females bore a higher BVI burden than males, especially in South Asia, where the DALY rate for females was 646.3 (95% CI:436.7-920.8) compared to 563.2 (95% CI:377.1-807.9) for males. Similar disparities were observed in Southern Sub-Saharan Africa (females:485.6 [305.6-746.6]; males: 462.8 [294.7-706.4]). In contrast, High-income North America had the lowest BVI DALY rates (139.5 [86.9-217.7]). There were some notable exceptions to these general trends. For instance, cataract was more prevalent among males in Andean/Central Latin America, and glaucoma consistently showed a male-predominant pattern. AMD was predominantly male only in Southern Latin America, with a DALY rate of 3.0 (95% CI:1.9-4.2) for males compared to 2.6 (95% CI:1.7-3.7) for females (Supplementary Table 9-10, Supplementary Figure 3).

SDI and BVI burdens correlation

Figure 4 reveals a robust inverse relationship between SDI and the burden of vision impairment. Specifically, when considering age-standardized DALYs, the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is ρ=-0.772, and for prevalence, ρ=-0.599. Regions with a high SDI demonstrated significantly lower DALYs rates. For example, High-income North America had a DALY rate of 134.1 (95% CI:83.8-206.9), and High-income Asia Pacific had a rate of 156.0 (95% CI:97.1-239.0). In contrast, low-SDI regions, such as South Asia, had a much higher DALY rate of 605.3 (95% CI:407.0-862.3). This pattern of a higher burden in low-SDI areas was also evident at the national level. Low-SDI countries like India (632.2 [421.0-912.8]) and Pakistan (589.4 [427.1-802.3]) carried a burden that was 3-5 times greater than that of high-SDI nations. For instance, Sweden had a DALY rate of 118.2 (95% CI: 71.5-187.7), and Canada had a rate of 126.3 (95% CI:78.5-194.4). Analyses focusing on specific diseases further confirmed consistent presence of socioeconomic gradients in vision impairment burden (Supplementary Table 11-12, Supplementary Figure 4).

Figure 1 Maps about age-standardized DALYs rates and age-standardized prevalence rates for BVI in 1990 and 2021

Figure 2 Sub-group analysis of the global burden of blindness and vision loss, 1990 vs 2021

(A) Sex-specific age-standardized rates (per 100,000 people) of prevalence and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 1990 and 2021, (B) age-specific rates (per 100,000 people) of prevalence and DALYs across 5-year age groups in 1990 and 2021, (C) age-standardized rates (per 100,000 people) of prevalence and DALYs by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile for males, females, and both sexes in 1990 and 2021, and (D) age-standardized rates (per 100,000 people) of prevalence and DALYs by Global Burden of Disease (GBD) super-regions in 1990 and 2021. Error bars represent 95% uncertainty intervals.

Figure 3 Temporal trends and socio-demographic disparities in blindness and vision loss globally, 1990-2021

(A) Age-specific annual prevalence and DALY rates, (B) Age-standardized prevalence and DALY rates by SDI quintile and sex.

Figure 4 Inverse relationship between Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and the burden of blindness and vision loss by Global Burden of Disease (GBD) super-regions, 1990 – 2021

(A) SDI versus age-standardized prevalence rate (per 100,000) of blindness and vision loss (Spearman ρ= –0.599, p < 0.001), (B) SDI versus age-standardized DALY rate (per 100,000) of blindness and vision loss (Spearman ρ = –0.772, p < 0.001)

DISCUSSION

This study provides an updated perspective on global inequality, revealing that the global burden of disease associated with blindness and visual impairment is escalating on an annual basis. There remain substantial disparities in eye health. The overall DALY rate for BVI increased from 1990 to 2021. A regional analysis indicates that South Asia has a significantly higher age-standardized DALY rate for BVI, while high-income North America has the lowest. Moreover, in the economic correlation analysis concerning the overall burden of eye health a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the SDI value was observed. These persistent regional inequalities highlight the urgent necessity for eye care programs, policies, research, and practices. These initiatives should not only focus on addressing regional equity but also develop interventions that explicitly model the relationships, collaborations, and practices required to reduce the BVI burden. Such interventions should be based on data-driven insights from different regions^[13].

This study enhances the analysis of regional inequalities in the burden of blindness and BVI by integrating data from 2021 and introducing the EAPC metric. In contrast, previous studies exclusively relied on absolute changes for their assessments. The long-term over the period from 1990 to 2021 (EAPC=1.09) substantiates the ongoing increase in BVI burden. This result is in line with prior findings but offers a more precise quantification^[5]. Notably, our pioneering calculation of short-term EAPC for the period 2019-2021(EAPC=0.72) suggests a potential stabilization of the BVI burden. However, given the wide confidence interval, a cautious interpretation is warranted due to possible data fluctuations that can occur over such a short time span Moreover, significant regional disparities continue to exist. When examining age-standardized data, it becomes evident that the overall BVI burden is higher in South Asia and Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa, while it is lower in high-income Asia-Pacific and high-income North America. In light of thesnderscores the urgent need for improvements in human resources and service delivery^[18]. As a result, there is an immediate need for regional interventions. These intervente findings, future public health policies and eye health interventions should give top priority to addressing regional income-related inequalities in eye health. Additionally, efforts should focus on developing higher-quality and more targeted interventions for BVI.

This finding highlights the potential of well-crafted health policies to effectively alleviate regional disease burdens. Specifically, near-vision loss was found to be notably widespread in Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa, whereas cataracts posed a more significant problem in South Asia. These conditions have a profound impact on the health and quality of life of affected populations^{[14, 15]}. However, the ability to tackle these issues in Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa is severely hampered by limitations in research time, funding, and the availability of relevant skills[16].This high disease burden in this region is further compounded by a scarcity of healthcare resources and a substantial shortage of refractive services^[17]. This situation uions should include strengthened governmental oversight, clinical regulation of refraction and eyewear dispensing, and the introduction of standardized training programs for refractive care^{[19, 20]}. Such measures are designed to address existing disparities and enhance eye health in these regions. By giving priority to these targeted interventions, it is feasible to reduce the significant burden of near vision loss and cataracts. This, in turn, ultimately improve the quality of life and health outcomes for affected populations in the regions with the highest needs^[21].

It is crucial to take into account the impact of economic factors on disease burden, as emphasized in the current study. The study revealed that countries with higher SDI values generally exhibited lower levels of disease burden. Notably, countries with moderate and low-moderate SDIs have been especially successful in reducing the burden of BVI. This reduction can be ascribed to the rapid development of these nations and the effective implementation of universal eye care programs, which have received support from the World Health Organization (WHO) over the past few decades. For instance, all 193 WHO Member States have officially pledged to invest in eye care. The vast majority of them have set up VISION 2020 committees and formulated national eye care plans^[22]. In Zambia, the Eye Health Strategic Plan 2012-2015 has outlined five key goals^[23]. In Nepal, collaboration among professional s from the governmental, nongovernmental, and private sectors has facilitated the delivery of eye care services^[24]. Moreover, the SDI analysis indicated that age-standardized DALY rates were most severe in India and Pakistan. This finding underscore critical areas where interventions are urgently needed to address disparities in visual health.

The SDI analysis disclosed that India and Pakistan had the highest age-standardized DALY rates for BVI. In India, this high disease burden is mainly attributed to the fact that disadvantaged and marginalized groups are more prone to visual impairments or blindness and have limited access to eye care service^{[25, 26]}. Moreover, it is alarming that over 90% of glaucoma cases in India remain undiagnosed^[27]. Given India's large and rapidly aging population^[28], it is of utmost importance to strengthen public health policies focused on blindness prevention and improving access to the diagnosis and treatment of BVI. To tackle these challenges, we suggest implementing policies aimed at enhancing the capacity for early detection and treatment of ocular diseases. Strengthening eye health education and the prevention of blindness and vision loss should also be integral parts of these initiatives. Such strategic improvements are vital for reducing the substantial disease burden and enhancing overall public health outcomes in the region. In Pakistan, where the eye care system lacks cohesion and is notably decentralized^[29], adopting a structured approach to developing an eye care pathway is crucial for improving the effectiveness and sustainability of services. We recommend implementing a step-by-step strategy to establish a comprehensive framework for eye care, using scientifically validated tools such as the WHO Eye Care Situation Analysis Tool. This tool provides a solid framework covering six key areas: leadership and governance, financing, health workforce, service delivery, access to essential medicines, and health information systems. By systematically addressing these components, Pakistan can upgrade its eye care infrastructure, ensuring better health outcomes and more efficient service delivery throughout the country.

We used the latest GBD 2021 data to carry out a detailed evaluation of regional inequalities at the local, national, and global scales. This all-encompassing analysis is intended to provide insights for public health policy by drawing attention to disparities that require targeted interventions. However, these data are subject to several limitations. Firstly, there may be structural flaws in the data. These include inconsistencies in the criteria used for including patients with blinding eye diseases, as well as differences in diagnostic rates and treatment approaches across various countries and regions. Secondly, the influence of other biases, especially those associated with socioeconomic conditions, cannot be ignored. These biases could substantially impact regional disparities in the burden of blinding eye diseases. Furthermore, the data analysis methods and statistical models used might have limitations in fully explaining regional differences in disease burden. For instance, they may not adequately consider potential confounding factors and interaction effects that could sway the results. It is crucial that these complex concepts be consistently and properly taken into account throughout the research process^[30].

CONCLUSION

This study concludes that the overall burden of BVI continues to be severe, with a disproportionate share of this burden falling on low- and middle-income countries. From the perspective of regional inequalities, the obstacles to implementing the “Universal eye health: a global action plan” are clearly apparent. There is an urgent imperative to tackle these widespread and long-standing health disparities, especially those that impact vulnerable groups such as women, the elderly, and individuals living in under-resourced regions. Efforts should be focused on countries and regions with a high BVI burden, aiming to improve access to health services. Additionally, it is essential to lay a solid foundation for policy development, ensuring that eye care becomes an integral part of universal health coverage.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

BVI = Blindness and vision impairment; VI = vision impairment; GBD = Global Burden of Disease; SDI = Socio-demographic index; DALYs = disability-adjusted life years; EAPC = estimated annual percentage changes; UIs = uncertainty intervals; AMD = age-related macular degeneration; URD = uncorrected refractive disorders

Correction Notice

None

Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank the team at the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) for the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study data.

Author Contributions

(I) Conception and design: Xiao Guo, Jingwei Yao

(II) Administrative support: Wenyong Huang

(III) Provision of study materials or patients: Tian Liu, Wenmin Huang

(IV) Collection and assembly of data: Zhifei Chen, Kun Xiong

(V) Data analysis and interpretation: Xiao Guo, Jingwei Yao

(VI) Manuscript writing: All authors

(VII) Final approval of manuscript: All authors

Funding

This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82000901, 82171084)

Conflict of Interests

None of the authors has any conflicts of interest to disclose. authors have declared in the completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form.

Patient Consent for Publication

None

Ethics Statement

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Provenance and Peer Review

This article was a standard submission to our journal. The article has undergone peer review with our anonymous review system.

Data Sharing Statement

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Open Access Statement

This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license).

Suppplementary Data

Supplementary Figure 1 Maps of DALY Rates and Prevalence Rates for BVI Across All Ages in 1990 and 2021

Supplementary Figure 2 Prevalence and DALYs proportions for specific eye diseases across 21 regions between 1990 and 2021, showing variations in disease patterns

Supplementary Figure 3 Age-standardized DALYs rates for BVI and major eye diseases by gender in 21 regions in 2021

Supplementary Figure 4 Age-standardized DALYs rates for BVI and major eye diseases in 21 regions and 204 countries in 2021 correlated with SDI values

Supplementary Table 1 Changes in DALYs number, crude DALY rates and age-standardized DALY rates for BVI and different eye diseases from 1990 to 2021

	DALY				Crude DALY rates				Age-standardized DALY rates
	1990	2021 (million)	Difference	Change	1990	2021	Difference	Change	1990	2021	Difference	Change (%)
	(million)			(%)	(/100 000)	(/100 000)		(%)	(/100 000)	(/100 000)
BVI	14.3	29.2	14.9	104.20%	268.4	369.6	101.2	37.70%	342	342.8	0.8	0.20%
	(9.8-20.3)	(19.0-42.9)			(184.0-381.4)	(241.2-543.9)			(237.9-482.2)	(224.2-503.6)
Glaucoma	0.5	0.8	0.3	60.00%	8.8	9.6	0.8	9.10%	13.4	9.1	-4.3	-32.10%
	(0.3-0.6)	(0.5-1.0)			(6.1-12.2)	(6.7-13.3)			(9.4-18.5)	(6.3-12.5)
Cataract	3.4	6.6	3.2	94.10%	64.1	83.1	19	29.60%	91.1	77	-14.1	-15.50%
	(2.5-4.5)	(4.7-8.8)			(46.4-85.2)	(60.0-111.6)			(66.3-120.4)	(55.6-103.5)
Other vision loss	1.8	3	1.2	66.70%	33.4	38.1	4.7	14.10%	42.9	35.3	-7.6	-17.70%
	(1.3-2.4)	(2.1-4.1)			(23.6-45.4)	(27.2-51.6)			(30.6-58.1)	(25.4-47.9)
AMD	0.3	0.6	0.3	100.00%	5.7	7.3	1.6	28.10%	8.4	6.8	-1.6	-19.00%
	(0.2-0.4)	(0.4-0.8)			(3.9-7.9)	(5.1-10.1)			(5.7-11.5)	(4.7-9.3)
RD	4	6.6	2.6	65.00%	75.5	83.9	8.4	11.10%	88	79.1	-8.9	-10.10%
	(2.8-5.8)	(4.6-9.5)			(52.9-109.0)	(58.3-120.7)			(62.2-125.2)	(54.9-114.1)
Near vision loss	4.3	11.6	7.3	169.80%	80.9	147.6	66.7	82.40%	98.3	135.5	37.2	37.80%
	(1.9-8.4)	(5.2-22.4)			(36.3-157.7)	(66.1-284.1)			(44.1-191.0)	(60.8-260.4)

BVI, Blindness and vision loss; DALYs, disability-adjusted life years; AMD, Age-related Macular Degeneration; RD, refraction disorder.

Supplementary Table 2 Global DALYs EAPC for Blindness & Vision Impairment

	EAPC
	1990-2021	2019-2021
Overall	0.14 (0.08-0.19)	0.02 (-1.28-1.34)
Country
Andean Latin America	-0.77 (-0.8 - -0.75)	-0.42 (-0.49 - -0.36)
Australasia	-0.11 (-0.13 - -0.09)	-0.21 (-0.56 - 0.15)
Caribbean	-0.45 (-0.47 - -0.44)	-0.44 (-0.63 - -0.26)
Central Asia	-0.36 (-0.38 - -0.34)	-0.26 (-0.31 - -0.21)
Central Europe	-0.23 (-0.25 - -0.21)	-0.22 (-0.29 - -0.15)
Central Latin America	-0.38 (-0.44 - -0.32)	-1.65 (-2.99 - -0.3)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa	-0.08 (-0.11 - -0.05)	-0.16 (-0.26 - -0.05)
East Asia	0.43 (0.27 - 0.58)	1.27 (-4.07 - 6.9)
Eastern Europe	0.31 (0.2 - 0.42)	-0.62 (-0.84 - -0.39)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa	-0.32 (-0.34 - -0.29)	-0.63 (-0.63 - -0.63)
High SDI	0.04 (0.01 - 0.08)	-0.65 (-0.92 - -0.38)
High-income Asia Pacific	-0.2 (-0.21 - -0.18)	-0.01 (-0.07 - 0.05)
High-income North America	0.3 (0.2 - 0.41)	-3.32 (-6.71 - 0.2)
High-middle SDI	0.28 (0.21 - 0.35)	0.66 (-2.16 - 3.57)
Low SDI	-0.24 (-0.29 - -0.2)	-0.41 (-0.79 - -0.03)
Low-middle SDI	-0.46 (-0.51 - -0.41)	-0.49 (-0.96 - -0.03)
Middle SDI	-0.01 (-0.09 - 0.06)	-0.01 (-1.9 - 1.93)
North Africa and Middle East	-0.69 (-0.71 - -0.66)	-0.33 (-0.82 - 0.16)
Oceania	-0.36 (-0.43 - -0.3)	-0.6 (-0.85 - -0.35)
South Asia	-0.34 (-0.41 - -0.27)	-0.33 (-0.85 - 0.21)
Southeast Asia	-0.79 (-0.82 - -0.76)	-0.49 (-0.5 - -0.48)
Southern Latin America	-0.31 (-0.33 - -0.3)	-0.26 (-0.29 - -0.23)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa	-0.07 (-0.16 - 0.02)	-0.82 (-2.04 - 0.41)
Tropical Latin America	-0.17 (-0.31 - -0.04)	-0.49 (-0.54 - -0.44)
Western Europe	-0.28 (-0.3 - -0.26)	-0.17 (-0.24 - -0.1)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa	-0.21 (-0.26 - -0.16)	-0.41 (-0.45 - -0.37)
Sex
Female	0.22 (0.16-0.28)	-0.01 (-1.3-1.3)
Male	0.02 (-0.03-0.08)	0.02 (-1.28-1.35)
Age
<5 years	-0.2 (-0.23--0.18)	-0.1 (-0.15--0.06)
10-14 years	-0.23 (-0.25--0.21)	-0.5 (-0.6--0.41)
15-19 years	-0.24 (-0.28--0.21)	-0.56 (-0.62--0.5)
20-24 years	-0.11 (-0.15--0.07)	-0.33 (-0.47--0.18)
25-29 years	0.08 (0.04-0.11)	0.27 (-0.17-0.71)
30-34 years	0.61 (0.5-0.72)	-0.08 (-0.22-0.06)
35-39 years	1.13 (0.96-1.3)	-0.98 (-1.45--0.52)
40-44 years	1.14 (0.98-1.29)	-0.39 (-0.41--0.36)
45-49 years	0.97 (0.83-1.12)	0.02 (-0.64-0.68)
5-9 years	-0.21 (-0.23--0.19)	-0.43 (-0.5--0.36)
50-54 years	0.7 (0.6-0.81)	0.24 (-1.01-1.5)
55-59 years	0.33 (0.24-0.42)	0.65 (-0.96-2.29)
60-64 years	0.04 (-0.03-0.11)	0.51 (-1.3-2.36)
65-69 years	-0.09 (-0.18-0)	0.24 (-2.05-2.6)
70-74 years	-0.2 (-0.29--0.11)	-0.27 (-1.96-1.45)
75-79 years	-0.27 (-0.31--0.23)	0.06 (-1.92-2.08)
80-84 years	-0.37 (-0.43--0.31)	-0.36 (-2.31-1.64)
85-89 years	-0.56 (-0.61--0.5)	-0.15 (-1.87-1.59)
90-94 years	-0.66 (-0.7--0.62)	-0.09 (-1.58-1.41)
95+ years	-0.65 (-0.67--0.62)	-0.62 (-1.55-0.31)
Disease Subgroups
Age-related macular degeneration	-0.94 (-1.01--0.88)	0.75 (0.08-1.43)
Blindness and vision loss	0.14 (0.08-0.19)	0.02 (-1.28-1.34)
Cataract	-0.48 (-0.58--0.38)	-0.42 (-2.25-1.45)
Glaucoma	-1.23 (-1.27--1.19)	-1.58 (-1.96--1.19)
Near vision loss	1.5 (1.34-1.65)	0.99 (-0.58-2.6)
Other vision loss (internal)	-0.69 (-0.73--0.64)	-0.7 (-1.72-0.33)
Refraction disorders	-0.36 (-0.4--0.32)	-0.75 (-1.36--0.13)

Supplementary Table 3 ASR DALY Rate in 21 Region for the Years 1990 and 2021

ASR DALY rate	BVI		Cataract		Glaucoma		AMD
	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Andean Latin America	392.6 (265.3-573.7)	408.2 (273.1-590.8)	96.6 (68.2-131.3)	88.5 (62.9-119.5)	15.7 (10.8-22.1)	12.5 (8.2-17.6)	6.3 (4.4-9.1)	9.3 (6.3-12.7)
Australasia	149.6 (93.6-226.0)	161.8 (100.5-247.4)	19.4 (13.6-26.0)	19.7 (14.0-26.7)	5.3 (3.6-7.6)	4.6 (3.1-6.3)	2.8 (1.8-4.0)	4.5 (2.9-6.4)
Caribbean	267.3 (183.7-387.5)	328.2 (207.6-493.2)	41.7 (29.0-56.9)	43.4 (30.1-59.0)	16.3 (11.0-22.8)	12.2 (8.0-17.2)	1.7 (1.1-2.4)	1.8 (1.2-2.6)
Central Asia	285.4 (196.3-414.4)	300.3 (205.9-433.9)	60.1 (42.2-82.1)	66.9 (46.9-91.0)	14.7 (9.9-20.9)	9.6 (6.5-13.6)	2.8 (1.9-4.0)	6.1 (4.1-8.4)
Central Europe	150.0 (97.5-221.7)	166.9 (105.7-254.7)	19.0 (13.2-26.0)	19.4 (13.7-26.7)	4.4 (3.0-6.1)	3.0 (2.1-4.1)	4.0 (2.7-5.5)	4.1 (2.8-5.7)
Central Latin America	333.3 (227.0-482.4)	354.1 (234.8-519.7)	66.4 (46.8-88.8)	60.5 (42.7-81.3)	13.4 (9.3-18.0)	9.6 (6.6-12.7)	3.8 (2.6-5.2)	3.9 (2.6-5.3)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa	293.2 (176.5-472.2)	351.4 (213.0-565.5)	23.3 (16.3-31.9)	30.0 (20.9-40.8)	15.6 (10.7-21.6)	13.8 (9.6-19.1)	1.7 (1.1-2.3)	2.3 (1.5-3.3)
East Asia	294.9 (183.3-464.0)	340.3 (215.6-529.1)	45.6 (32.6-61.9)	61.0 (44.0-82.3)	5.3 (3.6-7.4)	4.3 (3.0-6.0)	6.1 (4.3-8.5)	7.8 (5.4-10.9)
Eastern Europe	286.7 (179.2-443.5)	330.2 (205.7-510.4)	25.4 (18.0-34.5)	31.1 (21.9-42.5)	8.5 (5.9-11.5)	6.1 (4.2-8.3)	1.7 (1.1-2.3)	2.1 (1.4-2.9)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa	346.8 (246.1-479.8)	400.0 (281.5-552.0)	110.5 (79.1-147.3)	134.1 (97.2-178.8)	32.0 (22.3-44.1)	25.3 (17.6-34.7)	9.3 (6.3-13.1)	12.7 (8.3-17.9)
High-income Asia Pacific	151.9 (96.4-229.0)	160.0 (98.8-250.4)	16.8 (11.8-22.9)	17.4 (12.3-23.8)	7.6 (5.2-10.4)	4.9 (3.4-6.7)	1.9 (1.3-2.7)	2.0 (1.3-2.8)
High-income North America	128.1 (80.4-195.6)	139.5 (86.9-217.7)	15.4 (11.0-20.8)	17.5 (12.5-23.4)	5.5 (3.8-7.6)	3.9 (2.7-5.2)	2.1 (1.4-2.8)	2.9 (2.0-4.1)
North Africa and Middle East	356.8 (249.5-503.6)	418.2 (290.1-593.8)	85.6 (60.4-115.5)	112.3 (80.6-149.9)	27.3 (18.5-37.9)	19.4 (13.2-26.7)	12.1 (8.2-16.8)	16.0 (10.9-22.3)
Oceania	353.3 (243.8-510.2)	396.6 (272.6-567.4)	146.8 (105.2-197.5)	175.7 (128.0-233.4)	11.6 (7.7-16.4)	9.7 (6.4-13.7)	2.3 (1.5-3.3)	3.5 (2.2-5.1)
South Asia	563.2 (377.1-807.9)	646.3 (436.7-920.8)	173.7 (126.1-231.1)	212.2 (155.8-280.4)	14.2 (9.9-19.5)	9.6 (6.8-13.1)	8.0 (5.5-11.2)	8.5 (5.9-11.7)
Southeast Asia	336.8 (233.2-483.6)	381.6 (266.8-545.8)	113.6 (81.7-154.4)	145.4 (105.5-195.3)	7.7 (5.2-10.4)	6.4 (4.4-8.8)	5.3 (3.6-7.6)	6.2 (4.2-8.7)
Southern Latin America	192.8 (125.2-284.2)	202.5 (129.1-303.6)	30.2 (21.3-41.5)	30.4 (21.5-41.9)	6.8 (4.7-9.6)	5.3 (3.5-7.3)	3.0 (1.9-4.2)	2.6 (1.7-3.7)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa	462.8 (294.7-706.4)	485.6 (305.6-746.6)	78.0 (54.5-103.3)	87.2 (61.3-115.6)	31.5 (21.8-43.7)	19.4 (13.4-26.8)	2.6 (1.8-3.7)	3.7 (2.5-5.2)
Tropical Latin America	382.1 (259.8-553.8)	427.3 (282.8-623.7)	64.9 (46.4-86.6)	71.1 (50.6-94.7)	18.2 (12.7-24.9)	13.8 (9.6-18.6)	3.3 (2.3-4.6)	5.3 (3.7-7.3)
Western Europe	162.4 (106.5-236.3)	183.4 (119.8-274.5)	22.4 (15.9-30.8)	26.2 (18.5-36.0)	8.4 (5.8-11.6)	6.4 (4.4-9.0)	6.8 (4.6-9.3)	9.7 (6.5-13.1)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa	423.6 (297.0-596.4)	473.4 (332.0-663.4)	132.0 (95.1-179.3)	167.8 (121.8-225.6)	37.8 (26.0-52.1)	27.8 (19.2-37.9)	12.8 (9.0-17.9)	16.4 (11.6-22.7)

Supplementary Table 4 DALY Rate and Prevalence Rate of BVI Across All Ages in 204 Countries and Territories for the Years 1990 and 2021

	DALY rate		Prevalence rate
	1990	2021	1990	2021
Afghanistan	419.1 (298.2-579.0)	217.4 (150.8-307.1)	11018.2 (9309.0-13246.7)	7340.9 (6083.5-9107.5)
Albania	124.5 (81.8-180.1)	239.5 (156.3-359.1)	5617.5 (4551.3-6911.7)	11133.1 (8901.9-14011.8)
Algeria	271.1 (188.1-378.8)	321.7 (221.5-459.5)	8629.3 (7333.7-10367.3)	11953.4 (9856.8-14670.3)
American Samoa	168.1 (108.7-251.1)	266.6 (167.8-403.3)	7754.6 (6251.5-9779.2)	13127.7 (10524.7-16763.3)
Andorra	165.6 (107.3-244.4)	232.4 (149.7-353.4)	7966.8 (6358.2-9984.2)	11613.0 (9272.1-14829.9)
Angola	225.3 (142.1-346.4)	197.0 (120.0-317.1)	12056.5 (9274.6-15879.1)	11828.4 (9048.0-15617.2)
Antigua and Barbuda	267.2 (178.8-392.6)	292.7 (184.3-451.2)	11890.9 (9632.0-14775.2)	15519.4 (12115.4-19833.1)
Argentina	214.4 (141.4-313.4)	231.6 (150.2-342.8)	9111.7 (7433.0-11336.6)	10428.3 (8488.0-13010.9)
Armenia	262.3 (178.3-378.0)	388.1 (263.3-569.8)	9867.0 (8208.1-12031.4)	15303.0 (12503.7-18826.9)
Australia	172.1 (108.8-258.5)	214.7 (136.8-322.2)	8725.3 (6867.9-11163.0)	10866.7 (8564.0-13738.3)
Austria	221.4 (149.6-326.3)	250.9 (166.9-375.1)	10104.6 (8071.1-12701.1)	11959.3 (9492.8-15452.7)
Azerbaijan	236.2 (160.4-344.1)	283.2 (189.0-413.2)	8781.3 (7353.3-10681.4)	11626.2 (9485.9-14369.7)
Bahamas	201.2 (128.6-300.5)	269.5 (167.2-413.1)	9981.4 (8041.6-12637.5)	14413.0 (11262.0-18658.3)
Bahrain	213.2 (143.4-303.4)	250.5 (163.3-370.4)	7858.2 (6449.4-9954.7)	11050.5 (8702.0-14350.8)
Bangladesh	252.9 (177.5-350.4)	365.1 (251.3-515.9)	7892.4 (6598.6-9693.7)	13133.8 (10733.1-16348.7)
Barbados	207.4 (125.5-328.7)	266.7 (154.0-439.2)	12736.2 (9901.8-16266.0)	17590.6 (13565.3-22856.7)
Belarus	299.8 (202.7-436.7)	358.3 (235.4-534.6)	12558.1 (10275.6-15585.0)	15895.0 (12816.3-20003.9)
Belgium	224.2 (151.4-329.2)	251.1 (168.0-371.5)	10156.6 (8127.9-12787.0)	11806.4 (9383.2-15232.0)
Belize	190.9 (128.3-277.8)	216.3 (137.0-324.7)	8282.7 (6763.3-10194.5)	11023.5 (8736.0-14014.5)
Benin	173.1 (116.2-252.6)	200.5 (135.8-288.9)	7735.6 (6041.8-10053.4)	8360.0 (6634.9-10845.8)
Bermuda	295.1 (189.2-437.7)	431.8 (274.0-647.9)	14340.6 (11360.3-18190.1)	21494.1 (17044.0-27491.0)
Bhutan	175.7 (116.0-260.0)	263.2 (167.3-401.1)	7882.8 (6212.3-10171.5)	13140.4 (10192.4-17102.7)
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)	282.9 (191.3-409.3)	332.0 (220.5-481.5)	10720.3 (8753.5-13254.3)	14266.2 (11456.7-17879.2)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	213.7 (129.5-339.1)	344.3 (209.8-553.7)	12431.9 (9680.8-16091.6)	20469.4 (16002.7-26220.7)
Botswana	263.5 (175.2-390.7)	301.7 (191.2-463.2)	11991.2 (9362.4-15688.5)	16300.5 (12402.7-21878.4)
Brazil	330.3 (222.8-473.1)	449.8 (299.6-655.9)	13239.4 (10758.7-16601.2)	19386.7 (15588.6-24365.6)
Brunei Darussalam	110.6 (70.8-166.5)	143.7 (87.3-226.9)	5186.4 (4109.8-6567.3)	7778.9 (5941.7-10431.3)
Bulgaria	206.7 (133.8-311.9)	271.8 (176.0-413.5)	10015.6 (8006.7-12702.8)	13308.5 (10657.3-17140.4)
Burkina Faso	127.9 (87.7-181.1)	159.7 (111.3-225.1)	5037.5 (4013.0-6291.9)	5459.7 (4453.9-6768.7)
Burundi	119.3 (76.5-181.4)	108.1 (68.0-167.9)	6452.8 (5017.9-8068.8)	6283.2 (4826.1-8083.5)
Cabo Verde	258.8 (180.2-361.7)	269.5 (174.8-403.1)	9794.0 (7922.5-12141.3)	12859.6 (10067.3-16652.6)
Cambodia	304.9 (219.4-425.6)	313.6 (222.8-442.0)	7308.9 (6384.4-8482.7)	9451.4 (8105.9-11123.9)
Cameroon	176.7 (116.8-262.0)	161.0 (103.9-242.4)	8289.4 (6533.0-10679.9)	8322.2 (6435.6-10931.9)
Canada	144.2 (90.4-217.9)	186.7 (119.1-280.9)	7361.7 (5696.3-9441.5)	9383.5 (7307.0-12034.7)
Central African Republic	166.4 (95.1-289.8)	181.4 (105.3-308.2)	11997.3 (9111.2-15806.5)	12558.8 (9468.7-16986.7)
Chad	233.8 (156.9-337.7)	184.2 (119.9-276.9)	10367.8 (8140.5-13400.9)	8987.4 (7042.2-11753.8)
Chile	186.5 (122.4-270.7)	240.3 (154.2-356.2)	7988.1 (6564.6-9941.6)	11272.9 (9076.1-14293.0)
China	217.7 (146.2-317.5)	457.2 (284.2-721.5)	9646.0 (7719.2-12032.4)	25079.2 (19290.1-32361.3)
Colombia	268.3 (183.1-385.9)	404.0 (263.9-599.9)	10762.7 (9720.8-12133.8)	17956.2 (14559.2-22279.0)
Comoros	238.0 (157.3-355.1)	293.2 (185.9-451.7)	11431.6 (9090.8-14445.2)	15359.5 (12058.8-19355.8)
Congo	230.7 (142.0-366.1)	245.2 (147.0-402.2)	12750.5 (10008.7-16466.1)	15032.0 (11482.8-20013.0)
Cook Islands	264.1 (183.0-378.2)	418.3 (280.1-610.0)	9949.2 (8144.2-12410.3)	17622.7 (14323.0-22004.7)
Costa Rica	243.1 (163.4-352.3)	351.5 (229.6-511.9)	10113.1 (8314.6-12615.0)	15791.0 (12774.9-19582.3)
Croatia	184.6 (118.9-272.9)	263.2 (176.6-394.8)	8552.5 (6942.8-10559.2)	12106.1 (9596.0-15063.5)
Cuba	355.7 (244.6-510.6)	490.2 (334.3-717.8)	13601.1 (11137.7-16781.6)	20146.5 (16254.6-25316.2)
Cyprus	169.5 (112.4-251.3)	200.9 (129.8-303.6)	7874.3 (6282.1-9997.3)	9965.2 (7830.7-12699.6)
Czechia	191.1 (127.6-281.5)	243.9 (161.6-367.7)	8552.6 (6967.7-10557.7)	11373.0 (9189.4-14193.9)
Coted’Ivoire	128.5 (76.8-206.8)	203.1 (133.3-304.9)	8019.8 (6161.4-10706.8)	9796.2 (7690.4-12981.8)
Democratic People's Republic of Korea	183.8 (103.6-313.6)	243.8 (133.5-428.9)	12234.1 (9364.9-16401.6)	17138.3 (12930.8-22468.7)
Democratic Republic of the Congo	157.1 (88.0-272.4)	167.3 (93.8-288.1)	11594.3 (8808.1-15253.6)	12253.8 (9286.2-16488.1)
Denmark	227.0 (151.4-332.1)	251.0 (166.9-371.2)	10262.2 (8187.4-12970.3)	11805.1 (9302.2-15115.2)
Djibouti	166.2 (112.8-238.1)	194.8 (130.5-286.0)	6611.9 (5265.4-8386.6)	8605.1 (6786.4-10987.9)
Dominica	253.8 (170.4-372.1)	304.7 (195.3-457.0)	11206.8 (9074.3-13770.0)	15300.1 (12073.7-19390.9)
Dominican Republic	236.9 (159.0-340.2)	302.4 (199.8-440.0)	9593.8 (7926.8-11917.4)	13263.6 (10737.3-16450.4)
Ecuador	233.9 (153.6-343.9)	306.8 (197.3-460.9)	10578.3 (8502.8-13176.6)	14913.2 (11886.3-18768.2)
Egypt	249.4 (172.0-354.5)	278.3 (185.6-405.9)	8878.0 (7917.7-9971.6)	11095.7 (8986.0-13726.5)
El Salvador	318.7 (219.8-449.5)	384.2 (263.7-557.8)	10598.2 (8948.3-12709.7)	14629.0 (12129.7-17904.2)
Equatorial Guinea	350.3 (241.1-490.0)	214.5 (132.5-334.3)	13085.2 (10310.6-16839.2)	12176.7 (9200.8-16288.7)
Eritrea	198.2 (136.9-275.8)	201.4 (137.9-286.7)	6711.3 (5355.9-8437.3)	7741.7 (6256.1-9885.4)
Estonia	214.8 (144.9-314.8)	284.4 (193.9-414.3)	9507.9 (7667.6-11987.7)	12783.4 (10085.8-16335.2)
Eswatini	228.4 (147.9-339.2)	248.8 (157.4-386.1)	10959.2 (8496.2-14453.6)	13573.0 (10385.6-18072.2)
Ethiopia	207.6 (143.0-288.5)	219.7 (152.6-306.2)	7241.0 (5810.3-9111.7)	7819.8 (6286.4-9869.8)
Fiji	206.7 (139.6-297.8)	276.2 (184.2-406.5)	8254.2 (6734.2-10405.3)	12034.5 (9653.9-15151.7)
Finland	210.9 (140.0-309.6)	260.6 (172.8-387.8)	9741.3 (7756.7-12365.2)	12487.3 (9906.8-15962.3)
France	200.6 (136.8-291.9)	243.6 (163.7-358.5)	9157.9 (7240.0-11666.2)	11479.8 (8964.9-14872.7)
Gabon	273.7 (173.4-420.8)	253.9 (152.8-414.5)	14133.5 (11212.7-18013.3)	15329.3 (11812.2-19704.9)
Gambia	194.6 (131.4-278.6)	194.9 (129.2-285.6)	7998.7 (6375.1-10218.9)	8717.9 (6922.6-11353.7)
Georgia	354.9 (244.8-517.3)	453.4 (311.7-661.5)	14278.9 (12619.1-15851.8)	17544.0 (14421.8-21667.6)
Germany	223.1 (148.5-330.0)	262.8 (173.5-393.5)	10505.8 (8302.7-13298.8)	12622.9 (9875.3-16135.3)
Ghana	153.0 (99.1-225.4)	195.5 (126.0-285.2)	7248.8 (5810.3-9319.2)	8734.5 (7043.2-11195.4)
Greece	221.6 (147.9-323.5)	290.9 (196.5-424.6)	9939.2 (7935.8-12614.0)	13070.9 (10508.3-16687.7)
Greenland	109.6 (67.9-167.3)	150.4 (92.6-231.0)	5791.7 (4362.8-7681.0)	8144.4 (6180.6-10690.4)
Grenada	270.9 (187.6-388.3)	281.7 (178.9-428.4)	10949.1 (8965.7-13557.5)	14481.2 (11351.1-18564.2)
Guam	192.7 (122.2-289.8)	364.9 (237.5-538.4)	9003.9 (7241.0-11392.6)	16327.1 (13137.1-20433.3)
Guatemala	252.1 (172.4-356.1)	316.3 (214.5-455.7)	8865.9 (7381.6-10838.6)	12153.5 (10056.0-14948.8)
Guinea	248.3 (170.6-350.3)	208.8 (141.2-301.0)	9559.0 (7591.3-12145.1)	8641.5 (6831.7-11174.3)
Guinea-Bissau	192.5 (130.0-277.9)	182.1 (120.6-270.0)	8057.1 (6387.6-10329.1)	8251.4 (6470.6-10847.3)
Guyana	192.0 (126.1-280.0)	236.4 (149.4-357.3)	8738.8 (7052.0-11017.3)	12179.1 (9572.7-15516.3)
Haiti	213.9 (144.8-308.5)	208.7 (136.6-308.0)	8904.8 (7199.6-11197.2)	9967.2 (7813.2-12882.8)
Honduras	215.1 (145.1-306.9)	242.0 (157.3-353.3)	8633.8 (7153.6-10636.2)	11083.4 (9000.2-13834.9)
Hungary	225.5 (158.5-323.6)	268.6 (184.6-395.8)	8610.6 (7088.8-10635.4)	11118.3 (9045.2-13868.9)
Iceland	183.1 (123.7-268.4)	219.3 (145.9-323.8)	7913.9 (6397.1-9842.3)	10176.5 (8229.6-12852.6)
India	414.9 (291.6-577.7)	555.1 (359.9-815.8)	12633.5 (10404.3-15475.7)	24915.1 (19684.9-31002.8)
Indonesia	270.2 (185.0-384.2)	343.5 (229.9-503.3)	9865.7 (8000.2-12349.9)	15041.9 (11728.7-19334.5)
Iran (Islamic Republic of)	281.9 (198.0-390.7)	410.1 (290.6-569.5)	7652.8 (6571.2-8959.3)	12488.7 (10447.6-15335.8)
Iraq	253.9 (178.3-354.1)	246.9 (167.4-357.4)	7983.4 (6714.0-9484.5)	9799.0 (8046.0-12158.0)
Ireland	178.7 (118.8-264.3)	208.8 (135.7-310.2)	8053.2 (6471.7-10045.8)	10185.8 (8177.1-12917.5)
Israel	162.6 (108.2-238.9)	182.9 (120.3-273.9)	7258.4 (5848.2-9058.5)	8551.6 (6899.7-10687.5)
Italy	356.5 (249.5-505.4)	427.0 (299.5-615.9)	12442.3 (10206.8-15448.9)	15930.8 (12783.0-19941.7)
Jamaica	238.0 (158.8-349.6)	289.0 (184.2-433.1)	10529.1 (8603.9-12894.5)	14322.4 (11409.1-18106.3)
Japan	198.5 (124.1-304.6)	300.5 (200.2-449.9)	10685.3 (8202.2-14036.0)	14782.5 (11563.1-18869.2)
Jordan	177.8 (119.5-253.8)	217.6 (141.5-320.2)	6994.0 (5769.8-8629.9)	9802.4 (7880.2-12426.5)
Kazakhstan	247.0 (170.0-351.7)	260.2 (175.3-375.4)	9169.2 (7705.3-10998.4)	10591.4 (8719.5-12934.7)
Kenya	217.4 (150.2-302.0)	217.6 (145.8-319.3)	7882.9 (6347.7-9908.6)	9568.6 (7600.7-12324.3)
Kiribati	196.0 (132.6-285.5)	204.2 (132.3-303.6)	8092.3 (6589.9-9977.7)	9415.7 (7509.9-12072.5)
Kuwait	195.2 (130.7-285.7)	253.4 (164.5-377.7)	7768.8 (6307.5-9814.9)	11481.4 (9016.1-15146.8)
Kyrgyzstan	211.6 (145.3-303.0)	200.7 (134.1-292.5)	8102.3 (6709.0-9863.8)	8539.0 (6893.5-10546.5)
Lao People's Democratic Republic	141.5 (97.6-200.0)	148.1 (98.1-216.1)	5223.8 (4376.8-6228.0)	6206.8 (5142.1-7493.0)
Latvia	326.3 (215.8-477.2)	435.2 (290.1-647.1)	14370.3 (11725.4-17865.5)	19319.1 (15556.9-24293.2)
Lebanon	351.5 (250.3-491.1)	398.1 (283.0-567.7)	10053.0 (9077.9-11189.1)	13399.3 (11295.0-16050.4)
Lesotho	317.8 (214.8-456.5)	291.1 (190.9-437.5)	13645.8 (10645.4-17361.2)	14749.0 (11508.2-19390.9)
Liberia	231.8 (160.8-323.9)	179.5 (116.4-266.6)	8833.2 (7091.0-11173.8)	8833.2 (6809.7-11640.2)
Libya	270.3 (189.6-377.6)	316.2 (216.6-454.8)	8268.0 (6976.9-9928.7)	12176.0 (9823.6-15621.1)
Lithuania	293.1 (197.3-428.2)	417.5 (282.3-612.8)	12462.5 (10188.1-15343.6)	18041.1 (14519.0-22615.3)
Luxembourg	211.3 (139.9-311.4)	214.4 (138.1-321.2)	9808.0 (7757.0-12335.8)	10573.8 (8487.4-13443.9)
Madagascar	162.4 (108.5-233.8)	140.8 (90.7-212.8)	7029.3 (5679.0-8639.7)	7101.9 (5647.1-9030.5)
Malawi	179.2 (128.1-244.3)	143.9 (100.9-201.9)	4758.9 (3980.7-5669.9)	4672.0 (3898.2-5607.4)
Malaysia	232.7 (166.5-316.0)	248.0 (175.7-344.8)	5419.1 (4775.0-6147.2)	7090.8 (6147.4-8157.8)
Maldives	160.2 (110.0-224.1)	190.4 (127.0-276.9)	5542.6 (4650.9-6629.7)	8066.1 (6600.8-10152.7)
Mali	221.7 (157.2-305.9)	186.2 (132.0-259.0)	6686.0 (5419.6-8422.1)	6083.5 (4934.8-7694.3)
Malta	184.9 (121.8-274.2)	263.3 (175.6-391.7)	8460.9 (6723.3-10776.2)	12353.1 (9819.2-16141.4)
Marshall Islands	153.3 (102.8-221.4)	197.6 (125.2-301.7)	6372.0 (5263.4-7832.6)	9797.9 (7774.5-12548.6)
Mauritania	280.9 (185.0-419.8)	254.1 (161.8-392.6)	13061.5 (10295.7-16585.5)	13465.0 (10554.6-17260.6)
Mauritius	241.9 (170.1-340.4)	378.1 (262.8-537.8)	7761.8 (6627.2-9177.6)	13415.8 (11321.1-16240.5)
Mexico	225.6 (157.4-317.3)	324.7 (216.1-474.0)	8010.3 (6690.8-9782.6)	14021.4 (11279.8-17462.3)
Micronesia (Federated States of)	188.6 (129.1-273.3)	228.9 (146.5-344.6)	7531.3 (6226.0-9193.3)	10782.1 (8581.7-13620.1)
Monaco	288.8 (197.0-426.9)	294.6 (196.2-431.9)	12996.0 (10235.9-16604.2)	13841.6 (10999.1-17642.0)
Mongolia	211.1 (146.8-298.0)	235.5 (159.9-338.9)	6962.2 (5866.6-8252.8)	9080.3 (7478.2-11015.5)
Montenegro	160.5 (102.5-240.3)	216.9 (138.0-328.2)	7759.0 (6337.2-9684.4)	10754.0 (8504.4-13693.9)
Morocco	274.2 (186.4-395.9)	344.0 (225.8-514.5)	11239.6 (9121.2-13967.6)	15938.6 (12756.4-20112.0)
Mozambique	206.3 (144.1-288.3)	167.3 (115.2-236.4)	7360.5 (5890.0-9175.2)	6685.5 (5319.0-8395.1)
Myanmar	308.1 (218.4-416.3)	324.0 (231.0-449.2)	6669.5 (5873.2-7490.8)	8500.0 (7436.5-9821.0)
Namibia	247.5 (164.3-367.4)	255.9 (162.4-392.6)	11200.0 (8769.4-14602.2)	13472.0 (10325.9-18112.9)
Nauru	173.5 (115.1-253.8)	176.4 (112.3-265.6)	7569.5 (6131.5-9516.7)	8452.3 (6759.8-10726.4)
Nepal	291.8 (195.1-423.3)	406.1 (256.3-626.6)	12470.3 (9885.3-15900.4)	21663.8 (17875.8-24923.0)
Netherlands	183.4 (119.1-274.6)	226.1 (145.6-342.4)	8986.0 (6997.3-11501.1)	11636.1 (9192.9-15204.6)
New Zealand	191.5 (121.9-282.8)	223.5 (142.3-339.5)	9486.4 (7521.5-12001.6)	11577.3 (9082.2-14739.4)
Nicaragua	225.3 (154.2-322.0)	291.5 (194.5-424.6)	8415.0 (6991.3-10340.0)	12333.4 (10089.5-15415.0)
Niger	215.1 (140.4-324.5)	233.1 (150.6-352.1)	10596.2 (8273.4-13930.7)	11907.5 (9810.9-14205.6)
Nigeria	306.1 (214.1-430.3)	244.9 (165.9-349.1)	10591.3 (8513.9-13390.6)	9791.4 (7843.3-12579.0)
Niue	326.7 (225.8-474.1)	352.9 (228.4-523.2)	12526.2 (10371.7-15211.8)	16212.0 (13203.5-20392.3)
North Macedonia	161.5 (105.2-237.0)	212.2 (135.6-324.1)	7489.4 (6058.3-9364.4)	10586.9 (8431.5-13449.9)
Northern Mariana Islands	151.4 (94.9-230.6)	298.7 (188.8-458.9)	7668.6 (6010.3-10177.6)	14840.3 (11627.8-19218.0)
Norway	216.4 (141.1-326.8)	231.5 (147.8-351.8)	10819.5 (8544.9-13827.3)	12013.9 (9496.7-15487.6)
Oman	282.7 (196.4-397.5)	306.9 (205.5-437.8)	8612.3 (7392.1-10346.4)	10651.5 (8885.7-13299.4)
Pakistan	335.9 (242.4-457.9)	325.3 (230.6-447.5)	8335.6 (7084.6-10030.1)	9016.2 (7450.8-11187.5)
Palau	220.3 (145.9-323.7)	340.1 (215.1-519.4)	9637.3 (7831.7-11920.9)	16779.1 (13117.7-21653.1)
Palestine	242.1 (169.7-338.1)	214.5 (143.3-314.4)	7807.6 (6616.2-9348.5)	8855.2 (7281.3-11048.0)
Panama	312.3 (214.7-447.1)	381.8 (262.4-552.9)	11075.1 (9132.8-13443.7)	14868.7 (12217.4-18335.7)
Papua New Guinea	220.3 (150.1-313.1)	219.6 (147.7-319.9)	8189.5 (6744.8-10052.8)	8925.3 (7313.5-11198.2)
Paraguay	309.0 (208.8-444.7)	341.0 (220.5-500.2)	11925.4 (9834.6-14594.6)	15255.6 (12345.6-18965.4)
Peru	345.1 (237.0-488.2)	415.3 (278.4-601.6)	11922.7 (9840.1-14511.0)	16484.5 (13440.4-20446.1)
Philippines	272.6 (175.8-405.2)	349.0 (220.1-533.9)	13237.3 (10543.7-16702.5)	17762.3 (13979.7-22561.1)
Poland	191.5 (122.6-289.9)	270.9 (175.3-413.1)	9462.9 (7522.8-11849.5)	13496.1 (10574.8-17301.4)
Portugal	215.2 (145.6-318.6)	285.2 (191.8-421.4)	9534.0 (7624.2-11951.8)	13130.0 (10301.7-16784.7)
Puerto Rico	281.0 (182.6-418.1)	434.6 (284.0-654.2)	13323.7 (10662.7-16581.1)	21086.6 (16760.7-26762.9)
Qatar	191.0 (126.8-282.5)	189.8 (119.6-288.3)	7401.1 (5889.5-9635.9)	8842.5 (6730.8-11942.5)
Republic of Korea	152.3 (99.4-222.3)	237.7 (151.1-365.6)	6992.1 (5535.1-9061.2)	12257.1 (9563.2-15994.1)
Republic of Moldova	301.6 (207.5-435.0)	446.1 (304.1-643.7)	11207.1 (9247.2-13593.8)	16790.4 (13904.0-20598.3)
Romania	193.8 (126.7-289.1)	274.8 (181.9-415.6)	8853.7 (7172.8-11098.7)	12752.1 (10298.5-16294.4)
Russian Federation	384.2 (248.2-578.1)	509.0 (314.1-795.2)	17840.2 (14338.6-22193.6)	26804.5 (21053.5-33513.0)
Rwanda	142.1 (94.5-210.0)	144.2 (91.9-220.5)	6541.5 (5168.9-8173.9)	7671.8 (6015.4-9725.4)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	270.5 (185.9-392.5)	293.9 (182.4-449.7)	11444.6 (9163.2-14220.5)	15707.9 (12046.2-20272.3)
Saint Lucia	213.7 (142.5-315.7)	327.3 (207.2-495.7)	9704.6 (7933.0-11986.1)	16667.7 (13037.2-21240.0)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	222.7 (150.8-326.9)	313.3 (202.6-461.6)	9738.5 (7874.5-11963.6)	15360.8 (12164.9-19346.8)
Samoa	189.0 (125.7-276.4)	211.8 (136.0-318.4)	7955.8 (6489.9-9753.8)	9825.1 (7932.7-12209.7)
San Marino	209.0 (139.2-309.7)	275.6 (184.1-406.9)	9710.1 (7735.3-12323.0)	12848.9 (10238.0-16356.4)
Sao Tome and Principe	267.2 (185.6-377.5)	224.1 (147.5-328.1)	9412.3 (7623.8-11595.2)	10257.4 (8048.0-13262.3)
Saudi Arabia	392.0 (278.2-530.8)	319.2 (219.2-452.0)	8865.5 (7627.3-10589.0)	10914.8 (8815.1-14136.3)
Senegal	238.4 (168.8-330.9)	223.8 (155.2-318.6)	7717.7 (6208.0-9561.8)	8610.0 (6881.6-10962.0)
Serbia	187.2 (119.4-280.9)	251.5 (166.2-382.3)	8817.6 (7039.7-11079.7)	12020.3 (9494.1-15199.8)
Seychelles	298.4 (213.5-422.5)	310.5 (211.3-443.6)	8945.3 (7632.5-10522.0)	11643.5 (9698.7-14189.1)
Sierra Leone	218.4 (147.8-313.5)	184.6 (122.3-274.1)	9007.6 (7169.2-11504.0)	8718.9 (6852.3-11452.3)
Singapore	171.6 (110.5-255.6)	240.4 (154.2-357.6)	7775.1 (6176.7-9980.6)	11556.4 (9128.1-14979.7)
Slovakia	166.8 (113.4-242.6)	218.1 (146.2-327.2)	7186.3 (6075.6-8396.0)	9522.3 (7634.0-11886.0)
Slovenia	203.4 (128.8-311.2)	296.6 (189.2-452.8)	10475.3 (8297.5-13189.6)	15401.4 (12037.4-19684.4)
Solomon Islands	173.3 (116.3-250.4)	187.3 (122.5-277.3)	7005.8 (5719.8-8666.4)	8399.6 (6807.8-10588.7)
Somalia	132.1 (88.0-192.5)	121.0 (81.0-180.5)	5903.2 (4616.0-7673.4)	5723.2 (4434.8-7418.6)
South Africa	368.2 (227.5-575.3)	453.3 (273.7-731.5)	21501.6 (16828.6-27824.1)	28926.1 (22544.9-36535.9)
South Sudan	234.8 (167.5-324.8)	181.0 (123.8-258.3)	7492.8 (6142.4-9057.2)	7355.4 (5886.4-9170.7)
Spain	356.0 (250.9-500.4)	447.2 (317.7-632.8)	11278.9 (9427.0-13760.8)	14593.4 (12099.4-17821.1)
Sri Lanka	252.6 (174.4-359.4)	365.8 (248.5-528.0)	8832.3 (7476.3-10512.2)	13815.1 (11568.7-16631.4)
Sudan	302.4 (214.7-415.6)	224.0 (153.7-319.1)	8271.8 (6910.4-9878.3)	8218.5 (6793.1-10224.3)
Suriname	262.8 (177.4-374.7)	331.3 (222.5-483.4)	10610.0 (8596.1-13147.7)	14697.6 (11758.3-18376.7)
Sweden	173.9 (105.5-272.5)	192.0 (119.0-301.4)	10414.6 (7796.6-13861.0)	11446.2 (8659.8-15104.8)
Switzerland	209.9 (140.2-307.4)	243.8 (159.5-367.6)	9903.1 (7871.1-12460.6)	11809.2 (9363.3-15090.1)
Syrian Arab Republic	240.8 (171.4-328.9)	347.6 (242.1-490.1)	6394.7 (5802.9-7129.2)	11718.3 (9760.3-14543.7)
Taiwan (Province of China)	153.3 (81.6-268.3)	280.5 (146.2-492.7)	11397.4 (8746.9-14975.8)	21272.5 (16000.7-27761.3)
Tajikistan	193.7 (133.6-277.8)	196.3 (132.3-284.5)	6998.7 (5851.8-8366.7)	7849.7 (6445.3-9552.0)
Thailand	255.1 (177.0-359.4)	446.0 (308.3-647.8)	8484.0 (7260.5-10046.7)	16369.2 (13823.2-19589.1)
Timor-Leste	250.9 (179.2-343.3)	294.9 (211.1-408.5)	6248.2 (5333.3-7354.7)	8067.8 (6972.9-9380.2)
Togo	162.9 (109.3-239.8)	212.3 (139.6-311.0)	7526.6 (5879.6-9760.6)	9642.3 (7546.3-12531.4)
Tokelau	300.4 (206.7-428.3)	317.4 (209.3-464.9)	11347.5 (9322.7-13915.6)	13872.7 (11310.4-17103.7)
Tonga	170.2 (110.1-255.8)	191.8 (119.5-296.8)	8140.7 (6538.9-10234.5)	10022.6 (8060.3-12669.3)
Trinidad and Tobago	221.2 (143.3-329.1)	314.3 (197.7-482.3)	10560.3 (8515.5-13205.1)	16516.1 (13009.0-21002.3)
Tunisia	290.5 (206.3-407.1)	360.0 (249.1-516.9)	9099.4 (7589.1-11018.0)	13808.5 (11173.1-17089.9)
Turkey	229.2 (157.4-323.8)	329.5 (211.8-500.3)	9145.0 (7692.9-10853.5)	16046.5 (12855.5-20254.2)
Turkmenistan	211.7 (144.4-306.4)	257.0 (172.2-373.1)	7659.1 (6483.9-8990.7)	10134.0 (8421.1-12111.1)
Tuvalu	266.1 (181.0-386.1)	262.6 (173.6-386.9)	10410.4 (8428.0-12953.7)	11697.3 (9429.7-14523.6)
Uganda	123.1 (81.5-181.7)	119.2 (76.8-180.9)	6112.2 (4824.7-7633.4)	6213.2 (4891.2-7928.8)
Ukraine	320.5 (217.4-467.7)	387.7 (261.8-573.5)	13278.4 (10771.1-16488.9)	16365.7 (13242.8-20245.4)
United Arab Emirates	175.9 (116.5-258.2)	222.1 (145.1-334.9)	6736.0 (5372.5-8749.7)	10422.2 (7653.7-14570.3)
United Kingdom	243.1 (162.3-361.5)	257.8 (168.8-387.5)	11226.6 (9004.9-14222.8)	12495.6 (10011.4-15883.0)
United Republic of Tanzania	224.7 (158.9-312.4)	202.0 (139.0-283.5)	7310.5 (5937.5-8928.3)	7659.4 (6184.0-9560.8)
United States of America	151.2 (97.6-224.8)	187.4 (119.8-283.7)	7462.5 (5886.6-9462.6)	9898.0 (7671.3-12726.4)
United States Virgin Islands	246.4 (157.8-369.4)	436.0 (286.2-654.2)	12241.5 (9594.1-15652.0)	21206.9 (16697.1-27275.7)
Uruguay	212.8 (137.2-316.7)	244.0 (156.2-364.6)	10116.8 (8190.5-12614.6)	11738.5 (9441.8-14607.7)
Uzbekistan	204.0 (140.1-293.3)	233.9 (156.8-342.0)	7422.8 (6231.4-8786.4)	9556.1 (7811.7-11634.2)
Vanuatu	142.0 (91.4-214.3)	167.2 (102.6-257.8)	6867.2 (5535.2-8602.4)	8639.9 (6884.4-10937.4)
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	237.3 (160.3-340.7)	370.1 (246.5-542.7)	9657.5 (7937.9-12195.3)	15730.4 (12676.0-19706.9)
Viet Nam	245.0 (173.8-337.6)	273.7 (195.1-383.2)	6029.3 (5242.8-6914.7)	8393.3 (7179.6-9983.6)
Yemen	180.0 (124.0-250.9)	208.5 (142.8-294.6)	6623.6 (5447.2-8047.3)	7803.2 (6403.6-9687.7)
Zambia	149.3 (102.8-214.3)	132.2 (87.6-198.6)	6032.2 (4872.8-7443.7)	6230.4 (4921.6-7934.2)
Zimbabwe	207.1 (139.4-304.0)	208.8 (137.4-312.4)	8911.5 (7064.1-11686.2)	10070.7 (7806.0-13404.7)

ASR, age-standardized; DALY, disability-adjusted life years.

Supplementary Table 5 BVI DALY EAPC Across All Ages in 204 Countries for the Years 1990, 2019 and 2021

Location Name	ASR_1990	ASR_2019	ASR_2021	EAPC_CI_1990-2021
American Samoa	319.29 (217.09 to 463.75)	279.36 (181.2 to 421.27)	277.78 (179.49 to 409.33)	-0.43 (-0.45 - -0.42)
Antigua and Barbuda	291.98 (193.6 to 429.32)	255.32 (161.21 to 382.87)	253.4 (160.77 to 381.59)	-0.46 (-0.47 - -0.45)
Arab Republic of Egypt	440.89 (310.19 to 615.14)	424.62 (295.37 to 600.03)	418.25 (290.46 to 593.95)	-0.24 (-0.3 - -0.18)
Argentine Republic	222.68 (147.55 to 323.82)	202.79 (131.72 to 300.1)	201.71 (129.59 to 299.11)	-0.29 (-0.31 - -0.27)
Australia	159.66 (100.95 to 239.55)	154.46 (97.43 to 234.69)	153.79 (95.78 to 234.64)	-0.09 (-0.1 - -0.07)
Barbados	192.94 (114.17 to 312.28)	181.25 (105.19 to 301.15)	180.66 (103.65 to 298.87)	-0.19 (-0.2 - -0.18)
Belize	319.81 (218.49 to 459.76)	275.23 (179.39 to 406.41)	273.28 (178.36 to 403.47)	-0.5 (-0.52 - -0.49)
Bermuda	281.57 (182.65 to 414.53)	248.94 (155.9 to 380.41)	247.74 (154.57 to 373.72)	-0.41 (-0.43 - -0.39)
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela	387.6 (266.8 to 554.05)	338.69 (227.7 to 493.24)	338.75 (227.91 to 495.08)	-0.4 (-0.44 - -0.35)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	230.54 (143.02 to 358.42)	211.49 (125.68 to 337.15)	210.72 (125.93 to 339.21)	-0.32 (-0.38 - -0.26)
Brunei Darussalam	174.12 (114.25 to 257.73)	159.67 (101.37 to 239.46)	159 (101.38 to 240.1)	-0.26 (-0.3 - -0.23)
Burkina Faso	259.89 (183.4 to 361.83)	348.39 (247.83 to 480.98)	341.71 (245.32 to 472.56)	0.34 (0.07 - 0.61)
Canada	130.68 (81.65 to 198.65)	127 (79.65 to 195.07)	126.3 (78.54 to 194.39)	-0.11 (-0.11 - -0.1)
Central African Republic	313.98 (192.4 to 508.36)	325.96 (199.39 to 517.74)	326.65 (204.2 to 519.22)	0.15 (0.13 - 0.18)
Commonwealth of Dominica	303.2 (202.07 to 443.25)	260.51 (168.29 to 387.53)	259.19 (166.26 to 389.11)	-0.5 (-0.53 - -0.47)
Commonwealth of the Bahamas	285.68 (187.26 to 419.92)	256.2 (162.26 to 382.73)	255.19 (161.34 to 386.74)	-0.39 (-0.41 - -0.37)
Cook Islands	383.9 (268.95 to 548.93)	305.48 (205.11 to 448.66)	302.52 (201.74 to 440.92)	-0.68 (-0.72 - -0.65)
Czech Republic	154.14 (101.98 to 225.82)	141.58 (91.55 to 211.21)	141.39 (91.34 to 210.83)	-0.23 (-0.27 - -0.2)
Democratic People's Republic of Korea	220.65 (128.06 to 362.64)	199.48 (110.53 to 338.48)	198.44 (109.8 to 339.96)	-0.35 (-0.36 - -0.34)
Democratic Republic of Sao -me and Principe	469.2 (332.23 to 660.34)	381.77 (262.63 to 545.45)	376.81 (258.55 to 535.5)	-0.75 (-0.79 - -0.72)
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste	623.24 (450.78 to 837.72)	497.74 (364.95 to 684.06)	458.08 (330.31 to 628.73)	-0.88 (-1 - -0.77)
Democratic Republic of the Congo	286.93 (166.27 to 472.5)	293.09 (170.65 to 485.39)	292.65 (170.34 to 480.72)	0.09 (0.04 - 0.13)
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka	383.14 (271.27 to 543.09)	317.48 (217.81 to 460.65)	315.4 (216.29 to 457.24)	-0.55 (-0.61 - -0.48)
Dominican Republic	383.69 (264.08 to 552.59)	324.83 (217.19 to 469.27)	321.45 (214.39 to 467.73)	-0.47 (-0.55 - -0.39)
Eastern Republic of Uruguay	188.6 (120.1 to 281.7)	179.07 (112.88 to 270.11)	178.13 (110.76 to 270.68)	-0.1 (-0.15 - -0.05)
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia	470.37 (336.77 to 637.18)	451.83 (322.01 to 620.53)	449.95 (320.99 to 617.8)	0.01 (-0.05 - 0.07)
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal	552.03 (384.72 to 780.48)	508.19 (333.52 to 770.12)	508.6 (328.23 to 774.66)	0.21 (0.05 - 0.36)
Federal Republic of Germany	162.16 (106.46 to 239.24)	149.59 (95.08 to 221.87)	149.27 (94.84 to 224.8)	-0.26 (-0.27 - -0.25)
Federal Republic of Nigeria	561.34 (404.48 to 780.75)	512.28 (360.9 to 719.76)	509.1 (359.62 to 717.61)	-0.31 (-0.35 - -0.28)
Federal Republic of Somalia	334.93 (231.7 to 468.53)	320.85 (220.78 to 451.18)	317.46 (220.23 to 447.1)	-0.19 (-0.22 - -0.16)
Federated States of Micronesia	365.89 (256.21 to 525.91)	311.84 (210.12 to 456.2)	309.05 (206.78 to 451.75)	-0.54 (-0.55 - -0.53)
Federative Republic of Brazil	474.4 (328.15 to 674)	409.81 (276.37 to 597.37)	405.83 (271.87 to 592.83)	-0.16 (-0.3 - -0.03)
French Republic	156.52 (104.03 to 230.38)	144.92 (93.36 to 215.66)	144.66 (93.27 to 218.01)	-0.25 (-0.28 - -0.23)
Gabonese Republic	429.33 (277.71 to 633.89)	372.3 (228.7 to 574.88)	370.67 (227.85 to 579.39)	-0.47 (-0.48 - -0.47)
Georgia	324.24 (224.94 to 470.23)	295.98 (200.32 to 431.97)	294.29 (200.13 to 429.63)	-0.19 (-0.23 - -0.14)
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg	166.5 (109.61 to 245.3)	151.89 (97.19 to 226.84)	151.67 (97.26 to 226.7)	-0.31 (-0.31 - -0.3)
Greenland	139.78 (89.8 to 207.33)	133.74 (85.59 to 201.09)	133.22 (84.71 to 201.28)	-0.19 (-0.21 - -0.18)
Grenada	317.63 (215.37 to 458.71)	264.19 (171.08 to 396.63)	262.08 (169.55 to 391.87)	-0.58 (-0.62 - -0.55)
Guam	312.52 (208.17 to 458.19)	285.05 (184.33 to 421.89)	284 (183.17 to 420.06)	-0.33 (-0.35 - -0.3)
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan	390.63 (275.13 to 546.13)	315.57 (214.46 to 456.37)	313.19 (212.65 to 453.22)	-0.76 (-0.79 - -0.72)
Hellenic Republic	173.78 (114.77 to 253.72)	157.92 (101.29 to 234.34)	157.86 (101.21 to 232.78)	-0.32 (-0.34 - -0.29)
Hungary	173.61 (121.65 to 248.19)	153.09 (102.93 to 221.58)	151.81 (102.13 to 222.14)	-0.35 (-0.43 - -0.27)
Independent State of Papua New Guinea	453.46 (318.74 to 636.52)	406.16 (281.1 to 581.71)	402.62 (277.48 to 574.82)	-0.41 (-0.49 - -0.32)
Independent State of Samoa	343.41 (234.25 to 498.66)	300.67 (198.38 to 444.62)	298.07 (196.44 to 439.95)	-0.44 (-0.45 - -0.43)
Ireland	168.65 (111.08 to 247.24)	153.23 (98.5 to 229.33)	153.26 (98.52 to 227.88)	-0.33 (-0.34 - -0.31)
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan	605.15 (434.37 to 831.42)	558.21 (405.86 to 752.55)	522.64 (379.08 to 721.99)	-0.35 (-0.49 - -0.21)
Islamic Republic of Iran	528.86 (381.78 to 728.71)	432.22 (308.87 to 596.57)	448.43 (321.14 to 618.32)	-0.65 (-0.71 - -0.58)
Islamic Republic of Mauritania	513.37 (348.17 to 751.72)	447.66 (293.72 to 666.59)	441.67 (290.49 to 659.86)	-0.39 (-0.42 - -0.35)
Islamic Republic of Pakistan	629.92 (457.11 to 854.58)	593.05 (427.41 to 805.73)	589.4 (427.15 to 802.31)	-0.36 (-0.42 - -0.29)
Jamaica	297.22 (195.9 to 436.6)	261.69 (166.3 to 390.08)	260.27 (165.63 to 391.1)	-0.43 (-0.45 - -0.41)
Japan	161.67 (101.7 to 245.21)	154.01 (95.83 to 238.24)	154.13 (95.52 to 237.95)	-0.14 (-0.15 - -0.12)
Kingdom of Bahrain	454.16 (322.52 to 626.61)	352.51 (245.24 to 499.68)	349.74 (243.37 to 495.33)	-0.89 (-0.93 - -0.86)
Kingdom of Belgium	168.86 (112.12 to 249.57)	154.85 (100.22 to 230.09)	154.69 (101.14 to 231.26)	-0.28 (-0.29 - -0.27)
Kingdom of Bhutan	399.63 (274.13 to 574.99)	311.13 (202.7 to 464.57)	311.02 (201.97 to 467.11)	-0.88 (-0.93 - -0.83)
Kingdom of Cambodia	633.7 (464.47 to 855.73)	439.14 (313.55 to 615.32)	431.74 (311.64 to 605.47)	-1.4 (-1.48 - -1.33)
Kingdom of Denmark	168.33 (109.94 to 247.89)	158.29 (101.24 to 236.83)	158 (101.52 to 237.3)	-0.19 (-0.2 - -0.19)
Kingdom of Eswatini	498.78 (345.54 to 711.16)	418.93 (280.69 to 618.71)	414.1 (275.81 to 610.6)	-0.45 (-0.51 - -0.4)
Kingdom of Lesotho	523.03 (359.47 to 738.75)	447.93 (302.78 to 651.01)	443.42 (300.49 to 652.38)	-0.52 (-0.55 - -0.49)
Kingdom of Morocco	431.56 (299.36 to 613.62)	373.15 (250.01 to 546.5)	368.03 (246.97 to 542.14)	-0.46 (-0.49 - -0.44)
Kingdom of Norway	160.84 (101.57 to 244.45)	154.41 (96 to 234.8)	154.96 (96.33 to 235.15)	-0.12 (-0.13 - -0.11)
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia	858.14 (622.34 to 1140.97)	535.37 (385.49 to 736.87)	526.97 (378.58 to 721.31)	-1.66 (-1.71 - -1.61)
Kingdom of Spain	287.4 (202.6 to 406.47)	261.15 (182.66 to 371.08)	260.22 (181.01 to 370.64)	-0.19 (-0.26 - -0.13)
Kingdom of Sweden	120.14 (72.75 to 189.35)	118.5 (71.59 to 187.98)	118.21 (71.49 to 187.69)	-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.04)
Kingdom of Thailand	387.81 (275.51 to 542.99)	298.57 (205.73 to 432.84)	295.41 (202.48 to 429.89)	-0.95 (-1 - -0.9)
Kingdom of -nga	281.31 (185.92 to 418.2)	244.4 (153.54 to 373.13)	243.25 (152.61 to 373.43)	-0.46 (-0.47 - -0.45)
Kingdom of the Netherlands	151.62 (97.35 to 227.01)	141.48 (88.95 to 213.13)	141.39 (88.55 to 213.28)	-0.23 (-0.23 - -0.22)
Kyrgyz Republic	305.29 (213.18 to 435.39)	277.26 (191 to 406.12)	275.45 (190.22 to 401.43)	-0.33 (-0.36 - -0.29)
Lao People's Democratic Republic	264.39 (187.87 to 371.68)	225.94 (156.28 to 327.1)	222.79 (152.72 to 322.37)	-0.51 (-0.53 - -0.49)
Lebanese Republic	468.21 (334 to 650.83)	372.09 (260.68 to 525.01)	368.43 (260.39 to 524.65)	-0.77 (-0.82 - -0.71)
Malaysia	408.01 (295.82 to 546.18)	286.8 (205.1 to 396.78)	283.46 (202.76 to 391.87)	-1.19 (-1.24 - -1.14)
Mongolia	390.64 (275.75 to 549.68)	329.52 (231.04 to 473.61)	328.28 (229.19 to 473.31)	-0.59 (-0.61 - -0.56)
Montenegro	161.99 (104.43 to 243.46)	155.4 (98.89 to 230.23)	154.32 (98.02 to 230.88)	-0.21 (-0.24 - -0.19)
New Zealand	179.08 (112.97 to 264.94)	167.78 (104 to 254.82)	167.15 (103.69 to 253.08)	-0.21 (-0.22 - -0.2)
North Macedonia	172.08 (113.7 to 254)	157.65 (101.41 to 236.01)	156.52 (100.65 to 237.35)	-0.34 (-0.36 - -0.32)
Northern Mariana Islands	306.97 (205.13 to 446.1)	282.16 (183.77 to 423.37)	280.38 (183.91 to 420.14)	-0.24 (-0.26 - -0.22)
Palestine	486.34 (348.85 to 671.59)	368.87 (255.85 to 525.04)	363.27 (252.79 to 515.84)	-0.95 (-0.99 - -0.91)
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria	486.06 (345.42 to 675.22)	389.62 (271.66 to 548.8)	385.7 (271.26 to 540.36)	-0.76 (-0.78 - -0.75)
People's Republic of Bangladesh	542.56 (391.75 to 746.03)	440.65 (308.62 to 620.33)	426.41 (296.39 to 602.94)	-0.49 (-0.58 - -0.39)
People's Republic of China	297.23 (204.65 to 431.01)	315.66 (202.29 to 485.22)	323.86 (203.78 to 504.04)	0.44 (0.28 - 0.6)
Plurinational State of Bolivia	493.88 (341.67 to 701.32)	408.81 (276.33 to 595.22)	405.15 (273.83 to 588.85)	-0.64 (-0.66 - -0.62)
Portuguese Republic	177.7 (119.5 to 262.35)	158.04 (101.92 to 237.91)	157.62 (102.17 to 236.29)	-0.39 (-0.41 - -0.36)
Principality of Andorra	159.84 (104.49 to 234.99)	151.64 (97.23 to 228.03)	151.43 (97 to 224.95)	-0.17 (-0.17 - -0.16)
Principality of Monaco	161.5 (105.29 to 240.85)	152.95 (98.22 to 230.53)	152.66 (97.82 to 228.81)	-0.19 (-0.19 - -0.18)
Puer- Rico	282.08 (182.47 to 418.08)	247.78 (155.18 to 379.7)	246.5 (153.39 to 374.34)	-0.44 (-0.46 - -0.42)
Republic of Albania	180 (120.56 to 260.79)	165 (107.81 to 243.73)	164.22 (106.31 to 242.45)	-0.35 (-0.37 - -0.32)
Republic of Angola	472.18 (316.88 to 686.31)	404.1 (257.01 to 606.99)	399.89 (252.49 to 613.42)	-0.55 (-0.59 - -0.52)
Republic of Armenia	324.19 (224.01 to 467.55)	286.67 (194.67 to 421.41)	285.15 (193.43 to 419.16)	-0.45 (-0.47 - -0.44)
Republic of Austria	167.08 (111.27 to 246.26)	153.61 (98.37 to 230.15)	153.67 (99.14 to 229.65)	-0.28 (-0.3 - -0.26)
Republic of Azerbaijan	331.36 (228.75 to 480.61)	296.22 (202.12 to 436.38)	294.65 (201.97 to 428.68)	-0.42 (-0.47 - -0.38)
Republic of Belarus	254.71 (172.31 to 368.82)	232.86 (153.78 to 344.7)	231.72 (151.4 to 341.78)	-0.33 (-0.35 - -0.32)
Republic of Benin	358.08 (245.95 to 508.74)	440.95 (311.26 to 613.23)	433.73 (305.82 to 612.13)	0.54 (0.41 - 0.68)
Republic of Botswana	529.38 (364.44 to 753.15)	420.28 (283.74 to 615.73)	416.59 (277.54 to 612.64)	-0.82 (-0.85 - -0.8)
Republic of Bulgaria	161.9 (105.52 to 243.1)	153.24 (97.3 to 230.14)	152.37 (96.83 to 232.09)	-0.19 (-0.2 - -0.18)
Republic of Burundi	239.6 (158.16 to 355.92)	221.31 (143.69 to 332.77)	226.41 (148.62 to 338.19)	-0.26 (-0.29 - -0.23)
Republic of Cabo Verde	381.17 (263.9 to 539.84)	320.06 (213.49 to 468.92)	317.01 (212.29 to 469.04)	-0.62 (-0.64 - -0.61)
Republic of Cameroon	363.66 (252.07 to 526.03)	328.73 (221.93 to 482.12)	325.28 (220.12 to 475.78)	-0.41 (-0.45 - -0.37)
Republic of Chad	441.19 (302.39 to 624.76)	446.04 (305.89 to 636.68)	442.73 (301.62 to 630.24)	0.23 (0.15 - 0.3)
Republic of Chile	224.11 (149.33 to 324.57)	195.75 (126.34 to 284.54)	194.74 (124.44 to 285.79)	-0.45 (-0.46 - -0.44)
Republic of Colombia	418.52 (294.83 to 584.68)	366.76 (242.43 to 541.65)	363.49 (236.85 to 541.57)	-0.42 (-0.48 - -0.37)
Republic of Costa Rica	363.18 (248.18 to 522.68)	313.88 (205.84 to 461.88)	310.48 (203.25 to 453.33)	-0.5 (-0.51 - -0.49)
Republic of Croatia	157.06 (102.74 to 230.8)	146.8 (95.04 to 217.72)	146.29 (95.21 to 217.67)	-0.17 (-0.22 - -0.12)
Republic of Cuba	369.93 (254.94 to 531.02)	324.41 (218.13 to 473.25)	321.32 (215.48 to 471.92)	-0.43 (-0.45 - -0.42)
Republic of Cyprus	170.42 (112.56 to 249.32)	153.66 (99.07 to 229.63)	153.26 (98.62 to 230.63)	-0.33 (-0.36 - -0.3)
République de Côte d'Ivoire	283.46 (184.1 to 433.74)	414.4 (285.3 to 597.68)	408.76 (282.28 to 584.18)	0.62 (0.34 - 0.89)
Republic of Djibouti	408.73 (290.81 to 572.25)	340.31 (238.85 to 486.54)	333.53 (233.13 to 476.03)	-0.66 (-0.71 - -0.61)
Republic of Ecuador	376.27 (251.76 to 550.19)	330.25 (214.36 to 494.89)	328.93 (213.13 to 492.37)	-0.34 (-0.4 - -0.27)
Republic of El Salvador	498.22 (346.64 to 694.55)	393.37 (267.92 to 569.29)	389.13 (266 to 565.21)	-0.79 (-0.85 - -0.74)
Republic of Equa-rial Guinea	705.01 (496.43 to 973.73)	443.64 (295.29 to 643.28)	438.9 (292.51 to 642.12)	-1.75 (-1.84 - -1.65)
Republic of Es-nia	174.94 (117.69 to 255.82)	159.4 (104.14 to 239.46)	158.91 (104.23 to 236.38)	-0.26 (-0.32 - -0.2)
Republic of Fiji	394.26 (276.26 to 558.4)	351.3 (242.29 to 507.25)	333.31 (228.73 to 484.02)	-0.42 (-0.47 - -0.36)
Republic of Finland	167.58 (110.28 to 244.69)	150.71 (97.35 to 224.33)	150.65 (95.46 to 223.99)	-0.35 (-0.38 - -0.33)
Republic of Ghana	317.4 (215.3 to 453.45)	348.05 (236.66 to 500.34)	342.18 (233.12 to 488.63)	0.2 (0.05 - 0.36)
Republic of Guatemala	508.61 (357.26 to 711.07)	417.06 (288.37 to 598.22)	411.25 (285.71 to 586.03)	-0.6 (-0.67 - -0.54)
Republic of Guinea	421.89 (297.2 to 590.61)	430.34 (304.26 to 601.3)	423.91 (297.88 to 591.91)	-0.04 (-0.14 - 0.05)
Republic of Guinea-Bissau	425.62 (294.49 to 598.74)	433.72 (306.72 to 614.39)	417.5 (290.31 to 590.69)	-0.12 (-0.25 - 0.02)
Republic of Guyana	325.93 (222.05 to 469.07)	275.81 (182.36 to 408.9)	271.19 (177.58 to 402.02)	-0.55 (-0.57 - -0.53)
Republic of Haiti	377.27 (262.74 to 537.05)	318.32 (218.58 to 459.64)	315.76 (214.64 to 454.61)	-0.56 (-0.58 - -0.55)
Republic of Honduras	406.31 (281.51 to 580.94)	341.14 (227.71 to 495.74)	336.82 (224.47 to 492.07)	-0.61 (-0.63 - -0.59)
Republic of Iceland	169.35 (112.97 to 248.05)	155.19 (100.57 to 231.51)	155.29 (101.83 to 231.2)	-0.28 (-0.3 - -0.27)
Republic of India	734.69 (527.49 to 1004.85)	634.75 (421.32 to 915.18)	632.16 (421.05 to 912.77)	-0.31 (-0.39 - -0.23)
Republic of Indonesia	477.01 (335.76 to 663.32)	403.69 (280.68 to 576.86)	399.91 (277.83 to 573.7)	-0.62 (-0.67 - -0.58)
Republic of Iraq	495.87 (353.18 to 682.31)	385.14 (270.63 to 542.97)	378.81 (265.19 to 534)	-0.93 (-0.96 - -0.9)
Republic of Italy	262.56 (182.12 to 372.83)	225.25 (153.33 to 323.14)	224.76 (152.92 to 323.56)	-0.5 (-0.57 - -0.43)
Republic of Kazakhstan	314.73 (220.29 to 451.9)	282.13 (192.88 to 408.95)	280.69 (192.74 to 406.92)	-0.36 (-0.38 - -0.33)
Republic of Kenya	507.63 (362.31 to 701.01)	411.73 (288.55 to 576.85)	404.1 (283.72 to 566.45)	-0.67 (-0.73 - -0.61)
Republic of Kiribati	367.88 (256.51 to 523.11)	325.94 (220.45 to 476.99)	323.66 (220.37 to 473.35)	-0.41 (-0.42 - -0.4)
Republic of Korea	188.77 (125.24 to 273.49)	159.43 (100.48 to 239.54)	159.3 (101.03 to 242.84)	-0.52 (-0.57 - -0.48)
Republic of Latvia	258.04 (169.79 to 378.4)	239.26 (153.15 to 355.84)	238.28 (153.7 to 353.24)	-0.19 (-0.23 - -0.15)
Republic of Liberia	447.32 (323.6 to 622.57)	370.55 (256 to 523.21)	365.78 (251.41 to 518.91)	-0.71 (-0.75 - -0.68)
Republic of Lithuania	248.71 (167.93 to 361.87)	228.17 (149.86 to 335.67)	226.96 (149.75 to 337.91)	-0.31 (-0.31 - -0.3)
Republic of Madagascar	332.51 (229.38 to 473.8)	293.17 (199.1 to 423.14)	289.37 (196.37 to 416.98)	-0.45 (-0.47 - -0.42)
Republic of Malawi	416.87 (303.72 to 561.51)	327.33 (234.5 to 447.86)	323.89 (231.37 to 446.84)	-0.68 (-0.72 - -0.64)
Republic of Maldives	356.05 (253.05 to 491.77)	265.45 (182.95 to 385.98)	263.43 (182.77 to 383.91)	-0.97 (-1.02 - -0.91)
Republic of Mali	451.82 (326.03 to 610.11)	451.9 (326.49 to 620.83)	443.58 (321.14 to 611.28)	-0.14 (-0.27 - -0.02)
Republic of Malta	170.81 (112.81 to 251.64)	155.63 (101.15 to 234.19)	155.16 (99.67 to 232.63)	-0.31 (-0.32 - -0.3)
Republic of Mauritius	357.16 (255.47 to 502.67)	284.36 (198.54 to 406.56)	281.53 (195.89 to 401.6)	-0.72 (-0.77 - -0.67)
Republic of Moldova	316.57 (220.69 to 455.73)	297.15 (200.73 to 429.61)	294.89 (200.18 to 427.8)	-0.18 (-0.24 - -0.12)
Republic of Mozambique	416.7 (296.29 to 572.58)	398.05 (284.17 to 551.13)	393.2 (283.56 to 542.9)	-0.14 (-0.22 - -0.06)
Republic of Namibia	466.78 (323.47 to 671.57)	389.4 (260.12 to 571.87)	385.71 (255.88 to 568.52)	-0.49 (-0.55 - -0.44)
Republic of Nauru	344.63 (236.25 to 498.52)	307.83 (207.65 to 451.23)	304.77 (203.36 to 448.8)	-0.38 (-0.44 - -0.32)
Republic of Nicaragua	451.2 (316.05 to 634.45)	366.15 (250.11 to 527.72)	362.23 (246.06 to 521.9)	-0.7 (-0.72 - -0.67)
Republic of Niue	336.43 (230.45 to 489.06)	285.34 (184.66 to 426.21)	283.75 (184.89 to 417.61)	-0.56 (-0.57 - -0.55)
Republic of Palau	323.87 (221.26 to 467.87)	282.09 (183.95 to 422.69)	280.83 (184.13 to 419.28)	-0.44 (-0.46 - -0.43)
Republic of Panama	448.2 (309.86 to 635.14)	374.55 (255.47 to 541.75)	369.5 (253.93 to 534.5)	-0.59 (-0.61 - -0.57)
Republic of Paraguay	473.56 (327.29 to 674.98)	390.48 (256.17 to 572.14)	386.77 (252.45 to 565.6)	-0.6 (-0.66 - -0.54)
Republic of Peru	547.22 (381.27 to 770.7)	437.58 (296.29 to 637.97)	433.66 (292.31 to 626.48)	-0.92 (-0.98 - -0.86)
Republic of Poland	174.97 (112.4 to 264.65)	167.47 (105.73 to 254.91)	166.73 (106.57 to 253.92)	-0.17 (-0.18 - -0.16)
Republic of Rwanda	310.66 (214 to 441.93)	258.24 (172.29 to 381.24)	253.89 (167.21 to 375.8)	-0.72 (-0.75 - -0.69)
Republic of San Marino	161.05 (105.76 to 239.93)	152.76 (96.91 to 227.15)	152.73 (97.51 to 227.04)	-0.17 (-0.19 - -0.16)
Republic of Senegal	502.3 (362.97 to 685.4)	427.48 (307.14 to 596.61)	408.12 (294.2 to 575.89)	-0.5 (-0.55 - -0.45)
Republic of Serbia	170.26 (111.08 to 253.46)	157.16 (100.46 to 235.42)	156.22 (101.14 to 236.35)	-0.33 (-0.35 - -0.31)
Republic of Seychelles	369.48 (265.24 to 522.27)	297.12 (207.04 to 426.42)	294.36 (204.04 to 419.74)	-0.71 (-0.73 - -0.69)
Republic of Sierra Leone	404.2 (285.88 to 569.66)	364.02 (251.77 to 521.57)	357.45 (247.36 to 511.61)	-0.4 (-0.48 - -0.31)
Republic of Singapore	200.14 (132.64 to 295.43)	182.4 (117.07 to 269.57)	182.52 (119.33 to 270.56)	-0.3 (-0.32 - -0.27)
Republic of Slovenia	171.43 (108.48 to 260.78)	163.6 (101.25 to 251.87)	163.25 (102.51 to 250.27)	-0.12 (-0.18 - -0.07)
Republic of South Africa	546.16 (349.13 to 823.34)	510.13 (313.38 to 793.27)	500.1 (308.7 to 778.18)	0.01 (-0.09 - 0.12)
Republic of South Sudan	493.55 (352.71 to 676.45)	400.77 (285.58 to 553.91)	395.92 (282.13 to 554.64)	-0.72 (-0.76 - -0.68)
Republic of Sudan	581.74 (421.48 to 794.43)	433.88 (312.12 to 600.07)	412.76 (293.36 to 575.62)	-1.04 (-1.11 - -0.98)
Republic of Suriname	363.34 (250.92 to 520.85)	312.92 (209.91 to 451.47)	309.92 (210.25 to 448.16)	-0.56 (-0.58 - -0.53)
Republic of Tajikistan	344.31 (240.43 to 490.72)	316.32 (219.44 to 458.61)	314.52 (218.66 to 454.18)	-0.3 (-0.35 - -0.25)
Republic of Trinidad and -bago	290.32 (190.41 to 429.71)	247.76 (154.67 to 376.1)	246.31 (155.01 to 376.04)	-0.58 (-0.62 - -0.55)
Republic of Tunisia	460.09 (332.38 to 634.24)	336.52 (233.88 to 478.97)	331.61 (231.65 to 474.24)	-1 (-1.1 - -0.9)
Republic of Turkey	344.48 (241.97 to 481.33)	304.02 (197.79 to 458.82)	300.8 (195.82 to 452.1)	-0.48 (-0.54 - -0.42)
Republic of Uganda	272.82 (187.42 to 387.49)	271.52 (184.05 to 397.16)	269.07 (181.59 to 389.68)	0.01 (-0.05 - 0.07)
Republic of Uzbekistan	336.76 (234.17 to 481.74)	300.51 (204.73 to 438.65)	298.62 (205.26 to 435.98)	-0.43 (-0.45 - -0.4)
Republic of Vanuatu	299.86 (201.29 to 440.03)	274.77 (177.01 to 415.36)	273.39 (175.59 to 408.87)	-0.29 (-0.31 - -0.27)
Republic of Yemen	405.8 (289.25 to 563)	416.57 (298.55 to 577.74)	408.93 (291.5 to 566.12)	-0.16 (-0.3 - -0.01)
Republic of Zambia	357.98 (253.65 to 502.19)	302.55 (210.87 to 427.83)	298.53 (206.24 to 428.77)	-0.5 (-0.53 - -0.47)
Republic of Zimbabwe	433.13 (306.12 to 606.69)	382.42 (264.67 to 553.18)	381.42 (262.86 to 547.51)	-0.32 (-0.4 - -0.25)
Republic of the Congo	431.29 (275.92 to 646.03)	383.25 (236.08 to 603.66)	382.09 (233.82 to 592)	-0.3 (-0.35 - -0.24)
Republic of the Gambia	441.01 (311.33 to 612.37)	404.12 (280.95 to 576.12)	397.59 (274.01 to 563.98)	-0.23 (-0.29 - -0.16)
Republic of the Marshall Islands	364.17 (253.25 to 523.15)	303.09 (201.82 to 447.54)	300.21 (201.77 to 445.72)	-0.61 (-0.62 - -0.6)
Republic of the Niger	495.41 (341.43 to 705.92)	524.94 (366.52 to 744.06)	553.78 (384.55 to 797.49)	0.26 (0.19 - 0.33)
Republic of the Philippines	491.39 (328.89 to 717.85)	454.4 (298.91 to 676.09)	450.51 (295.89 to 673.48)	-0.24 (-0.26 - -0.21)
Republic of the Union of Myanmar	530.49 (381.64 to 708.72)	392.17 (281.44 to 542.13)	384.91 (275.43 to 530.83)	-1.21 (-1.3 - -1.11)
Romania	173.38 (114.03 to 257.06)	160.7 (103.12 to 238.94)	160.17 (102.95 to 241.75)	-0.29 (-0.3 - -0.27)
Russian Federation	340.2 (220.37 to 508.16)	350.61 (214.55 to 552.01)	345.3 (210.9 to 542.12)	0.45 (0.31 - 0.59)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	305.8 (206.5 to 441.83)	258.36 (163.28 to 385.25)	256.56 (164.33 to 380.98)	-0.55 (-0.58 - -0.51)
Saint Lucia	304.92 (204.28 to 447.14)	258.26 (165.58 to 389.6)	256.7 (163.03 to 387.33)	-0.54 (-0.57 - -0.5)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	313.94 (213.29 to 459.09)	268.08 (173.65 to 396.09)	265.72 (171.88 to 391.13)	-0.52 (-0.54 - -0.5)
Slovak Republic	153.77 (104.8 to 222.27)	141.21 (93.18 to 206.18)	141.08 (93.39 to 207.34)	-0.2 (-0.25 - -0.14)
Socialist Republic of Viet Nam	396.59 (285.37 to 540.47)	293.35 (209.46 to 406.09)	292.73 (210.46 to 407.63)	-1.06 (-1.09 - -1.04)
Solomon Islands	383 (267.28 to 546.07)	336.35 (228.31 to 489.87)	333.04 (227.81 to 486.37)	-0.43 (-0.45 - -0.41)
State of Eritrea	523.4 (372.03 to 718.94)	426.12 (304.08 to 592.92)	416.84 (296.64 to 576.41)	-0.69 (-0.73 - -0.64)
State of Israel	169.61 (112.67 to 248.94)	157.55 (101.53 to 233.65)	157.26 (101.3 to 235.35)	-0.24 (-0.26 - -0.23)
State of Kuwait	403.27 (283.3 to 567.51)	336.89 (231.52 to 482.8)	335.15 (230.14 to 482.05)	-0.64 (-0.66 - -0.61)
State of Libya	513.12 (366.77 to 708.54)	395.14 (279.21 to 548.57)	393.8 (278.17 to 551.28)	-0.88 (-0.94 - -0.81)
State of Qatar	464.38 (332.1 to 644.93)	351.98 (245.91 to 496.33)	348.37 (241.73 to 494.07)	-0.96 (-0.98 - -0.93)
Sultanate of Oman	577.44 (410.72 to 796.79)	528.73 (375.43 to 740.01)	524.27 (367.85 to 737.39)	-0.42 (-0.48 - -0.36)
Swiss Confederation	158.31 (103.48 to 234.65)	150.19 (96.04 to 225.09)	149.93 (95.48 to 226.21)	-0.18 (-0.19 - -0.17)
Syrian Arab Republic	495.18 (359.2 to 673.03)	379.26 (267.07 to 525.14)	374.35 (265.16 to 522.64)	-0.91 (-0.99 - -0.82)
Taiwan (Province of China)	182.59 (97.19 to 315)	174.78 (91.41 to 309.05)	174.59 (91.8 to 307.37)	-0.14 (-0.15 - -0.14)
-golese Republic	384.58 (267.57 to 545.71)	399.88 (276.99 to 567.98)	395.74 (274.6 to 560.37)	0.01 (-0.08 - 0.1)
-kelau	359.12 (247.23 to 512.95)	298.48 (196.97 to 443.8)	295.66 (194.13 to 432.82)	-0.62 (-0.63 - -0.61)
Turkmenistan	371.94 (257.26 to 535.78)	322.2 (218.58 to 473.47)	320.23 (220.6 to 462.99)	-0.54 (-0.61 - -0.46)
Tuvalu	380.04 (263.89 to 543.06)	312.81 (210.78 to 457.29)	309.59 (208.77 to 452.53)	-0.61 (-0.64 - -0.59)
Ukraine	255.87 (174.61 to 371.03)	241.73 (162.09 to 353.03)	240.82 (161.16 to 355.01)	-0.16 (-0.19 - -0.14)
Union of the Comoros	482.42 (330.78 to 687.8)	410.58 (272.25 to 602.69)	405.14 (267.99 to 601.24)	-0.5 (-0.54 - -0.47)
United Arab Emirates	439.91 (312.81 to 613.17)	338.46 (236.52 to 480.8)	335.47 (234.26 to 481.78)	-0.81 (-0.87 - -0.75)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	182.3 (118.51 to 269.18)	169.6 (107.84 to 254.67)	169.11 (107.85 to 253.66)	-0.28 (-0.29 - -0.26)
United Mexican States	378.24 (269.38 to 525.27)	348.51 (230.2 to 514.13)	328.7 (222.15 to 479.52)	-0.26 (-0.36 - -0.17)
United Republic of Tanzania	482.6 (348.99 to 661.41)	411.21 (293.43 to 570.02)	402.18 (289.01 to 559.81)	-0.57 (-0.65 - -0.49)
United States Virgin Islands	288.8 (190.25 to 425.95)	255.34 (162.06 to 384.69)	253.76 (159.19 to 380.41)	-0.4 (-0.41 - -0.39)
United States of America	133.41 (84.62 to 202.48)	145.39 (88.98 to 228.77)	135.02 (84.34 to 208.14)	0.35 (0.24 - 0.47)

Supplementary Table 6 BVI Prevalence EAPC Across All Ages in 204 Countries and Territories for the Years 1990, 2019 and 2021

Location Name	ASR_1990	ASR_2019	ASR_2021	EAPC_CI_1990-2021
American Samoa	13165.55 (10765.04 to 16190.59)	12948.3 (10522.81 to 16039.1)	12942.51 (10561.86 to 16097.43)	-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.05)
Antigua and Barbuda	13346 (10686.07 to 16692.45)	13063.83 (10402.34 to 16414.13)	13041.55 (10384.71 to 16402.2)	-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.07)
Arab Republic of Egypt	13563.27 (12105.64 to 15277.75)	14847.31 (12331.43 to 18191.66)	14810.31 (12310.28 to 18006.17)	0.3 (0.22 - 0.39)
Argentine Republic	9348.3 (7648.03 to 11700.04)	9189.2 (7469.95 to 11349.4)	9189.99 (7476.28 to 11541.22)	-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.04)
Australia	8050.68 (6388.59 to 10411.91)	8031.42 (6383.87 to 10333.74)	8008.07 (6369.84 to 10216.91)	0 (-0.01 - 0.01)
Barbados	12278.59 (9551.88 to 15699.61)	12106.02 (9373.95 to 15519.06)	12094.4 (9431.88 to 15551.61)	-0.04 (-0.04 - -0.03)
Belize	13274.97 (10742.6 to 16516.29)	13110.47 (10536.46 to 16319.88)	13090.96 (10460.53 to 16245.72)	-0.04 (-0.04 - -0.03)
Bermuda	13314.13 (10624.12 to 16648.03)	13034.4 (10394.64 to 16499.54)	13006.47 (10387.55 to 16341.78)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela	14317.38 (11753.03 to 17674.61)	14117.63 (11412.56 to 17469.28)	14143.57 (11520.29 to 17540.55)	-0.04 (-0.04 - -0.03)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	12832.39 (10105.06 to 16328.79)	12672.19 (10023.15 to 16025.3)	12688.68 (10048.19 to 16048.95)	0.02 (-0.03 - 0.07)
Brunei Darussalam	8043.1 (6381.14 to 10375.58)	7963.04 (6302.17 to 10162.32)	7941.05 (6307.06 to 10313.14)	-0.03 (-0.03 - -0.02)
Burkina Faso	8785.13 (6999.86 to 10933.08)	9943.69 (8236.97 to 12049.87)	9875.77 (8229.24 to 11932.79)	0.47 (0.38 - 0.56)
Canada	6696.54 (5191.71 to 8669.68)	6682.37 (5164.85 to 8743.11)	6643.33 (5127.05 to 8677.37)	-0.02 (-0.02 - -0.01)
Central African Republic	19434.43 (15006.98 to 24944.48)	19392.79 (14900.52 to 25305.7)	19466.98 (15080.52 to 25009.18)	0.01 (0 - 0.02)
Commonwealth of Dominica	13473.98 (10832.32 to 16744.57)	12909.01 (10324.38 to 16187.6)	12892.49 (10296.91 to 16186.69)	-0.15 (-0.16 - -0.14)
Commonwealth of the Bahamas	13277.52 (10628.26 to 16584.91)	13063.54 (10377.2 to 16432.25)	13072.26 (10394.29 to 16456.69)	-0.05 (-0.05 - -0.04)
Cook Islands	13389.32 (11036.84 to 16514.43)	13026.58 (10593.27 to 15986.32)	13000.72 (10618.27 to 16059.07)	-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.07)
Czech Republic	6920.34 (5698.15 to 8456.1)	6763.04 (5592.53 to 8354.37)	6778.88 (5598.58 to 8313.74)	0 (-0.05 - 0.04)
Democratic People's Republic of Korea	13740.97 (10743.72 to 17755.87)	13572.99 (10554.77 to 17576.16)	13581.95 (10463.38 to 17574.5)	-0.04 (-0.04 - -0.03)
Democratic Republic of Sao -me and Principe	15186.28 (12305.43 to 19026.4)	14723 (11890.6 to 18462.2)	14727.16 (11793.03 to 18447.68)	-0.11 (-0.12 - -0.1)
Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste	12219.31 (10666.86 to 14170.31)	11704.01 (10083.36 to 13735.81)	11526.11 (10016.55 to 13413.86)	-0.17 (-0.2 - -0.14)
Democratic Republic of the Congo	19345.98 (15103.64 to 24950.41)	19220.65 (14925.73 to 24812.71)	19250.22 (14992.15 to 24733.33)	-0.01 (-0.02 - -0.01)
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka	12093.42 (10360.81 to 14336.48)	11797.21 (10015.77 to 14055.05)	11800.86 (10046.82 to 14011.81)	0.03 (0 - 0.07)
Dominican Republic	14203.21 (11644.79 to 17442.72)	13807.43 (11240.26 to 17111.67)	13785.25 (11182.06 to 16947.09)	0.11 (-0.01 - 0.24)
Eastern Republic of Uruguay	9041.33 (7361.31 to 11376.16)	8921.27 (7206.14 to 11059.77)	8919.14 (7164.19 to 11268.92)	0.13 (0.03 - 0.23)
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia	13543.64 (11110.54 to 16593.18)	13587.3 (11082.26 to 16648.59)	13611.63 (11122.69 to 16608.74)	0.27 (0.13 - 0.41)
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal	20515.7 (16427.15 to 25498.41)	24934.19 (21890.62 to 27442.55)	25663.58 (21476.47 to 29336.61)	1.71 (1.39 - 2.04)
Federal Republic of Germany	7650.97 (6112.25 to 9604.58)	7449.2 (6020.86 to 9339.84)	7441.07 (5961.62 to 9316.03)	-0.09 (-0.1 - -0.09)
Federal Republic of Nigeria	16960.68 (13833.81 to 21434.78)	16947.22 (13782.12 to 21389.27)	16928.33 (13815.68 to 21337.01)	0 (-0.02 - 0.01)
Federal Republic of Somalia	12075.94 (9702.26 to 15031.7)	12085.72 (9721.96 to 15089.42)	12071.53 (9677.74 to 15051.03)	-0.01 (-0.02 - 0)
Federated States of Micronesia	13404.88 (11077.27 to 16554.72)	13180.45 (10712.14 to 16318.52)	13124.39 (10668.32 to 16201.51)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Federative Republic of Brazil	17489.78 (14238.21 to 21646.26)	17202.64 (13961.61 to 21336.82)	17223.33 (14008.89 to 21376.69)	0.21 (0.08 - 0.33)
French Republic	7295.35 (5783.93 to 9177.75)	7166.34 (5708.54 to 9048.56)	7179.59 (5679.63 to 9073.33)	-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)
Gabonese Republic	20273.16 (16076.85 to 25782.48)	19920.19 (15811.88 to 25246.97)	20017.17 (15701.41 to 25429.54)	-0.03 (-0.04 - -0.03)
Georgia	12775.55 (11403.14 to 14211.61)	11864.53 (9730.18 to 14334.92)	11854.77 (9782.02 to 14348.82)	0.04 (-0.09 - 0.18)
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg	7658.49 (6132.69 to 9622.52)	7450.45 (6008.54 to 9290.66)	7467.49 (5994.4 to 9366.08)	-0.09 (-0.1 - -0.08)
Greenland	6731 (5235.15 to 8674.36)	6689.38 (5157.87 to 8756.71)	6688.95 (5173.19 to 8651.07)	-0.04 (-0.05 - -0.04)
Grenada	13510.3 (10911.58 to 16821.61)	13002.52 (10372.16 to 16293.19)	12974.9 (10359.37 to 16295.64)	-0.13 (-0.13 - -0.12)
Guam	13074.04 (10711.09 to 16170.53)	12949.97 (10572.44 to 16059.47)	12964.58 (10501.36 to 16065.36)	-0.04 (-0.05 - -0.03)
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan	13052.16 (10811.88 to 15897.81)	12667.09 (10388.16 to 15489.76)	12627.53 (10392.92 to 15560.92)	-0.12 (-0.12 - -0.11)
Hellenic Republic	7686.64 (6206.65 to 9549.67)	7547.84 (6063.5 to 9491.45)	7571.8 (6080.9 to 9449.15)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.05)
Hungary	6667.26 (5518.53 to 8163.01)	6540.63 (5426.18 to 7996.3)	6522.92 (5396.68 to 7915.71)	0.1 (-0.01 - 0.22)
Independent State of Papua New Guinea	14442.83 (12154.03 to 17391.93)	14216.73 (11972.9 to 17124.05)	14201.18 (11857.49 to 17285.04)	-0.07 (-0.1 - -0.04)
Independent State of Samoa	13320.67 (10885.78 to 16475.38)	13119.19 (10621.71 to 16246.72)	13060.82 (10602.47 to 16116.03)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Ireland	7633.48 (6144.08 to 9506.15)	7449.08 (5997.16 to 9336.32)	7483.6 (6058 to 9342.2)	-0.08 (-0.08 - -0.07)
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan	14563.98 (12418.28 to 17371.11)	14462.1 (12270.01 to 17263.08)	14302.13 (12127.45 to 17043.4)	-0.03 (-0.06 - 0)
Islamic Republic of Iran	12544.89 (10813.33 to 14845.14)	12565.13 (10607.58 to 14961.53)	12691.46 (10732.96 to 15108.03)	0.05 (0 - 0.1)
Islamic Republic of Mauritania	21168.84 (16899.03 to 26665.25)	20885.81 (16546.53 to 26393.87)	20821.64 (16517.94 to 26162.07)	0.18 (0.05 - 0.3)
Islamic Republic of Pakistan	14064.09 (12007.88 to 16826.14)	13880.23 (11839.15 to 16838.24)	13864.54 (11823.24 to 16696.95)	0.11 (0.02 - 0.2)
Jamaica	13283 (10726.4 to 16634.78)	13023.39 (10383.23 to 16232.66)	13039.69 (10402.6 to 16493.16)	-0.07 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Japan	8463.37 (6585.21 to 10924.61)	8370.49 (6500.92 to 10879.78)	8394.55 (6540.05 to 10943.11)	-0.03 (-0.03 - -0.02)
Kingdom of Bahrain	13498.2 (11322.22 to 16238.48)	12910.08 (10767.21 to 15588.43)	12884.71 (10758.7 to 15577.62)	-0.17 (-0.17 - -0.16)
Kingdom of Belgium	7673.98 (6174.02 to 9534.98)	7487.1 (6026.88 to 9358.71)	7524.67 (6062.02 to 9442.38)	-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.07)
Kingdom of Bhutan	15369.77 (12227.72 to 19647.54)	14814.95 (11552.57 to 19032.63)	14774.51 (11544.86 to 19031.63)	-0.13 (-0.16 - -0.11)
Kingdom of Cambodia	12907.11 (11298.58 to 14794.1)	11824.37 (10277.91 to 13838.53)	11792.04 (10241.97 to 13789.51)	-0.36 (-0.39 - -0.32)
Kingdom of Denmark	7735.77 (6240.79 to 9685.52)	7583.68 (6159.23 to 9478.63)	7596.53 (6128.94 to 9462.55)	-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)
Kingdom of Eswatini	19734.03 (15439.85 to 25175.78)	19179.63 (15062.4 to 24448.72)	19228.6 (14872.62 to 24472.64)	0.25 (0.06 - 0.44)
Kingdom of Lesotho	20100.6 (15644.33 to 25277.37)	19637.56 (15382.64 to 25099.68)	19682.72 (15483.45 to 24921.98)	-0.07 (-0.07 - -0.07)
Kingdom of Morocco	16420.48 (13341.05 to 20439.44)	16258.51 (13159.7 to 20255.02)	16204.56 (13229.28 to 20167.06)	0.02 (-0.02 - 0.05)
Kingdom of Norway	8231.43 (6586.67 to 10323.5)	8097.34 (6515.07 to 10204.87)	8129.99 (6522.14 to 10232.39)	-0.05 (-0.05 - -0.04)
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia	15610.74 (13564.3 to 18328.23)	14207.22 (12143.12 to 16734.63)	14166.79 (12081.29 to 16874.45)	-0.34 (-0.35 - -0.32)
Kingdom of Spain	9188.97 (7704.7 to 11136.78)	9052.76 (7630.57 to 10904.68)	9064.96 (7643.96 to 10859.49)	0.2 (0.07 - 0.33)
Kingdom of Sweden	7301.31 (5619.73 to 9553.27)	7221.16 (5590.98 to 9374.76)	7245.61 (5602.55 to 9398.8)	-0.03 (-0.03 - -0.02)
Kingdom of Thailand	11603.06 (9996.69 to 13634.5)	11037.62 (9420.53 to 13112.85)	11004.01 (9359.25 to 13032.14)	-0.19 (-0.2 - -0.18)
Kingdom of -nga	12646.62 (10147.11 to 15970.82)	12465.43 (9920.31 to 15774.92)	12445.55 (9982.46 to 15634.38)	-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.05)
Kingdom of the Netherlands	7434 (5877.42 to 9371.55)	7282.43 (5842.92 to 9121.36)	7306.12 (5846.82 to 9195.26)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Kyrgyz Republic	11154.31 (9168.17 to 13624.89)	10942.99 (8978.52 to 13449.15)	10962.62 (8943.87 to 13456.07)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.05)
Lao People's Democratic Republic	8835.23 (7433.95 to 10611.78)	8554.14 (7183.7 to 10306.5)	8548.16 (7133.28 to 10256.33)	-0.01 (-0.07 - 0.05)
Lebanese Republic	12346.32 (11158.15 to 13688.79)	12663.22 (10665.35 to 15209.22)	12616.1 (10623.02 to 15143.83)	0.1 (0.02 - 0.18)
Malaysia	8561.79 (7595.43 to 9616.84)	7736.57 (6823.35 to 8889.97)	7705.07 (6754.8 to 8827.8)	-0.24 (-0.32 - -0.17)
Mongolia	11847.39 (9907.98 to 14315.62)	11548.2 (9505.08 to 14021.49)	11594.5 (9646.34 to 14002.93)	-0.08 (-0.08 - -0.07)
Montenegro	7707.4 (6303.02 to 9582.87)	7628.66 (6176.48 to 9450.47)	7618.94 (6141.89 to 9511.11)	-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)
New Zealand	8894.71 (7037.53 to 11295.81)	8799.64 (6933.78 to 11283.49)	8779.21 (6956.88 to 11199.76)	-0.03 (-0.04 - -0.02)
North Macedonia	7758.13 (6255.02 to 9651.87)	7648.69 (6244.2 to 9462.82)	7632.69 (6195.4 to 9480.13)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.05)
Northern Mariana Islands	12962.63 (10527.76 to 15970.83)	12895.65 (10491.58 to 15932.64)	12889.85 (10543.74 to 15938.94)	-0.01 (-0.02 - 0)
Palestine	13956.48 (11739.5 to 16763.35)	13268.96 (11003.58 to 16091.99)	13263.97 (11033.35 to 16176.65)	-0.17 (-0.18 - -0.17)
People's Democratic Republic of Algeria	13840.97 (11721.05 to 16654.9)	13358.45 (11151.47 to 16105.35)	13348.02 (11143.08 to 16096.17)	-0.13 (-0.13 - -0.12)
People's Republic of Bangladesh	14770.66 (12455.28 to 18071.58)	14579.25 (12047.06 to 18097.85)	14500.98 (11973.92 to 17846.57)	0.37 (0.15 - 0.59)
People's Republic of China	12068.81 (9799.7 to 14928.08)	15939.52 (12508.31 to 20194.26)	17428.86 (13625.18 to 22177.12)	1.46 (1.3 - 1.61)
Plurinational State of Bolivia	16783.07 (13667.48 to 20892.85)	16359.24 (13264.98 to 20369.57)	16372.16 (13249.4 to 20320.14)	-0.09 (-0.09 - -0.08)
Portuguese Republic	7739.45 (6244.41 to 9622.82)	7575.61 (6107.26 to 9410.8)	7593.76 (6102.83 to 9433.2)	-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.07)
Principality of Andorra	7466 (6019.76 to 9309.02)	7400.31 (5969.29 to 9212.86)	7422.98 (6027.66 to 9192.25)	-0.02 (-0.03 - -0.01)
Principality of Monaco	7579.09 (6091.96 to 9415.37)	7452.18 (6006.23 to 9342.29)	7467.19 (6026.17 to 9245)	-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)
Puer- Rico	13361.09 (10706.3 to 16612.29)	13096.67 (10430.68 to 16501.5)	13093.65 (10408.28 to 16501.32)	-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)
Republic of Albania	7804.09 (6321.31 to 9692.06)	7685.61 (6216.8 to 9507.71)	7698.84 (6236.25 to 9509.95)	-0.07 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Republic of Angola	20432.29 (16296.52 to 25920.65)	20167.88 (15997.04 to 25451.19)	20177.13 (15994.63 to 25605.69)	-0.04 (-0.04 - -0.03)
Republic of Armenia	11614.93 (9703.64 to 14096.12)	11375.45 (9406.98 to 13821.87)	11381.13 (9444.72 to 13646.85)	-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.07)
Republic of Austria	7704.04 (6213.86 to 9629.25)	7480.19 (6044.54 to 9362.42)	7521.19 (6061.18 to 9435.21)	-0.09 (-0.1 - -0.09)
Republic of Azerbaijan	11639.58 (9730.67 to 14225.48)	11416.11 (9448.21 to 13887.18)	11410.73 (9476.96 to 13748.93)	-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.07)
Republic of Belarus	10625.46 (8741.22 to 13066.98)	10508.33 (8623.84 to 12992.4)	10489.64 (8604.53 to 13044.39)	-0.05 (-0.05 - -0.04)
Republic of Benin	14099.49 (11129.35 to 18041.97)	14971.88 (12098.78 to 18798.74)	14978.15 (12038.81 to 18692.48)	0.17 (0.15 - 0.2)
Republic of Botswana	19942.49 (15707.39 to 25254.34)	19336.93 (15121.87 to 24641.03)	19386.83 (15069.58 to 24726.93)	-0.09 (-0.1 - -0.09)
Republic of Bulgaria	7710.72 (6237.82 to 9655.19)	7646.61 (6208.11 to 9492.96)	7641.03 (6278.82 to 9465.43)	-0.04 (-0.04 - -0.03)
Republic of Burundi	11678.45 (9153.73 to 14569.53)	11432.44 (8970.24 to 14464.52)	11494.26 (9006.33 to 14472.16)	-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.07)
Republic of Cabo Verde	14565.18 (11551.38 to 18431.94)	14122.62 (11273.16 to 17970.69)	14088.67 (11197.05 to 17802.06)	-0.11 (-0.11 - -0.1)
Republic of Cameroon	14412.36 (11477.32 to 18221.45)	14165.24 (11193.9 to 18134.39)	14151.9 (11157.26 to 17890.09)	-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.06)
Republic of Chad	17647.08 (13952.36 to 22634.77)	17775.96 (14178.47 to 22396.87)	17801.52 (14096.3 to 22594.19)	0.38 (0.19 - 0.58)
Republic of Chile	9352.86 (7688.33 to 11699.33)	9127.29 (7410.69 to 11502.95)	9122.49 (7401.82 to 11536.98)	-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.08)
Republic of Colombia	15029.36 (13492.01 to 16938.73)	16240.04 (13116.66 to 20436.34)	16252.55 (13189.98 to 20170.57)	0.3 (0.21 - 0.4)
Republic of Costa Rica	14229.99 (11678.71 to 17703.35)	14026.43 (11344.05 to 17502.85)	13999.86 (11323.12 to 17305.77)	-0.05 (-0.05 - -0.04)
Republic of Croatia	7114.94 (5838.96 to 8663.04)	6935.55 (5640.1 to 8546.24)	6940.38 (5674.92 to 8483.08)	0.11 (0 - 0.21)
Republic of Cuba	13962.96 (11436.41 to 17126.67)	13767.75 (11188.69 to 17004.02)	13747.19 (11150.75 to 17065.09)	-0.05 (-0.05 - -0.05)
Republic of Cyprus	7646.1 (6152.35 to 9591.69)	7481.71 (6052.67 to 9389.36)	7479.94 (5994.89 to 9347.65)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Republic of C么te d'Ivoire	14974.19 (11641.44 to 19318.71)	16175.36 (12986.97 to 20200.86)	16138.97 (12946.12 to 20235.54)	0.4 (0.29 - 0.52)
Republic of Djibouti	12760.05 (10458.02 to 15471.78)	12395.67 (10104.83 to 15334.26)	12389.39 (10001.69 to 15123.1)	-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.1)
Republic of Ecuador	15956.29 (12803 to 19905.91)	15681.11 (12475.14 to 20040.61)	15707.18 (12577.41 to 19727.11)	0.15 (0.03 - 0.27)
Republic of El Salvador	15447.1 (12974.35 to 18685.05)	15069.91 (12440.01 to 18371.59)	15046.37 (12448.03 to 18383.04)	-0.08 (-0.08 - -0.07)
Republic of Equa-rial Guinea	21211.75 (16904.48 to 26576.7)	19938.57 (15823.1 to 25333.49)	19971.11 (15761.78 to 25274.23)	-0.23 (-0.24 - -0.22)
Republic of Es-nia	7735.47 (6295.89 to 9725.74)	7566.86 (6124.58 to 9433.31)	7597.75 (6126.2 to 9589.99)	0.12 (0 - 0.23)
Republic of Fiji	13603.54 (11256 to 16711.55)	13439.62 (11081.69 to 16437.25)	13301.98 (10962.35 to 16433.5)	-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.04)
Republic of Finland	7703.41 (6206.54 to 9635.56)	7468.7 (6004.22 to 9280.43)	7499.24 (6046.22 to 9312.11)	-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.09)
Republic of Ghana	12585.97 (10197.25 to 15702.46)	13271.15 (10885.11 to 16428.62)	13210.39 (10856.85 to 16193.4)	0.64 (0.48 - 0.8)
Republic of Guatemala	15344.97 (12836.31 to 18523.42)	15002.21 (12448.33 to 18160.31)	14948.58 (12403.13 to 18370.55)	0.13 (0.01 - 0.24)
Republic of Guinea	14672.03 (11706.19 to 18569.45)	15027.41 (12124.88 to 18834.5)	14973.9 (12055.9 to 18642.16)	0.05 (0.03 - 0.07)
Republic of Guinea-Bissau	14803.56 (11912.65 to 18485.94)	15084.51 (12184.13 to 18891.84)	15020.63 (12116.76 to 18669.95)	0.01 (-0.02 - 0.04)
Republic of Guyana	13418.02 (10850.85 to 16590.45)	13159.37 (10545.07 to 16455.55)	13158.34 (10561.45 to 16503.34)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Republic of Haiti	13741.64 (11138.37 to 17044.33)	13460.2 (10776.66 to 16882.76)	13448.88 (10780.1 to 16823.07)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.05)
Republic of Honduras	14665.63 (12076.02 to 17866.96)	14437.57 (11807.04 to 17760.55)	14391.66 (11693.89 to 17734.63)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.05)
Republic of Iceland	7499.29 (6027.37 to 9371.43)	7351.96 (5921.6 to 9171.47)	7379.04 (5971.26 to 9237.03)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Republic of India	19125.79 (16070.44 to 22994.75)	26640.49 (21123.67 to 32852.21)	26333.59 (21116.25 to 32187.03)	1.71 (1.48 - 1.94)
Republic of Indonesia	14787.92 (12181.28 to 17838.27)	15641.97 (12613.28 to 19430.04)	15664.32 (12673.69 to 19308.25)	0.21 (0.12 - 0.29)
Republic of Iraq	13838.54 (11613.92 to 16653.31)	13322.5 (11145.18 to 16141.66)	13304.31 (11145.17 to 16008.3)	-0.15 (-0.15 - -0.14)
Republic of Italy	9269.47 (7686.75 to 11397.79)	8993.91 (7384.52 to 11116.92)	9030.68 (7416.31 to 11117.13)	-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.09)
Republic of Kazakhstan	11179.08 (9399.98 to 13552.04)	10983.49 (9111.68 to 13280.17)	10963.68 (9073.38 to 13298.22)	0.1 (0.01 - 0.19)
Republic of Kenya	15481.17 (12658.07 to 19036.5)	15104.85 (12152.47 to 18705.09)	15105.43 (12227.26 to 18657.75)	0.02 (-0.04 - 0.08)
Republic of Kiribati	13507.75 (11118.73 to 16557.43)	13295.62 (10905.27 to 16448)	13279.26 (10874.38 to 16434.48)	-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)
Republic of Korea	8221.99 (6560.88 to 10521.5)	7963.03 (6282.72 to 10204.8)	7971.28 (6361.98 to 10250.63)	-0.1 (-0.1 - -0.09)
Republic of Latvia	11432.72 (9374.43 to 14045.03)	11346.75 (9195.47 to 14037.31)	11326.38 (9245.56 to 14075.93)	0.1 (0.02 - 0.18)
Republic of Liberia	14927.28 (12051.01 to 18675.44)	14566.36 (11638.67 to 18373.44)	14543.98 (11643.99 to 18218.45)	-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.1)
Republic of Lithuania	10596.13 (8699.33 to 12951.7)	10434.55 (8476.67 to 12891.47)	10420.75 (8506.55 to 12970.14)	-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)
Republic of Madagascar	12547.22 (10183.87 to 15419.48)	12349.55 (9966.6 to 15257.36)	12359.82 (9913.56 to 15318.43)	-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)
Republic of Malawi	9230.12 (7895.88 to 10886.64)	8789.04 (7464.46 to 10376.21)	8754.43 (7421.2 to 10383.64)	0 (-0.08 - 0.08)
Republic of Maldives	10563.92 (8938.79 to 12643.65)	10042.04 (8410.35 to 12195.34)	10008.71 (8378.09 to 12057.99)	-0.17 (-0.17 - -0.16)
Republic of Mali	11474.34 (9437.03 to 14220.47)	11842.86 (9844.5 to 14432.74)	11808.99 (9707.19 to 14484.68)	0.23 (0.16 - 0.31)
Republic of Malta	7656.96 (6143.61 to 9628.59)	7495.79 (6034.74 to 9455.98)	7516.96 (6040.07 to 9418.04)	-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.06)
Republic of Mauritius	10422.22 (8959.13 to 12346.68)	9982.78 (8437.81 to 11916.49)	9964.8 (8438.8 to 11889.18)	-0.01 (-0.09 - 0.08)
Republic of Moldova	11314.08 (9412.35 to 13626.74)	11375.75 (9505.1 to 13799.61)	11360.68 (9436.54 to 13800.15)	0.04 (0.02 - 0.06)
Republic of Mozambique	12619.38 (10214.91 to 15418.67)	12783.35 (10484.84 to 15738.01)	12770.52 (10390.32 to 15732.88)	0.04 (0.01 - 0.06)
Republic of Namibia	17938.43 (14212.56 to 22910.07)	17683.84 (13756.85 to 22429.89)	17709.64 (13837.63 to 22859.32)	0.31 (0.1 - 0.52)
Republic of Nauru	13200.59 (10857.44 to 16272.03)	13167.28 (10694.52 to 16415)	13138.19 (10682.26 to 16337.47)	-0.01 (-0.03 - 0.01)
Republic of Nicaragua	14894.89 (12377.94 to 18096.43)	14541.79 (11986.83 to 17897.59)	14487.23 (11838.42 to 17880.84)	-0.08 (-0.08 - -0.07)
Republic of Niue	13309.38 (10958.84 to 16367.67)	12979.43 (10536.85 to 16087.13)	12987.95 (10611.5 to 16174.74)	-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.08)
Republic of Palau	13141.67 (10723.95 to 16125.69)	12905.72 (10532.04 to 16045.18)	12894.47 (10547.62 to 15991.87)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Republic of Panama	14789.27 (12255.35 to 17920.56)	14480.35 (11916.23 to 17820.62)	14450.57 (11863.86 to 17731.4)	-0.07 (-0.07 - -0.07)
Republic of Paraguay	17148.55 (14076.63 to 20906.13)	16783.77 (13690.32 to 20600.35)	16764.7 (13645.48 to 20556.05)	0.14 (0.02 - 0.26)
Republic of Peru	17365.2 (14343.57 to 21352.53)	16897.52 (13783.71 to 21202.3)	16888.54 (13796.73 to 20751.88)	-0.14 (-0.16 - -0.11)
Republic of Poland	8567 (6898.68 to 10599.79)	8442.47 (6759.59 to 10518.72)	8449.14 (6757.41 to 10597.09)	-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)
Republic of Rwanda	12290.82 (9850.75 to 15325.98)	12048.43 (9562.49 to 15240.78)	12015.41 (9548.24 to 14985.85)	-0.09 (-0.09 - -0.08)
Republic of San Marino	7558.49 (6066.67 to 9455.4)	7453.57 (6006.8 to 9415.96)	7470.55 (6025.56 to 9356.19)	-0.04 (-0.05 - -0.04)
Republic of Senegal	13895.19 (11253.82 to 17050.46)	13523.14 (10955.46 to 16748.54)	13487.19 (10893.26 to 16760.49)	0.14 (0.01 - 0.28)
Republic of Serbia	7753.99 (6272.79 to 9707.12)	7647.28 (6170.32 to 9455.03)	7640.02 (6163.97 to 9447.96)	-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.06)
Republic of Seychelles	10920.97 (9287.16 to 12912.6)	10524.24 (8890.09 to 12567.06)	10508.68 (8869.79 to 12628.97)	-0.13 (-0.13 - -0.13)
Republic of Sierra Leone	14566.01 (11622.88 to 18321.94)	14358.86 (11498.29 to 18185.9)	14315.42 (11463.39 to 18041.02)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.04)
Republic of Singapore	8615.25 (6942.69 to 10876.7)	8427.06 (6775.77 to 10761.81)	8449.31 (6834.84 to 10735.62)	-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.06)
Republic of Slovenia	8792.02 (6983.74 to 10988.57)	8777.41 (6920.52 to 11043.1)	8777.38 (6955.82 to 10998.87)	0.11 (0.03 - 0.19)
Republic of South Africa	28907.89 (22879.94 to 35976.15)	31431.96 (25268.45 to 38210.84)	29635.03 (23783.29 to 36779.82)	0.76 (0.54 - 0.97)
Republic of South Sudan	13143.7 (10876.41 to 15842.96)	12857.55 (10539.73 to 15623.39)	12836.55 (10552.1 to 15630.62)	-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.07)
Republic of Sudan	13911.14 (11745.99 to 16724.16)	13182.17 (10948.95 to 15944.7)	13163.18 (10952.26 to 16077.56)	-0.18 (-0.19 - -0.18)
Republic of Suriname	13666.54 (11172.68 to 16805.34)	13471.05 (10787.67 to 16674.93)	13446.1 (10820.27 to 16570.27)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Republic of Tajikistan	11638.92 (9680.63 to 14170.47)	11418.31 (9433.73 to 13871.03)	11440.74 (9541.1 to 13929.03)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Republic of Trinidad and -bago	13250.55 (10653.15 to 16473.02)	12986.63 (10349.57 to 16344.43)	12968.98 (10339.86 to 16359.86)	-0.07 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Republic of Tunisia	12910.2 (10758.22 to 15714.65)	12417.1 (10183.86 to 15120.88)	12379.55 (10136.63 to 15132.78)	0.12 (-0.03 - 0.27)
Republic of Turkey	12509.09 (10562.13 to 15025.9)	14380.27 (11642.64 to 17919.03)	14326.6 (11608.75 to 17834.17)	0.38 (0.3 - 0.45)
Republic of Uganda	11798.25 (9286.73 to 14694.31)	12084.01 (9678.5 to 15232.43)	12060.97 (9594.51 to 15010.71)	0.09 (0.08 - 0.11)
Republic of Uzbekistan	11644.44 (9694.12 to 14091.88)	11385.76 (9475.06 to 13901.5)	11390.95 (9428.51 to 13851.04)	-0.08 (-0.09 - -0.08)
Republic of Vanuatu	12938.59 (10482.74 to 15982.56)	12882.82 (10397.64 to 16039.9)	12869.17 (10379.93 to 16089.76)	-0.02 (-0.02 - -0.01)
Republic of Yemen	12878.8 (10630.24 to 15788.78)	13250.86 (11063.46 to 16156.08)	13207.46 (10846.11 to 16076.23)	0.04 (0 - 0.07)
Republic of Zambia	11929.97 (9725.34 to 14539.54)	11605.95 (9455.11 to 14283.27)	11627.21 (9395.87 to 14270.46)	0.15 (0.02 - 0.28)
Republic of Zimbabwe	15669.78 (12386.62 to 20065.73)	15455.55 (12244.63 to 19854.87)	15456.42 (12197.72 to 19839)	0.31 (0.1 - 0.51)
Republic of the Congo	20626.69 (16344.33 to 25937.14)	20195.07 (16102.69 to 25627.87)	20281.52 (16074.13 to 25613.02)	0.16 (0.04 - 0.29)
Republic of the Gambia	15014.71 (12097.68 to 18729.5)	14949.63 (12072.07 to 18611.69)	14946.09 (12092.64 to 18629.76)	0.01 (-0.01 - 0.03)
Republic of the Marshall Islands	13423.37 (11061.22 to 16517.52)	13110.35 (10670.25 to 16220.83)	13089.07 (10660.58 to 16160.62)	-0.07 (-0.08 - -0.07)
Republic of the Niger	19999.91 (15790.54 to 25489.98)	21066.41 (18105.51 to 23888.49)	23557.38 (19626.43 to 27185.74)	0.4 (0.27 - 0.54)
Republic of the Philippines	21129.86 (16982.02 to 26328.67)	20968.79 (16828.56 to 26241.49)	20961.03 (16773.89 to 26115.14)	0 (-0.02 - 0.02)
Republic of the Union of Myanmar	10148.92 (9054.85 to 11353.86)	9472.63 (8349.65 to 10843.9)	9455.36 (8331.13 to 10852.14)	-0.19 (-0.23 - -0.16)
Romania	7779.6 (6341.91 to 9725.73)	7681.15 (6216.57 to 9514.24)	7671.61 (6294.9 to 9490.74)	-0.06 (-0.06 - -0.05)
Russian Federation	15480.32 (12550.03 to 19062.32)	18802.01 (14921.26 to 23715.09)	18546.03 (14692.66 to 23360.4)	1.45 (1.15 - 1.75)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	13372.59 (10745.84 to 16629.8)	12977.44 (10384.94 to 16235.37)	12941.2 (10358.86 to 16317.42)	-0.1 (-0.1 - -0.09)
Saint Lucia	13399.47 (10882.18 to 16579.41)	13017.29 (10360.85 to 16356.75)	12997.56 (10310.19 to 16375.01)	-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.09)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	13429.88 (10764.67 to 16632.06)	12979.18 (10280.96 to 16199.86)	12947.06 (10341.17 to 16180.78)	-0.12 (-0.12 - -0.11)
Slovak Republic	6605.31 (5596.23 to 7650.42)	6223.48 (5207.98 to 7556.13)	6231.34 (5124.35 to 7594.61)	-0.01 (-0.1 - 0.08)
Socialist Republic of Viet Nam	9012.84 (7877.42 to 10377.93)	8420.86 (7229.51 to 9873.17)	8424.76 (7244.68 to 9947.63)	-0.16 (-0.21 - -0.1)
Solomon Islands	13433.33 (11069.67 to 16529.45)	13288.3 (10951.65 to 16405.89)	13268.08 (10911.89 to 16310.95)	-0.03 (-0.04 - -0.03)
State of Eritrea	13460.59 (11100.79 to 16213.24)	13024.05 (10702.83 to 15869.49)	12985.05 (10722.15 to 15887.17)	-0.11 (-0.12 - -0.11)
State of Israel	7629.56 (6108.48 to 9512.35)	7519.88 (6033.61 to 9471.03)	7521.51 (6049.54 to 9379.5)	-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.05)
State of Kuwait	13091.7 (10977.18 to 15760.08)	12873.85 (10653.85 to 15588.36)	12881.36 (10652.53 to 15585.29)	-0.05 (-0.06 - -0.04)
State of Libya	13769.12 (11603.97 to 16472.89)	13358.84 (11149.37 to 16065.36)	13353.17 (11131.13 to 16275)	-0.11 (-0.12 - -0.1)
State of Qatar	13194.12 (11214.81 to 15697.71)	12653.55 (10573.9 to 15318.93)	12652.87 (10522.63 to 15191.85)	-0.16 (-0.17 - -0.15)
Sultanate of Oman	14743.04 (12623.78 to 17590)	15152.87 (13140.94 to 17578.85)	15143.19 (13145.03 to 17709.92)	0.04 (0.01 - 0.08)
Swiss Confederation	7570.5 (6097.56 to 9369.75)	7436.56 (5981.57 to 9346.71)	7461.5 (6032.18 to 9374.18)	-0.06 (-0.07 - -0.06)
Syrian Arab Republic	11476.47 (10444.11 to 12806.84)	11750.27 (9900.06 to 14043.34)	11705.18 (9924.98 to 13985.35)	0.09 (0.01 - 0.18)
Taiwan (Province of China)	13238.3 (10229.82 to 17247.16)	13179.67 (10199.54 to 17053.28)	13200.54 (10173.35 to 17089.73)	-0.01 (-0.01 - -0.01)
-golese Republic	14649.87 (11646.32 to 18492.66)	14923.19 (12049.64 to 18745.58)	14914.16 (12026.29 to 18616.3)	0.03 (0.01 - 0.05)
-kelau	13408.92 (11016.75 to 16535.55)	13049.73 (10653.97 to 16111.26)	13063.29 (10660.57 to 16137.66)	-0.09 (-0.09 - -0.08)
Turkmenistan	12506.66 (10611.55 to 14873.56)	11958.87 (10118.71 to 14330.11)	11965.61 (10013.84 to 14224.63)	-0.17 (-0.2 - -0.14)
Tuvalu	13613.09 (11238.07 to 16777.33)	13188.93 (10756.61 to 16277.21)	13155.01 (10773.46 to 16213.79)	-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.1)
Ukraine	255.87 (174.61 to 371.03)	241.73 (162.09 to 353.03)	240.82 (161.16 to 355.01)	0.08 (0.01 - 0.15)
Union of the Comoros	482.42 (330.78 to 687.8)	410.58 (272.25 to 602.69)	405.14 (267.99 to 601.24)	0.07 (0 - 0.14)
United Arab Emirates	439.91 (312.81 to 613.17)	338.46 (236.52 to 480.8)	335.47 (234.26 to 481.78)	-0.08 (-0.17 - 0)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland	182.3 (118.51 to 269.18)	169.6 (107.84 to 254.67)	169.11 (107.85 to 253.66)	-0.08 (-0.08 - -0.07)
United Mexican States	378.24 (269.38 to 525.27)	348.51 (230.2 to 514.13)	328.7 (222.15 to 479.52)	0.9 (0.73 - 1.07)
United Republic of Tanzania	482.6 (348.99 to 661.41)	411.21 (293.43 to 570.02)	402.18 (289.01 to 559.81)	-0.1 (-0.11 - -0.09)
United States Virgin Islands	288.8 (190.25 to 425.95)	255.34 (162.06 to 384.69)	253.76 (159.19 to 380.41)	-0.07 (-0.07 - -0.06)
United States of America	133.41 (84.62 to 202.48)	145.39 (88.98 to 228.77)	135.02 (84.34 to 208.14)	0.85 (0.64 - 1.06)

Supplementary Table 7 Proportion of DALY Numbers by Different Diseases in 21 Regions for the Years 1990 and 2021

	DALY number
	1990						2021
	AMD	Cataract	Glaucoma	Near vision loss	Other vision loss	URD	AMD	Cataract	Glaucoma	Near vision loss	Other vision loss	URD
Andean Latin America	1.50	23.25	3.53	28.74	13.74	29.23	1.85	21.59	3.21	34.12	11.96	27.27
Australasia	3.11	13.71	4.02	39.71	10.14	29.32	3.29	16.43	4.43	40.39	9.65	25.81
Caribbean	0.57	15.22	5.36	33.17	21.81	23.87	0.62	14.74	4.88	37.16	21.46	21.15
Central Asia	1.39	20.38	4.06	27.82	21.64	24.72	1.44	19.22	3.25	30.91	20.50	24.68
Central Europe	2.85	12.65	2.92	36.21	19.58	25.78	3.11	14.43	2.78	37.37	18.57	23.73
Central Latin America	0.92	17.30	3.14	27.71	17.70	33.22	1.07	17.46	3.08	34.87	15.84	27.69
Central Sub-Saharan Africa	0.34	6.33	2.51	62.34	8.83	19.65	0.33	4.97	2.07	64.47	7.90	20.26
East Asia	2.07	17.44	2.64	38.66	12.26	26.93	2.33	16.90	1.52	50.97	9.23	19.06
Eastern Europe	0.78	11.14	3.10	36.62	23.09	25.27	0.72	10.56	2.56	43.01	21.17	21.99
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa	2.56	28.85	5.90	30.26	14.29	18.14	2.10	25.72	4.80	34.53	13.98	18.86
High-income Asia Pacific	1.46	11.48	4.65	43.77	12.76	25.87	2.15	16.90	6.63	41.10	11.45	21.79
High-income North America	2.63	15.14	4.45	38.95	10.76	28.07	2.68	16.13	4.79	42.48	9.98	23.94
North Africa and Middle East	2.79	22.93	5.63	22.95	15.25	30.45	3.04	21.40	4.57	29.71	12.58	28.69
Oceania	0.67	35.57	2.16	28.90	6.09	26.61	0.59	33.86	1.92	31.80	5.11	26.73
South Asia	1.57	33.33	2.01	22.23	8.07	32.78	1.21	28.25	1.63	37.77	6.68	24.45
Southeast Asia	1.51	34.68	1.84	25.01	13.66	23.30	1.49	33.14	1.65	31.99	12.47	19.25
Southern Latin America	1.59	16.15	3.59	30.62	12.87	35.18	1.60	17.12	3.40	33.50	12.66	31.71
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa	0.45	17.80	4.03	52.71	10.08	14.94	0.53	14.03	3.63	58.71	8.81	14.28
Tropical Latin America	0.78	15.78	3.32	31.13	17.06	31.93	1.10	16.79	3.81	35.32	16.15	26.82
Western Europe	7.35	16.28	6.54	31.96	10.11	27.76	7.24	19.27	6.33	33.59	8.46	25.11
Western Sub-Saharan Africa	2.63	29.09	6.08	32.02	13.98	16.20	2.39	25.45	4.55	35.59	13.18	18.85

Supplementary Table 8 Proportion of Prevalence Numbers by Different Diseases in 21 Regions for the Years 1990 and 2021

	ASR DALY Rate		ASR Prevalence Rate
	1990	2021	1990	2021
Afghanistan	605.2 (434.4-831.4)	522.6 (379.1-722.0)	14564.0 (12418.3-17371.1)	14302.1 (12127.4-17043.4)
Albania	180.0 (120.6-260.8)	164.2 (106.3-242.4)	7804.1 (6321.3-9692.1)	7698.8 (6236.2-9509.9)
Algeria	486.1 (345.4-675.2)	385.7 (271.3-540.4)	13841.0 (11721.0-16654.9)	13348.0 (11143.1-16096.2)
American Samoa	319.3 (217.1-463.7)	277.8 (179.5-409.3)	13165.6 (10765.0-16190.6)	12942.5 (10561.9-16097.4)
Andorra	159.8 (104.5-235.0)	151.4 (97.0-224.9)	7466.0 (6019.8-9309.0)	7423.0 (6027.7-9192.2)
Angola	472.2 (316.9-686.3)	399.9 (252.5-613.4)	20432.3 (16296.5-25920.7)	20177.1 (15994.6-25605.7)
Antigua and Barbuda	292.0 (193.6-429.3)	253.4 (160.8-381.6)	13346.0 (10686.1-16692.5)	13041.5 (10384.7-16402.2)
Argentina	222.7 (147.6-323.8)	201.7 (129.6-299.1)	9348.3 (7648.0-11700.0)	9190.0 (7476.3-11541.2)
Armenia	324.2 (224.0-467.5)	285.2 (193.4-419.2)	11614.9 (9703.6-14096.1)	11381.1 (9444.7-13646.8)
Australia	159.7 (101.0-239.5)	153.8 (95.8-234.6)	8050.7 (6388.6-10411.9)	8008.1 (6369.8-10216.9)
Austria	167.1 (111.3-246.3)	153.7 (99.1-229.7)	7704.0 (6213.9-9629.3)	7521.2 (6061.2-9435.2)
Azerbaijan	331.4 (228.7-480.6)	294.6 (202.0-428.7)	11639.6 (9730.7-14225.5)	11410.7 (9477.0-13748.9)
Bahamas	285.7 (187.3-419.9)	255.2 (161.3-386.7)	13277.5 (10628.3-16584.9)	13072.3 (10394.3-16456.7)
Bahrain	454.2 (322.5-626.6)	349.7 (243.4-495.3)	13498.2 (11322.2-16238.5)	12884.7 (10758.7-15577.6)
Bangladesh	542.6 (391.7-746.0)	426.4 (296.4-602.9)	14770.7 (12455.3-18071.6)	14501.0 (11973.9-17846.6)
Barbados	192.9 (114.2-312.3)	180.7 (103.7-298.9)	12278.6 (9551.9-15699.6)	12094.4 (9431.9-15551.6)
Belarus	254.7 (172.3-368.8)	231.7 (151.4-341.8)	10625.5 (8741.2-13067.0)	10489.6 (8604.5-13044.4)
Belgium	168.9 (112.1-249.6)	154.7 (101.1-231.3)	7674.0 (6174.0-9535.0)	7524.7 (6062.0-9442.4)
Belize	319.8 (218.5-459.8)	273.3 (178.4-403.5)	13275.0 (10742.6-16516.3)	13091.0 (10460.5-16245.7)
Benin	358.1 (246.0-508.7)	433.7 (305.8-612.1)	14099.5 (11129.4-18042.0)	14978.1 (12038.8-18692.5)
Bermuda	281.6 (182.6-414.5)	247.7 (154.6-373.7)	13314.1 (10624.1-16648.0)	13006.5 (10387.6-16341.8)
Bhutan	399.6 (274.1-575.0)	311.0 (202.0-467.1)	15369.8 (12227.7-19647.5)	14774.5 (11544.9-19031.6)
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)	493.9 (341.7-701.3)	405.1 (273.8-588.8)	16783.1 (13667.5-20892.8)	16372.2 (13249.4-20320.1)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	230.5 (143.0-358.4)	210.7 (125.9-339.2)	12832.4 (10105.1-16328.8)	12688.7 (10048.2-16049.0)
Botswana	529.4 (364.4-753.2)	416.6 (277.5-612.6)	19942.5 (15707.4-25254.3)	19386.8 (15069.6-24726.9)
Brazil	474.4 (328.1-674.0)	405.8 (271.9-592.8)	17489.8 (14238.2-21646.3)	17223.3 (14008.9-21376.7)
Brunei Darussalam	174.1 (114.3-257.7)	159.0 (101.4-240.1)	8043.1 (6381.1-10375.6)	7941.0 (6307.1-10313.1)
Bulgaria	161.9 (105.5-243.1)	152.4 (96.8-232.1)	7710.7 (6237.8-9655.2)	7641.0 (6278.8-9465.4)
Burkina Faso	259.9 (183.4-361.8)	341.7 (245.3-472.6)	8785.1 (6999.9-10933.1)	9875.8 (8229.2-11932.8)
Burundi	239.6 (158.2-355.9)	226.4 (148.6-338.2)	11678.4 (9153.7-14569.5)	11494.3 (9006.3-14472.2)
Cabo Verde	381.2 (263.9-539.8)	317.0 (212.3-469.0)	14565.2 (11551.4-18431.9)	14088.7 (11197.0-17802.1)
Cambodia	633.7 (464.5-855.7)	431.7 (311.6-605.5)	12907.1 (11298.6-14794.1)	11792.0 (10242.0-13789.5)
Cameroon	363.7 (252.1-526.0)	325.3 (220.1-475.8)	14412.4 (11477.3-18221.5)	14151.9 (11157.3-17890.1)
Canada	130.7 (81.6-198.7)	126.3 (78.5-194.4)	6696.5 (5191.7-8669.7)	6643.3 (5127.1-8677.4)
Central African Republic	314.0 (192.4-508.4)	326.6 (204.2-519.2)	19434.4 (15007.0-24944.5)	19467.0 (15080.5-25009.2)
Chad	441.2 (302.4-624.8)	442.7 (301.6-630.2)	17647.1 (13952.4-22634.8)	17801.5 (14096.3-22594.2)
Chile	224.1 (149.3-324.6)	194.7 (124.4-285.8)	9352.9 (7688.3-11699.3)	9122.5 (7401.8-11537.0)
China	297.2 (204.6-431.0)	323.9 (203.8-504.0)	12068.8 (9799.7-14928.1)	17428.9 (13625.2-22177.1)
Colombia	418.5 (294.8-584.7)	363.5 (236.8-541.6)	15029.4 (13492.0-16938.7)	16252.6 (13190.0-20170.6)
Comoros	482.4 (330.8-687.8)	405.1 (268.0-601.2)	19626.3 (15714.5-24696.2)	19247.0 (15308.2-23772.6)
Congo	431.3 (275.9-646.0)	382.1 (233.8-592.0)	20626.7 (16344.3-25937.1)	20281.5 (16074.1-25613.0)
Cook Islands	383.9 (268.9-548.9)	302.5 (201.7-440.9)	13389.3 (11036.8-16514.4)	13000.7 (10618.3-16059.1)
Costa Rica	363.2 (248.2-522.7)	310.5 (203.3-453.3)	14230.0 (11678.7-17703.4)	13999.9 (11323.1-17305.8)
Croatia	157.1 (102.7-230.8)	146.3 (95.2-217.7)	7114.9 (5839.0-8663.0)	6940.4 (5674.9-8483.1)
Cuba	369.9 (254.9-531.0)	321.3 (215.5-471.9)	13963.0 (11436.4-17126.7)	13747.2 (11150.7-17065.1)
Cyprus	170.4 (112.6-249.3)	153.3 (98.6-230.6)	7646.1 (6152.3-9591.7)	7479.9 (5994.9-9347.7)
Czechia	154.1 (102.0-225.8)	141.4 (91.3-210.8)	6920.3 (5698.2-8456.1)	6778.9 (5598.6-8313.7)
Coted’Ivoire	283.5 (184.1-433.7)	408.8 (282.3-584.2)	14974.2 (11641.4-19318.7)	16139.0 (12946.1-20235.5)
Democratic People's Republic of Korea	220.7 (128.1-362.6)	198.4 (109.8-340.0)	13741.0 (10743.7-17755.9)	13582.0 (10463.4-17574.5)
Democratic Republic of the Congo	286.9 (166.3-472.5)	292.7 (170.3-480.7)	19346.0 (15103.6-24950.4)	19250.2 (14992.1-24733.3)
Denmark	168.3 (109.9-247.9)	158.0 (101.5-237.3)	7735.8 (6240.8-9685.5)	7596.5 (6128.9-9462.5)
Djibouti	408.7 (290.8-572.3)	333.5 (233.1-476.0)	12760.1 (10458.0-15471.8)	12389.4 (10001.7-15123.1)
Dominica	303.2 (202.1-443.3)	259.2 (166.3-389.1)	13474.0 (10832.3-16744.6)	12892.5 (10296.9-16186.7)
Dominican Republic	383.7 (264.1-552.6)	321.4 (214.4-467.7)	14203.2 (11644.8-17442.7)	13785.2 (11182.1-16947.1)
Ecuador	376.3 (251.8-550.2)	328.9 (213.1-492.4)	15956.3 (12803.0-19905.9)	15707.2 (12577.4-19727.1)
Egypt	440.9 (310.2-615.1)	418.2 (290.5-593.9)	13563.3 (12105.6-15277.8)	14810.3 (12310.3-18006.2)
El Salvador	498.2 (346.6-694.5)	389.1 (266.0-565.2)	15447.1 (12974.4-18685.1)	15046.4 (12448.0-18383.0)
Equatorial Guinea	705.0 (496.4-973.7)	438.9 (292.5-642.1)	21211.7 (16904.5-26576.7)	19971.1 (15761.8-25274.2)
Eritrea	523.4 (372.0-718.9)	416.8 (296.6-576.4)	13460.6 (11100.8-16213.2)	12985.1 (10722.1-15887.2)
Estonia	174.9 (117.7-255.8)	158.9 (104.2-236.4)	7735.5 (6295.9-9725.7)	7597.8 (6126.2-9590.0)
Eswatini	498.8 (345.5-711.2)	414.1 (275.8-610.6)	19734.0 (15439.9-25175.8)	19228.6 (14872.6-24472.6)
Ethiopia	470.4 (336.8-637.2)	449.9 (321.0-617.8)	13543.6 (11110.5-16593.2)	13611.6 (11122.7-16608.7)
Fiji	394.3 (276.3-558.4)	333.3 (228.7-484.0)	13603.5 (11256.0-16711.5)	13302.0 (10962.3-16433.5)
Finland	167.6 (110.3-244.7)	150.6 (95.5-224.0)	7703.4 (6206.5-9635.6)	7499.2 (6046.2-9312.1)
France	156.5 (104.0-230.4)	144.7 (93.3-218.0)	7295.4 (5783.9-9177.7)	7179.6 (5679.6-9073.3)
Gabon	429.3 (277.7-633.9)	370.7 (227.9-579.4)	20273.2 (16076.8-25782.5)	20017.2 (15701.4-25429.5)
Gambia	441.0 (311.3-612.4)	397.6 (274.0-564.0)	15014.7 (12097.7-18729.5)	14946.1 (12092.6-18629.8)
Georgia	324.2 (224.9-470.2)	294.3 (200.1-429.6)	12775.5 (11403.1-14211.6)	11854.8 (9782.0-14348.8)
Germany	162.2 (106.5-239.2)	149.3 (94.8-224.8)	7651.0 (6112.3-9604.6)	7441.1 (5961.6-9316.0)
Ghana	317.4 (215.3-453.4)	342.2 (233.1-488.6)	12586.0 (10197.2-15702.5)	13210.4 (10856.9-16193.4)
Greece	173.8 (114.8-253.7)	157.9 (101.2-232.8)	7686.6 (6206.6-9549.7)	7571.8 (6080.9-9449.1)
Greenland	139.8 (89.8-207.3)	133.2 (84.7-201.3)	6731.0 (5235.1-8674.4)	6688.9 (5173.2-8651.1)
Grenada	317.6 (215.4-458.7)	262.1 (169.5-391.9)	13510.3 (10911.6-16821.6)	12974.9 (10359.4-16295.6)
Guam	312.5 (208.2-458.2)	284.0 (183.2-420.1)	13074.0 (10711.1-16170.5)	12964.6 (10501.4-16065.4)
Guatemala	508.6 (357.3-711.1)	411.3 (285.7-586.0)	15345.0 (12836.3-18523.4)	14948.6 (12403.1-18370.5)
Guinea	421.9 (297.2-590.6)	423.9 (297.9-591.9)	14672.0 (11706.2-18569.5)	14973.9 (12055.9-18642.2)
Guinea-Bissau	425.6 (294.5-598.7)	417.5 (290.3-590.7)	14803.6 (11912.7-18485.9)	15020.6 (12116.8-18669.9)
Guyana	325.9 (222.1-469.1)	271.2 (177.6-402.0)	13418.0 (10850.9-16590.5)	13158.3 (10561.4-16503.3)
Haiti	377.3 (262.7-537.0)	315.8 (214.6-454.6)	13741.6 (11138.4-17044.3)	13448.9 (10780.1-16823.1)
Honduras	406.3 (281.5-580.9)	336.8 (224.5-492.1)	14665.6 (12076.0-17867.0)	14391.7 (11693.9-17734.6)
Hungary	173.6 (121.6-248.2)	151.8 (102.1-222.1)	6667.3 (5518.5-8163.0)	6522.9 (5396.7-7915.7)
Iceland	169.3 (113.0-248.0)	155.3 (101.8-231.2)	7499.3 (6027.4-9371.4)	7379.0 (5971.3-9237.0)
India	734.7 (527.5-1004.8)	632.2 (421.0-912.8)	19125.8 (16070.4-22994.7)	26333.6 (21116.2-32187.0)
Indonesia	477.0 (335.8-663.3)	399.9 (277.8-573.7)	14787.9 (12181.3-17838.3)	15664.3 (12673.7-19308.2)
Iran (Islamic Republic of)	528.9 (381.8-728.7)	448.4 (321.1-618.3)	12544.9 (10813.3-14845.1)	12691.5 (10733.0-15108.0)
Iraq	495.9 (353.2-682.3)	378.8 (265.2-534.0)	13838.5 (11613.9-16653.3)	13304.3 (11145.2-16008.3)
Ireland	168.6 (111.1-247.2)	153.3 (98.5-227.9)	7633.5 (6144.1-9506.1)	7483.6 (6058.0-9342.2)
Israel	169.6 (112.7-248.9)	157.3 (101.3-235.3)	7629.6 (6108.5-9512.3)	7521.5 (6049.5-9379.5)
Italy	262.6 (182.1-372.8)	224.8 (152.9-323.6)	9269.5 (7686.7-11397.8)	9030.7 (7416.3-11117.1)
Jamaica	297.2 (195.9-436.6)	260.3 (165.6-391.1)	13283.0 (10726.4-16634.8)	13039.7 (10402.6-16493.2)
Japan	161.7 (101.7-245.2)	154.1 (95.5-238.0)	8463.4 (6585.2-10924.6)	8394.6 (6540.0-10943.1)
Jordan	390.6 (275.1-546.1)	313.2 (212.7-453.2)	13052.2 (10811.9-15897.8)	12627.5 (10392.9-15560.9)
Kazakhstan	314.7 (220.3-451.9)	280.7 (192.7-406.9)	11179.1 (9400.0-13552.0)	10963.7 (9073.4-13298.2)
Kenya	507.6 (362.3-701.0)	404.1 (283.7-566.4)	15481.2 (12658.1-19036.5)	15105.4 (12227.3-18657.7)
Kiribati	367.9 (256.5-523.1)	323.7 (220.4-473.3)	13507.7 (11118.7-16557.4)	13279.3 (10874.4-16434.5)
Kuwait	403.3 (283.3-567.5)	335.2 (230.1-482.1)	13091.7 (10977.2-15760.1)	12881.4 (10652.5-15585.3)
Kyrgyzstan	305.3 (213.2-435.4)	275.4 (190.2-401.4)	11154.3 (9168.2-13624.9)	10962.6 (8943.9-13456.1)
Lao People's Democratic Republic	264.4 (187.9-371.7)	222.8 (152.7-322.4)	8835.2 (7434.0-10611.8)	8548.2 (7133.3-10256.3)
Latvia	258.0 (169.8-378.4)	238.3 (153.7-353.2)	11432.7 (9374.4-14045.0)	11326.4 (9245.6-14075.9)
Lebanon	468.2 (334.0-650.8)	368.4 (260.4-524.7)	12346.3 (11158.1-13688.8)	12616.1 (10623.0-15143.8)
Lesotho	523.0 (359.5-738.7)	443.4 (300.5-652.4)	20100.6 (15644.3-25277.4)	19682.7 (15483.4-24922.0)
Liberia	447.3 (323.6-622.6)	365.8 (251.4-518.9)	14927.3 (12051.0-18675.4)	14544.0 (11644.0-18218.4)
Libya	513.1 (366.8-708.5)	393.8 (278.2-551.3)	13769.1 (11604.0-16472.9)	13353.2 (11131.1-16275.0)
Lithuania	248.7 (167.9-361.9)	227.0 (149.8-337.9)	10596.1 (8699.3-12951.7)	10420.8 (8506.5-12970.1)
Luxembourg	166.5 (109.6-245.3)	151.7 (97.3-226.7)	7658.5 (6132.7-9622.5)	7467.5 (5994.4-9366.1)
Madagascar	332.5 (229.4-473.8)	289.4 (196.4-417.0)	12547.2 (10183.9-15419.5)	12359.8 (9913.6-15318.4)
Malawi	416.9 (303.7-561.5)	323.9 (231.4-446.8)	9230.1 (7895.9-10886.6)	8754.4 (7421.2-10383.6)
Malaysia	408.0 (295.8-546.2)	283.5 (202.8-391.9)	8561.8 (7595.4-9616.8)	7705.1 (6754.8-8827.8)
Maldives	356.0 (253.0-491.8)	263.4 (182.8-383.9)	10563.9 (8938.8-12643.6)	10008.7 (8378.1-12058.0)
Mali	451.8 (326.0-610.1)	443.6 (321.1-611.3)	11474.3 (9437.0-14220.5)	11809.0 (9707.2-14484.7)
Malta	170.8 (112.8-251.6)	155.2 (99.7-232.6)	7657.0 (6143.6-9628.6)	7517.0 (6040.1-9418.0)
Marshall Islands	364.2 (253.3-523.1)	300.2 (201.8-445.7)	13423.4 (11061.2-16517.5)	13089.1 (10660.6-16160.6)
Mauritania	513.4 (348.2-751.7)	441.7 (290.5-659.9)	21168.8 (16899.0-26665.3)	20821.6 (16517.9-26162.1)
Mauritius	357.2 (255.5-502.7)	281.5 (195.9-401.6)	10422.2 (8959.1-12346.7)	9964.8 (8438.8-11889.2)
Mexico	378.2 (269.4-525.3)	328.7 (222.2-479.5)	12060.5 (10053.7-14496.1)	13738.6 (11114.9-16943.8)
Micronesia (Federated States of)	365.9 (256.2-525.9)	309.1 (206.8-451.8)	13404.9 (11077.3-16554.7)	13124.4 (10668.3-16201.5)
Monaco	161.5 (105.3-240.8)	152.7 (97.8-228.8)	7579.1 (6092.0-9415.4)	7467.2 (6026.2-9245.0)
Mongolia	390.6 (275.8-549.7)	328.3 (229.2-473.3)	11847.4 (9908.0-14315.6)	11594.5 (9646.3-14002.9)
Montenegro	162.0 (104.4-243.5)	154.3 (98.0-230.9)	7707.4 (6303.0-9582.9)	7618.9 (6141.9-9511.1)
Morocco	431.6 (299.4-613.6)	368.0 (247.0-542.1)	16420.5 (13341.0-20439.4)	16204.6 (13229.3-20167.1)
Mozambique	416.7 (296.3-572.6)	393.2 (283.6-542.9)	12619.4 (10214.9-15418.7)	12770.5 (10390.3-15732.9)
Myanmar	530.5 (381.6-708.7)	384.9 (275.4-530.8)	10148.9 (9054.9-11353.9)	9455.4 (8331.1-10852.1)
Namibia	466.8 (323.5-671.6)	385.7 (255.9-568.5)	17938.4 (14212.6-22910.1)	17709.6 (13837.6-22859.3)
Nauru	344.6 (236.3-498.5)	304.8 (203.4-448.8)	13200.6 (10857.4-16272.0)	13138.2 (10682.3-16337.5)
Nepal	552.0 (384.7-780.5)	508.6 (328.2-774.7)	20515.7 (16427.1-25498.4)	25663.6 (21476.5-29336.6)
Netherlands	151.6 (97.4-227.0)	141.4 (88.6-213.3)	7434.0 (5877.4-9371.6)	7306.1 (5846.8-9195.3)
New Zealand	179.1 (113.0-264.9)	167.2 (103.7-253.1)	8894.7 (7037.5-11295.8)	8779.2 (6956.9-11199.8)
Nicaragua	451.2 (316.0-634.5)	362.2 (246.1-521.9)	14894.9 (12377.9-18096.4)	14487.2 (11838.4-17880.8)
Niger	495.4 (341.4-705.9)	553.8 (384.6-797.5)	19999.9 (15790.5-25490.0)	23557.4 (19626.4-27185.7)
Nigeria	561.3 (404.5-780.7)	509.1 (359.6-717.6)	16960.7 (13833.8-21434.8)	16928.3 (13815.7-21337.0)
Niue	336.4 (230.4-489.1)	283.7 (184.9-417.6)	13309.4 (10958.8-16367.7)	12988.0 (10611.5-16174.7)
North Macedonia	172.1 (113.7-254.0)	156.5 (100.6-237.3)	7758.1 (6255.0-9651.9)	7632.7 (6195.4-9480.1)
Northern Mariana Islands	307.0 (205.1-446.1)	280.4 (183.9-420.1)	12962.6 (10527.8-15970.8)	12889.9 (10543.7-15938.9)
Norway	160.8 (101.6-244.5)	155.0 (96.3-235.1)	8231.4 (6586.7-10323.5)	8130.0 (6522.1-10232.4)
Oman	577.4 (410.7-796.8)	524.3 (367.9-737.4)	14743.0 (12623.8-17590.0)	15143.2 (13145.0-17709.9)
Pakistan	629.9 (457.1-854.6)	589.4 (427.1-802.3)	14064.1 (12007.9-16826.1)	13864.5 (11823.2-16697.0)
Palau	323.9 (221.3-467.9)	280.8 (184.1-419.3)	13141.7 (10724.0-16125.7)	12894.5 (10547.6-15991.9)
Palestine	486.3 (348.9-671.6)	363.3 (252.8-515.8)	13956.5 (11739.5-16763.3)	13264.0 (11033.3-16176.6)
Panama	448.2 (309.9-635.1)	369.5 (253.9-534.5)	14789.3 (12255.4-17920.6)	14450.6 (11863.9-17731.4)
Papua New Guinea	453.5 (318.7-636.5)	402.6 (277.5-574.8)	14442.8 (12154.0-17391.9)	14201.2 (11857.5-17285.0)
Paraguay	473.6 (327.3-675.0)	386.8 (252.5-565.6)	17148.5 (14076.6-20906.1)	16764.7 (13645.5-20556.1)
Peru	547.2 (381.3-770.7)	433.7 (292.3-626.5)	17365.2 (14343.6-21352.5)	16888.5 (13796.7-20751.9)
Philippines	491.4 (328.9-717.9)	450.5 (295.9-673.5)	21129.9 (16982.0-26328.7)	20961.0 (16773.9-26115.1)
Poland	175.0 (112.4-264.6)	166.7 (106.6-253.9)	8567.0 (6898.7-10599.8)	8449.1 (6757.4-10597.1)
Portugal	177.7 (119.5-262.4)	157.6 (102.2-236.3)	7739.4 (6244.4-9622.8)	7593.8 (6102.8-9433.2)
Puerto Rico	282.1 (182.5-418.1)	246.5 (153.4-374.3)	13361.1 (10706.3-16612.3)	13093.7 (10408.3-16501.3)
Qatar	464.4 (332.1-644.9)	348.4 (241.7-494.1)	13194.1 (11214.8-15697.7)	12652.9 (10522.6-15191.8)
Republic of Korea	188.8 (125.2-273.5)	159.3 (101.0-242.8)	8222.0 (6560.9-10521.5)	7971.3 (6362.0-10250.6)
Republic of Moldova	316.6 (220.7-455.7)	294.9 (200.2-427.8)	11314.1 (9412.3-13626.7)	11360.7 (9436.5-13800.2)
Romania	173.4 (114.0-257.1)	160.2 (102.9-241.8)	7779.6 (6341.9-9725.7)	7671.6 (6294.9-9490.7)
Russian Federation	340.2 (220.4-508.2)	345.3 (210.9-542.1)	15480.3 (12550.0-19062.3)	18546.0 (14692.7-23360.4)
Rwanda	310.7 (214.0-441.9)	253.9 (167.2-375.8)	12290.8 (9850.8-15326.0)	12015.4 (9548.2-14985.9)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	305.8 (206.5-441.8)	256.6 (164.3-381.0)	13372.6 (10745.8-16629.8)	12941.2 (10358.9-16317.4)
Saint Lucia	304.9 (204.3-447.1)	256.7 (163.0-387.3)	13399.5 (10882.2-16579.4)	12997.6 (10310.2-16375.0)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	313.9 (213.3-459.1)	265.7 (171.9-391.1)	13429.9 (10764.7-16632.1)	12947.1 (10341.2-16180.8)
Samoa	343.4 (234.3-498.7)	298.1 (196.4-440.0)	13320.7 (10885.8-16475.4)	13060.8 (10602.5-16116.0)
San Marino	161.0 (105.8-239.9)	152.7 (97.5-227.0)	7558.5 (6066.7-9455.4)	7470.5 (6025.6-9356.2)
Sao Tome and Principe	469.2 (332.2-660.3)	376.8 (258.6-535.5)	15186.3 (12305.4-19026.4)	14727.2 (11793.0-18447.7)
Saudi Arabia	858.1 (622.3-1141.0)	527.0 (378.6-721.3)	15610.7 (13564.3-18328.2)	14166.8 (12081.3-16874.5)
Senegal	502.3 (363.0-685.4)	408.1 (294.2-575.9)	13895.2 (11253.8-17050.5)	13487.2 (10893.3-16760.5)
Serbia	170.3 (111.1-253.5)	156.2 (101.1-236.3)	7754.0 (6272.8-9707.1)	7640.0 (6164.0-9448.0)
Seychelles	369.5 (265.2-522.3)	294.4 (204.0-419.7)	10921.0 (9287.2-12912.6)	10508.7 (8869.8-12629.0)
Sierra Leone	404.2 (285.9-569.7)	357.4 (247.4-511.6)	14566.0 (11622.9-18321.9)	14315.4 (11463.4-18041.0)
Singapore	200.1 (132.6-295.4)	182.5 (119.3-270.6)	8615.3 (6942.7-10876.7)	8449.3 (6834.8-10735.6)
Slovakia	153.8 (104.8-222.3)	141.1 (93.4-207.3)	6605.3 (5596.2-7650.4)	6231.3 (5124.3-7594.6)
Slovenia	171.4 (108.5-260.8)	163.2 (102.5-250.3)	8792.0 (6983.7-10988.6)	8777.4 (6955.8-10998.9)
Solomon Islands	383.0 (267.3-546.1)	333.0 (227.8-486.4)	13433.3 (11069.7-16529.4)	13268.1 (10911.9-16311.0)
Somalia	334.9 (231.7-468.5)	317.5 (220.2-447.1)	12075.9 (9702.3-15031.7)	12071.5 (9677.7-15051.0)
South Africa	546.2 (349.1-823.3)	500.1 (308.7-778.2)	28907.9 (22879.9-35976.2)	29635.0 (23783.3-36779.8)
South Sudan	493.6 (352.7-676.5)	395.9 (282.1-554.6)	13143.7 (10876.4-15843.0)	12836.6 (10552.1-15630.6)
Spain	287.4 (202.6-406.5)	260.2 (181.0-370.6)	9189.0 (7704.7-11136.8)	9065.0 (7644.0-10859.5)
Sri Lanka	383.1 (271.3-543.1)	315.4 (216.3-457.2)	12093.4 (10360.8-14336.5)	11800.9 (10046.8-14011.8)
Sudan	581.7 (421.5-794.4)	412.8 (293.4-575.6)	13911.1 (11746.0-16724.2)	13163.2 (10952.3-16077.6)
Suriname	363.3 (250.9-520.9)	309.9 (210.2-448.2)	13666.5 (11172.7-16805.3)	13446.1 (10820.3-16570.3)
Sweden	120.1 (72.7-189.3)	118.2 (71.5-187.7)	7301.3 (5619.7-9553.3)	7245.6 (5602.5-9398.8)
Switzerland	158.3 (103.5-234.6)	149.9 (95.5-226.2)	7570.5 (6097.6-9369.8)	7461.5 (6032.2-9374.2)
Syrian Arab Republic	495.2 (359.2-673.0)	374.4 (265.2-522.6)	11476.5 (10444.1-12806.8)	11705.2 (9925.0-13985.3)
Taiwan (Province of China)	182.6 (97.2-315.0)	174.6 (91.8-307.4)	13238.3 (10229.8-17247.2)	13200.5 (10173.3-17089.7)
Tajikistan	344.3 (240.4-490.7)	314.5 (218.7-454.2)	11638.9 (9680.6-14170.5)	11440.7 (9541.1-13929.0)
Thailand	387.8 (275.5-543.0)	295.4 (202.5-429.9)	11603.1 (9996.7-13634.5)	11004.0 (9359.3-13032.1)
Timor-Leste	623.2 (450.8-837.7)	458.1 (330.3-628.7)	12219.3 (10666.9-14170.3)	11526.1 (10016.5-13413.9)
Togo	384.6 (267.6-545.7)	395.7 (274.6-560.4)	14649.9 (11646.3-18492.7)	14914.2 (12026.3-18616.3)
Tokelau	359.1 (247.2-513.0)	295.7 (194.1-432.8)	13408.9 (11016.8-16535.5)	13063.3 (10660.6-16137.7)
Tonga	281.3 (185.9-418.2)	243.3 (152.6-373.4)	12646.6 (10147.1-15970.8)	12445.5 (9982.5-15634.4)
Trinidad and Tobago	290.3 (190.4-429.7)	246.3 (155.0-376.0)	13250.6 (10653.2-16473.0)	12969.0 (10339.9-16359.9)
Tunisia	460.1 (332.4-634.2)	331.6 (231.7-474.2)	12910.2 (10758.2-15714.6)	12379.5 (10136.6-15132.8)
Turkey	344.5 (242.0-481.3)	300.8 (195.8-452.1)	12509.1 (10562.1-15025.9)	14326.6 (11608.8-17834.2)
Turkmenistan	371.9 (257.3-535.8)	320.2 (220.6-463.0)	12506.7 (10611.6-14873.6)	11965.6 (10013.8-14224.6)
Tuvalu	380.0 (263.9-543.1)	309.6 (208.8-452.5)	13613.1 (11238.1-16777.3)	13155.0 (10773.5-16213.8)
Uganda	272.8 (187.4-387.5)	269.1 (181.6-389.7)	11798.2 (9286.7-14694.3)	12061.0 (9594.5-15010.7)
Ukraine	255.9 (174.6-371.0)	240.8 (161.2-355.0)	10537.0 (8628.0-12854.3)	10407.8 (8522.5-12729.2)
United Arab Emirates	439.9 (312.8-613.2)	335.5 (234.3-481.8)	12784.2 (10823.2-15195.2)	11869.6 (9965.1-14327.7)
United Kingdom	182.3 (118.5-269.2)	169.1 (107.9-253.7)	8522.9 (6901.6-10653.0)	8363.5 (6771.9-10494.9)
United Republic of Tanzania	482.6 (349.0-661.4)	402.2 (289.0-559.8)	13278.2 (10928.8-16135.0)	12895.5 (10561.6-15586.6)
United States of America	133.4 (84.6-202.5)	135.0 (84.3-208.1)	6757.8 (5326.0-8685.9)	7327.3 (5618.2-9675.9)
United States Virgin Islands	288.8 (190.3-425.9)	253.8 (159.2-380.4)	13385.7 (10711.8-16629.8)	13045.8 (10405.1-16388.6)
Uruguay	188.6 (120.1-281.7)	178.1 (110.8-270.7)	9041.3 (7361.3-11376.2)	8919.1 (7164.2-11268.9)
Uzbekistan	336.8 (234.2-481.7)	298.6 (205.3-436.0)	11644.4 (9694.1-14091.9)	11391.0 (9428.5-13851.0)
Vanuatu	299.9 (201.3-440.0)	273.4 (175.6-408.9)	12938.6 (10482.7-15982.6)	12869.2 (10379.9-16089.8)
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	387.6 (266.8-554.1)	338.7 (227.9-495.1)	14317.4 (11753.0-17674.6)	14143.6 (11520.3-17540.6)
Viet Nam	396.6 (285.4-540.5)	292.7 (210.5-407.6)	9012.8 (7877.4-10377.9)	8424.8 (7244.7-9947.6)
Yemen	405.8 (289.2-563.0)	408.9 (291.5-566.1)	12878.8 (10630.2-15788.8)	13207.5 (10846.1-16076.2)
Zambia	358.0 (253.7-502.2)	298.5 (206.2-428.8)	11930.0 (9725.3-14539.5)	11627.2 (9395.9-14270.5)
Zimbabwe	433.1 (306.1-606.7)	381.4 (262.9-547.5)	15669.8 (12386.6-20065.7)	15456.4 (12197.7-19839.0)

Supplementary Table 9 ASR DALY Rate for BVI and Specific Diseases in 21 Regions Among Males and Females in 2021

ASR DALY rate	BVI		Cataract		Glaucoma		AMD
	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Andean Latin America	392.6 (265.3-573.7)	408.2 (273.1-590.8)	96.6 (68.2-131.3)	88.5 (62.9-119.5)	15.7 (10.8-22.1)	12.5 (8.2-17.6)	6.3 (4.4-9.1)	9.3 (6.3-12.7)
Australasia	149.6 (93.6-226.0)	161.8 (100.5-247.4)	19.4 (13.6-26.0)	19.7 (14.0-26.7)	5.3 (3.6-7.6)	4.6 (3.1-6.3)	2.8 (1.8-4.0)	4.5 (2.9-6.4)
Caribbean	267.3 (183.7-387.5)	328.2 (207.6-493.2)	41.7 (29.0-56.9)	43.4 (30.1-59.0)	16.3 (11.0-22.8)	12.2 (8.0-17.2)	1.7 (1.1-2.4)	1.8 (1.2-2.6)
Central Asia	285.4 (196.3-414.4)	300.3 (205.9-433.9)	60.1 (42.2-82.1)	66.9 (46.9-91.0)	14.7 (9.9-20.9)	9.6 (6.5-13.6)	2.8 (1.9-4.0)	6.1 (4.1-8.4)
Central Europe	150.0 (97.5-221.7)	166.9 (105.7-254.7)	19.0 (13.2-26.0)	19.4 (13.7-26.7)	4.4 (3.0-6.1)	3.0 (2.1-4.1)	4.0 (2.7-5.5)	4.1 (2.8-5.7)
Central Latin America	333.3 (227.0-482.4)	354.1 (234.8-519.7)	66.4 (46.8-88.8)	60.5 (42.7-81.3)	13.4 (9.3-18.0)	9.6 (6.6-12.7)	3.8 (2.6-5.2)	3.9 (2.6-5.3)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa	293.2 (176.5-472.2)	351.4 (213.0-565.5)	23.3 (16.3-31.9)	30.0 (20.9-40.8)	15.6 (10.7-21.6)	13.8 (9.6-19.1)	1.7 (1.1-2.3)	2.3 (1.5-3.3)
East Asia	294.9 (183.3-464.0)	340.3 (215.6-529.1)	45.6 (32.6-61.9)	61.0 (44.0-82.3)	5.3 (3.6-7.4)	4.3 (3.0-6.0)	6.1 (4.3-8.5)	7.8 (5.4-10.9)
Eastern Europe	286.7 (179.2-443.5)	330.2 (205.7-510.4)	25.4 (18.0-34.5)	31.1 (21.9-42.5)	8.5 (5.9-11.5)	6.1 (4.2-8.3)	1.7 (1.1-2.3)	2.1 (1.4-2.9)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa	346.8 (246.1-479.8)	400.0 (281.5-552.0)	110.5 (79.1-147.3)	134.1 (97.2-178.8)	32.0 (22.3-44.1)	25.3 (17.6-34.7)	9.3 (6.3-13.1)	12.7 (8.3-17.9)
High-income Asia Pacific	151.9 (96.4-229.0)	160.0 (98.8-250.4)	16.8 (11.8-22.9)	17.4 (12.3-23.8)	7.6 (5.2-10.4)	4.9 (3.4-6.7)	1.9 (1.3-2.7)	2.0 (1.3-2.8)
High-income North America	128.1 (80.4-195.6)	139.5 (86.9-217.7)	15.4 (11.0-20.8)	17.5 (12.5-23.4)	5.5 (3.8-7.6)	3.9 (2.7-5.2)	2.1 (1.4-2.8)	2.9 (2.0-4.1)
North Africa and Middle East	356.8 (249.5-503.6)	418.2 (290.1-593.8)	85.6 (60.4-115.5)	112.3 (80.6-149.9)	27.3 (18.5-37.9)	19.4 (13.2-26.7)	12.1 (8.2-16.8)	16.0 (10.9-22.3)
Oceania	353.3 (243.8-510.2)	396.6 (272.6-567.4)	146.8 (105.2-197.5)	175.7 (128.0-233.4)	11.6 (7.7-16.4)	9.7 (6.4-13.7)	2.3 (1.5-3.3)	3.5 (2.2-5.1)
South Asia	563.2 (377.1-807.9)	646.3 (436.7-920.8)	173.7 (126.1-231.1)	212.2 (155.8-280.4)	14.2 (9.9-19.5)	9.6 (6.8-13.1)	8.0 (5.5-11.2)	8.5 (5.9-11.7)
Southeast Asia	336.8 (233.2-483.6)	381.6 (266.8-545.8)	113.6 (81.7-154.4)	145.4 (105.5-195.3)	7.7 (5.2-10.4)	6.4 (4.4-8.8)	5.3 (3.6-7.6)	6.2 (4.2-8.7)
Southern Latin America	192.8 (125.2-284.2)	202.5 (129.1-303.6)	30.2 (21.3-41.5)	30.4 (21.5-41.9)	6.8 (4.7-9.6)	5.3 (3.5-7.3)	3.0 (1.9-4.2)	2.6 (1.7-3.7)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa	462.8 (294.7-706.4)	485.6 (305.6-746.6)	78.0 (54.5-103.3)	87.2 (61.3-115.6)	31.5 (21.8-43.7)	19.4 (13.4-26.8)	2.6 (1.8-3.7)	3.7 (2.5-5.2)
Tropical Latin America	382.1 (259.8-553.8)	427.3 (282.8-623.7)	64.9 (46.4-86.6)	71.1 (50.6-94.7)	18.2 (12.7-24.9)	13.8 (9.6-18.6)	3.3 (2.3-4.6)	5.3 (3.7-7.3)
Western Europe	162.4 (106.5-236.3)	183.4 (119.8-274.5)	22.4 (15.9-30.8)	26.2 (18.5-36.0)	8.4 (5.8-11.6)	6.4 (4.4-9.0)	6.8 (4.6-9.3)	9.7 (6.5-13.1)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa	423.6 (297.0-596.4)	473.4 (332.0-663.4)	132.0 (95.1-179.3)	167.8 (121.8-225.6)	37.8 (26.0-52.1)	27.8 (19.2-37.9)	12.8 (9.0-17.9)	16.4 (11.6-22.7)

Supplementary Table 10 ASR DALY Rate for BVI and Specific Diseases globally Among Males and Females in 2021

Sex Name	ASR_1990	ASR_2019	ASR_2021
Both	342.01 (237.87-482.17)	342.67 (225.31-503.65)	342.78 (224.21-503.61)
Female	354.94 (245.57-504.92)	363.63 (238.76-535.63)	363.56 (237.52-533.39)
Male	329.47 (228.62-463.42)	320.39 (210.48-468.53)	320.54 (209.71-471.8)

Supplementary Table 11 SDI Values and Corresponding Age-Standardized DALY Rates in 21 Regions

		ASR DALY rate
	SDI	BVI	Cataract	Glaucoma	AMD
Andean Latin America	0.652	400.2 (269.3-580.7)	92.5 (65.5-125.3)	32.5 (22.4-44.5)	7.9 (5.5-11.0)
Australasia	0.846	156.0 (96.9-237.3)	19.6 (13.8-26.3)	28.3 (19.7-39.0)	3.7 (2.4-5.2)
Caribbean	0.642	298.2 (197.8-437.7)	42.7 (29.7-58.2)	23.8 (16.5-33.0)	1.8 (1.2-2.5)
Central Asia	0.675	294.1 (201.8-427.4)	64.2 (45.1-87.1)	23.3 (15.9-32.3)	4.8 (3.3-6.7)
Central Europe	0.796	159.2 (101.9-240.1)	19.3 (13.6-26.4)	15.7 (10.8-21.1)	4.0 (2.8-5.6)
Central Latin America	0.641	343.8 (230.4-503.6)	63.2 (44.5-84.7)	14.5 (10.0-19.9)	3.8 (2.6-5.3)
Central Sub-Saharan Africa	0.472	324.0 (195.5-519.0)	27.2 (19.0-37.1)	14.1 (9.3-19.6)	2.0 (1.4-2.9)
East Asia	0.726	318.9 (200.4-497.2)	54.3 (39.0-73.4)	14.0 (9.5-19.5)	7.0 (4.9-9.7)
Eastern Europe	0.803	312.4 (194.3-483.0)	29.2 (20.6-39.9)	11.8 (8.2-16.1)	1.9 (1.3-2.7)
Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa	0.410	374.8 (263.8-519.0)	123.1 (88.9-163.6)	11.5 (7.7-16.3)	11.1 (7.4-15.8)
High-income Asia Pacific	0.877	156.0 (97.1-239.0)	17.2 (12.1-23.5)	11.3 (7.9-15.1)	2.0 (1.3-2.8)
High-income North America	0.863	134.1 (83.8-206.9)	16.6 (11.8-22.3)	10.7 (7.0-15.1)	2.6 (1.8-3.5)
North Africa and Middle East	0.658	386.8 (270.5-545.8)	98.9 (70.5-132.3)	7.2 (5.0-10.2)	14.0 (9.6-19.6)
Oceania	0.467	374.5 (257.0-538.1)	161.1 (116.5-215.9)	7.0 (4.7-9.5)	2.9 (1.9-4.1)
South Asia	0.558	605.3 (407.0-862.3)	193.7 (141.6-256.3)	6.9 (4.8-9.3)	8.2 (5.7-11.5)
Southeast Asia	0.650	361.6 (252.3-517.7)	131.7 (95.2-177.6)	6.0 (4.1-8.2)	5.8 (3.9-8.3)
Southern Latin America	0.736	198.2 (127.4-292.5)	30.5 (21.6-41.6)	5.9 (4.0-8.2)	2.8 (1.8-3.9)
Southern Sub-Saharan Africa	0.642	473.9 (299.4-723.0)	83.7 (59.1-111.3)	4.9 (3.3-6.8)	3.3 (2.2-4.6)
Tropical Latin America	0.652	405.4 (271.5-592.2)	68.6 (48.9-91.9)	4.8 (3.3-6.6)	4.4 (3.1-6.1)
Western Europe	0.849	174.1 (114.4-257.1)	24.6 (17.4-33.6)	4.6 (3.2-6.3)	8.5 (5.7-11.3)
Western Sub-Saharan Africa	0.446	449.8 (315.5-631.6)	151.0 (109.1-204.0)	3.5 (2.4-4.9)	14.7 (10.4-20.6)

SDI, Socio-Demographic Index; AMD, Age-related macular degeneration; BVI, Blindness and vision loss; ASR, age-standardized; DALY, disability-adjusted life years.

Supplementary Table 12 SDI Values and Corresponding Age-Standardized DALY Rates in 204 Countries and Territories

		ASR DALY rate
	SDI	BVI	Cataract	Glaucoma	AMD
Afghanistan	0.343	522.6 (379.1-722.0)	196.3 (142.0-262.1)	34.2 (22.5-48.2)	19.9 (13.4-28.4)
Albania	0.681	164.2 (106.3-242.4)	20.1 (14.0-27.8)	4.3 (2.9-6.0)	4.4 (3.0-6.1)
Algeria	0.652	385.7 (271.3-540.4)	110.5 (77.7-148.5)	23.5 (15.8-33.0)	13.2 (9.0-18.8)
American Samoa	0.712	277.8 (179.5-409.3)	88.7 (64.4-119.7)	8.0 (5.4-11.1)	2.8 (1.8-4.1)
Andorra	0.894	151.4 (97.0-224.9)	18.7 (13.0-25.6)	5.2 (3.5-7.5)	6.7 (4.5-9.2)
Angola	0.47	399.9 (252.5-613.4)	49.2 (34.1-67.0)	21.1 (14.3-30.1)	2.9 (1.9-4.0)
Antigua and Barbuda	0.743	253.4 (160.8-381.6)	32.1 (22.8-43.4)	10.3 (6.9-14.4)	1.4 (0.9-2.0)
Argentina	0.708	201.7 (129.6-299.1)	27.8 (19.3-37.6)	6.0 (4.1-8.3)	3.0 (1.9-4.1)
Armenia	0.689	285.2 (193.4-419.2)	59.7 (41.1-82.3)	10.2 (6.9-14.4)	4.4 (2.9-6.1)
Australia	0.839	153.8 (95.8-234.6)	19.4 (13.5-26.1)	4.8 (3.3-6.7)	3.6 (2.4-5.2)
Austria	0.849	153.7 (99.1-229.7)	19.1 (13.3-26.2)	5.4 (3.7-7.7)	7.0 (4.7-9.4)
Azerbaijan	0.683	294.6 (202.0-428.7)	62.2 (43.5-85.6)	11.3 (7.6-15.9)	4.6 (3.1-6.5)
Bahamas	0.796	255.2 (161.3-386.7)	32.2 (22.4-43.7)	10.6 (7.1-15.2)	1.5 (1.0-2.1)
Bahrain	0.751	349.7 (243.4-495.3)	95.8 (67.6-129.5)	18.4 (12.5-25.4)	11.5 (7.9-16.2)
Bangladesh	0.483	426.4 (296.4-602.9)	167.2 (120.2-225.3)	8.0 (5.5-11.3)	6.5 (4.5-9.1)
Barbados	0.742	180.7 (103.7-298.9)	15.2 (10.6-20.6)	4.8 (3.3-6.6)	0.5 (0.3-0.8)
Belarus	0.745	231.7 (151.4-341.8)	31.8 (22.4-42.9)	5.0 (3.4-7.0)	1.8 (1.2-2.6)
Belgium	0.851	154.7 (101.1-231.3)	19.2 (13.5-26.4)	5.6 (3.7-7.9)	7.1 (4.7-9.7)
Belize	0.603	273.3 (178.4-403.5)	38.1 (26.7-51.8)	13.5 (8.8-19.3)	1.6 (1.0-2.3)
Benin	0.352	433.7 (305.8-612.1)	126.1 (90.6-168.7)	32.1 (21.4-43.9)	13.5 (9.4-18.8)
Bermuda	0.813	247.7 (154.6-373.7)	29.2 (20.7-39.8)	8.3 (5.7-11.7)	1.3 (0.8-1.8)
Bhutan	0.455	311.0 (202.0-467.1)	48.8 (34.5-65.2)	6.1 (4.2-8.3)	3.6 (2.4-5.0)
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)	0.566	405.1 (273.8-588.8)	98.6 (69.4-134.2)	15.7 (10.5-22.2)	5.5 (3.7-7.7)
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.718	210.7 (125.9-339.2)	18.8 (13.0-26.1)	3.8 (2.5-5.3)	4.0 (2.7-5.6)
Botswana	0.634	416.6 (277.5-612.6)	68.9 (49.0-92.8)	38.3 (25.9-54.4)	2.2 (1.3-3.3)
Brazil	0.64	405.8 (271.9-592.8)	68.7 (48.9-91.9)	15.8 (10.9-21.2)	4.5 (3.2-6.1)
Brunei Darussalam	0.823	159.0 (101.4-240.1)	18.5 (13.0-25.5)	7.5 (5.1-10.5)	2.2 (1.5-3.1)
Bulgaria	0.764	152.4 (96.8-232.1)	11.9 (8.0-16.4)	2.7 (1.8-3.7)	3.4 (2.2-4.8)
Burkina Faso	0.257	341.7 (245.3-472.6)	104.5 (74.7-141.5)	30.2 (19.9-43.5)	7.8 (5.2-11.2)
Burundi	0.284	226.4 (148.6-338.2)	31.7 (22.4-42.5)	17.4 (12.0-24.1)	5.4 (3.5-7.8)
Cabo Verde	0.525	317.0 (212.3-469.0)	83.2 (58.9-111.7)	18.4 (12.3-25.6)	10.2 (7.0-14.6)
Cambodia	0.469	431.7 (311.6-605.5)	199.3 (144.7-266.7)	7.8 (5.1-11.0)	5.4 (3.6-7.9)
Cameroon	0.49	325.3 (220.1-475.8)	70.8 (50.0-94.6)	25.0 (17.2-35.1)	9.9 (6.9-14.0)
Canada	0.873	126.3 (78.5-194.4)	16.3 (11.6-22.2)	4.4 (3.0-6.1)	2.4 (1.6-3.4)
Central African Republic	0.274	326.6 (204.2-519.2)	39.2 (26.9-53.2)	16.4 (11.0-22.9)	1.8 (1.1-2.5)
Chad	0.238	442.7 (301.6-630.2)	112.1 (80.1-151.9)	35.5 (23.7-49.6)	10.6 (7.5-15.0)
Chile	0.759	194.7 (124.4-285.8)	40.6 (28.9-55.8)	5.8 (3.9-8.0)	2.3 (1.5-3.3)
China	0.686	323.9 (203.8-504.0)	55.9 (40.2-75.5)	4.9 (3.3-6.9)	7.2 (5.0-10.0)
Colombia	0.633	363.5 (236.8-541.6)	56.7 (39.7-77.6)	10.9 (7.4-15.1)	3.6 (2.4-5.1)
Comoros	0.455	405.1 (268.0-601.2)	82.6 (57.6-112.6)	25.5 (17.2-36.0)	10.1 (6.8-14.7)
Congo	0.568	382.1 (233.8-592.0)	40.1 (27.7-54.6)	16.5 (11.5-22.7)	2.7 (1.8-3.7)
Cook Islands	0.764	302.5 (201.7-440.9)	102.4 (73.5-138.2)	12.0 (7.9-17.0)	4.2 (2.6-6.0)
Costa Rica	0.68	310.5 (203.3-453.3)	63.1 (45.1-86.6)	9.5 (6.4-13.2)	2.5 (1.6-3.5)
Coted'Ivoire	0.408	146.3 (95.2-217.7)	18.0 (12.7-25.1)	3.2 (2.3-4.4)	3.8 (2.5-5.3)
Croatia	0.794	321.3 (215.5-471.9)	50.7 (35.2-69.4)	15.3 (10.2-21.4)	1.9 (1.2-2.7)
Cuba	0.668	153.3 (98.6-230.6)	19.1 (13.4-26.0)	5.5 (3.7-7.7)	6.8 (4.6-9.3)
Cyprus	0.841	141.4 (91.3-210.8)	17.4 (12.0-24.2)	3.0 (2.0-4.1)	3.6 (2.4-5.0)
Czechia	0.828	408.8 (282.3-584.2)	103.1 (73.2-138.6)	29.1 (19.6-40.7)	11.3 (7.8-15.7)
Democratic People's Republic of Korea	0.558	198.4 (109.8-340.0)	18.0 (12.0-26.9)	1.6 (1.1-2.3)	2.0 (1.3-3.0)
Democratic Republic of the Congo	0.382	292.7 (170.3-480.7)	17.3 (12.0-24.0)	12.1 (8.4-16.4)	1.7 (1.2-2.5)
Denmark	0.89	158.0 (101.5-237.3)	20.6 (14.1-29.5)	5.2 (3.6-7.2)	5.0 (3.3-6.9)
Djibouti	0.459	333.5 (233.1-476.0)	83.6 (59.5-112.8)	26.4 (17.8-37.0)	9.9 (6.6-14.2)
Dominica	0.729	259.2 (166.3-389.1)	34.2 (23.7-47.1)	11.6 (7.7-16.1)	1.5 (1.0-2.2)
Dominican Republic	0.592	321.4 (214.4-467.7)	37.8 (26.1-51.7)	15.6 (10.6-21.8)	2.2 (1.4-3.3)
Ecuador	0.64	328.9 (213.1-492.4)	64.1 (45.8-88.4)	10.0 (6.8-14.0)	2.3 (1.5-3.2)
Egypt	0.658	418.2 (290.5-593.9)	118.4 (83.2-159.7)	23.5 (15.5-32.6)	13.9 (9.6-19.7)
El Salvador	0.573	389.1 (266.0-565.2)	56.3 (38.8-76.7)	13.5 (9.3-18.2)	5.0 (3.3-7.0)
Equatorial Guinea	0.685	438.9 (292.5-642.1)	108.2 (75.0-145.5)	18.3 (12.0-25.8)	2.7 (1.7-3.8)
Eritrea	0.396	416.8 (296.6-576.4)	94.0 (65.9-127.9)	29.0 (19.7-40.8)	10.3 (6.8-14.4)
Estonia	0.835	158.9 (104.2-236.4)	21.5 (14.7-29.6)	3.1 (2.1-4.3)	1.2 (0.8-1.8)
Eswatini	0.577	414.1 (275.8-610.6)	85.5 (59.9-114.2)	27.4 (18.6-39.0)	2.8 (1.8-3.9)
Ethiopia	0.343	449.9 (321.0-617.8)	222.5 (158.2-294.2)	36.8 (25.3-51.8)	12.8 (8.6-18.1)
Fiji	0.664	333.3 (228.7-484.0)	124.3 (89.6-168.3)	12.8 (8.4-18.1)	4.3 (2.8-6.4)
Finland	0.856	150.6 (95.5-224.0)	16.9 (11.9-23.4)	5.9 (4.0-8.5)	7.1 (4.7-9.6)
France	0.834	144.7 (93.3-218.0)	19.9 (13.9-27.6)	4.7 (3.3-6.5)	6.3 (4.2-8.5)
Gabon	0.656	370.7 (227.9-579.4)	37.2 (25.2-50.5)	16.5 (11.3-23.0)	2.5 (1.6-3.6)
Gambia	0.399	397.6 (274.0-564.0)	144.1 (103.6-194.1)	17.8 (11.7-25.3)	9.4 (6.6-13.2)
Georgia	0.702	294.3 (200.1-429.6)	60.6 (42.5-82.8)	10.4 (7.0-14.7)	4.6 (3.1-6.4)
Germany	0.898	149.3 (94.8-224.8)	18.4 (12.7-25.6)	4.8 (3.3-6.8)	6.4 (4.2-8.8)
Ghana	0.557	342.2 (233.1-488.6)	85.2 (60.8-116.8)	18.2 (12.6-24.5)	11.2 (7.7-15.7)
Greece	0.794	157.9 (101.2-232.8)	20.7 (14.4-28.9)	5.6 (3.8-8.1)	6.9 (4.6-9.8)
Greenland	0.761	133.2 (84.7-201.3)	18.2 (12.5-24.6)	6.1 (4.2-8.6)	3.2 (2.1-4.4)
Grenada	0.669	262.1 (169.5-391.9)	35.5 (24.7-48.0)	11.6 (7.9-16.5)	1.5 (1.0-2.1)
Guam	0.813	284.0 (183.2-420.1)	90.6 (65.6-124.0)	8.1 (5.4-11.4)	3.1 (2.0-4.6)
Guatemala	0.526	411.3 (285.7-586.0)	68.5 (47.5-93.9)	13.1 (9.1-17.9)	4.4 (2.8-6.1)
Guinea	0.325	423.9 (297.9-591.9)	115.0 (82.0-154.7)	34.4 (22.9-48.3)	12.0 (8.3-16.6)
Guinea-Bissau	0.355	417.5 (290.3-590.7)	74.8 (52.3-102.0)	29.6 (19.9-41.7)	14.2 (9.9-20.2)
Guyana	0.618	271.2 (177.6-402.0)	37.9 (26.6-52.2)	13.7 (9.2-19.3)	1.6 (1.0-2.3)
Haiti	0.432	315.8 (214.6-454.6)	53.1 (36.8-71.9)	20.3 (13.5-29.1)	1.9 (1.3-2.7)
Honduras	0.496	336.8 (224.5-492.1)	40.0 (27.7-55.0)	12.8 (8.6-17.6)	4.2 (2.8-6.0)
Hungary	0.791	151.8 (102.1-222.1)	29.0 (20.7-40.1)	4.9 (3.4-6.9)	5.0 (3.3-6.8)
Iceland	0.869	155.3 (101.8-231.2)	19.3 (12.8-27.5)	6.2 (4.1-9.0)	11.8 (7.8-16.2)
India	0.566	632.2 (421.0-912.8)	187.8 (137.6-248.7)	12.2 (8.5-16.6)	7.9 (5.4-11.1)
Indonesia	0.66	399.9 (277.8-573.7)	163.2 (119.2-217.7)	7.7 (5.3-10.7)	5.3 (3.2-8.0)
Iran (Islamic Republic of)	0.67	448.4 (321.1-618.3)	90.8 (65.2-121.8)	36.6 (25.6-50.3)	25.0 (17.2-34.9)
Iraq	0.671	378.8 (265.2-534.0)	110.0 (78.9-148.7)	22.7 (15.1-31.7)	13.2 (9.1-18.4)
Ireland	0.867	153.3 (98.5-227.9)	19.1 (13.3-25.9)	5.3 (3.6-7.6)	6.9 (4.6-9.4)
Israel	0.803	157.3 (101.3-235.3)	19.7 (13.9-27.4)	6.2 (4.2-8.7)	7.4 (5.0-10.0)
Italy	0.801	224.8 (152.9-323.6)	39.6 (28.4-54.1)	13.9 (9.5-19.3)	13.1 (8.7-18.1)
Jamaica	0.684	260.3 (165.6-391.1)	34.2 (23.8-46.5)	11.5 (7.8-16.3)	1.5 (0.9-2.1)
Japan	0.87	154.1 (95.5-238.0)	16.6 (11.8-22.6)	5.9 (4.1-8.1)	1.9 (1.3-2.7)
Jordan	0.731	313.2 (212.7-453.2)	47.8 (33.2-65.0)	19.0 (12.8-26.4)	12.6 (8.4-18.3)
Kazakhstan	0.723	280.7 (192.7-406.9)	59.6 (42.0-81.3)	9.9 (6.8-13.9)	4.6 (3.1-6.4)
Kenya	0.508	404.1 (283.7-566.4)	127.7 (92.5-170.6)	24.5 (16.9-33.6)	15.4 (9.9-22.1)
Kiribati	0.527	323.7 (220.4-473.3)	118.8 (85.8-158.8)	12.7 (8.2-17.9)	3.9 (2.5-5.7)
Kuwait	0.851	335.2 (230.1-482.1)	90.0 (63.6-122.8)	16.8 (11.5-23.4)	10.8 (7.3-14.9)
Kyrgyzstan	0.596	275.4 (190.2-401.4)	61.5 (43.9-82.9)	13.8 (9.3-19.4)	7.7 (5.3-11.0)
Lao People's Democratic Republic	0.49	222.8 (152.7-322.4)	40.9 (28.7-56.8)	5.4 (3.6-7.7)	4.7 (3.1-6.6)
Latvia	0.82	238.3 (153.7-353.2)	31.1 (21.7-42.6)	4.9 (3.4-6.9)	1.8 (1.2-2.6)
Lebanon	0.708	368.4 (260.4-524.7)	111.2 (79.8-151.2)	17.9 (11.9-24.8)	12.9 (8.6-18.2)
Lesotho	0.507	443.4 (300.5-652.4)	98.2 (68.8-131.9)	31.3 (20.6-44.0)	3.0 (1.9-4.4)
Liberia	0.37	365.8 (251.4-518.9)	94.3 (66.8-125.9)	27.8 (18.5-38.6)	9.9 (6.9-13.8)
Libya	0.709	393.8 (278.2-551.3)	120.5 (85.7-161.3)	32.4 (21.8-45.1)	10.1 (6.8-14.2)
Lithuania	0.843	227.0 (149.8-337.9)	30.6 (21.7-41.9)	4.8 (3.3-6.9)	1.8 (1.1-2.6)
Luxembourg	0.895	151.7 (97.3-226.7)	18.8 (13.1-25.4)	5.0 (3.4-7.2)	6.6 (4.4-9.2)
Madagascar	0.396	289.4 (196.4-417.0)	46.0 (32.0-62.8)	22.2 (15.3-30.1)	6.6 (4.4-9.4)
Malawi	0.384	323.9 (231.4-446.8)	78.8 (55.7-105.8)	29.2 (19.6-40.5)	11.8 (7.7-16.9)
Malaysia	0.737	283.5 (202.8-391.9)	133.1 (95.5-179.1)	5.6 (3.8-8.0)	10.8 (7.4-15.6)
Maldives	0.562	263.4 (182.8-383.9)	38.3 (26.4-52.8)	6.9 (4.7-9.6)	6.5 (4.4-9.3)
Mali	0.263	443.6 (321.1-611.3)	161.6 (117.3-218.0)	34.9 (24.1-48.8)	8.2 (5.5-11.9)
Malta	0.801	155.2 (99.7-232.6)	19.4 (13.4-26.8)	5.8 (3.9-8.2)	7.0 (4.6-9.5)
Marshall Islands	0.544	300.2 (201.8-445.7)	103.3 (74.0-139.8)	10.8 (7.2-15.4)	3.2 (2.1-4.7)
Mauritania	0.496	441.7 (290.5-659.9)	94.9 (67.1-129.8)	26.1 (17.6-36.9)	10.9 (7.6-15.6)
Mauritius	0.705	281.5 (195.9-401.6)	91.2 (64.2-123.4)	5.9 (4.0-8.1)	5.9 (4.0-8.5)
Mexico	0.649	328.7 (222.2-479.5)	69.4 (49.5-93.9)	11.2 (7.8-14.8)	4.1 (2.8-5.6)
Micronesia (Federated States of)	0.58	309.1 (206.8-451.8)	108.9 (78.3-146.9)	11.3 (7.2-16.1)	3.6 (2.3-5.4)
Monaco	0.902	152.7 (97.8-228.8)	19.0 (13.1-26.6)	5.3 (3.5-7.5)	6.9 (4.6-9.4)
Mongolia	0.606	328.3 (229.2-473.3)	43.2 (29.3-59.2)	15.7 (10.7-22.4)	4.0 (2.6-5.7)
Montenegro	0.791	154.3 (98.0-230.9)	18.3 (12.6-25.3)	3.4 (2.3-4.8)	3.9 (2.6-5.4)
Morocco	0.548	368.0 (247.0-542.1)	101.3 (72.9-136.1)	17.5 (12.1-24.0)	8.6 (5.7-12.1)
Mozambique	0.307	393.2 (283.6-542.9)	95.7 (68.4-126.4)	24.8 (17.1-33.8)	13.5 (8.9-19.1)
Myanmar	0.521	384.9 (275.4-530.8)	194.7 (139.3-263.9)	10.4 (6.6-14.6)	4.8 (3.2-6.9)
Namibia	0.612	385.7 (255.9-568.5)	79.2 (55.7-106.2)	25.8 (17.2-36.7)	2.6 (1.7-3.8)
Nauru	0.618	304.8 (203.4-448.8)	105.4 (76.0-141.2)	10.8 (7.1-15.4)	3.6 (2.3-5.2)
Nepal	0.422	508.6 (328.2-774.7)	95.8 (67.9-130.6)	6.9 (4.8-9.6)	20.3 (13.8-29.6)
Netherlands	0.883	141.4 (88.6-213.3)	14.9 (10.2-20.7)	4.8 (3.2-6.8)	5.8 (3.9-8.0)
New Zealand	0.84	167.2 (103.7-253.1)	20.9 (15.1-28.5)	5.3 (3.7-7.4)	4.2 (2.8-5.8)
Nicaragua	0.517	362.2 (246.1-521.9)	64.5 (44.9-87.8)	12.8 (8.5-17.8)	3.8 (2.6-5.3)
Niger	0.162	553.8 (384.6-797.5)	135.4 (96.1-184.0)	41.8 (27.0-58.5)	12.3 (8.5-17.3)
Nigeria	0.515	509.1 (359.6-717.6)	206.6 (150.8-277.6)	36.4 (25.4-50.2)	19.6 (13.9-27.6)
Niue	0.711	283.7 (184.9-417.6)	92.7 (66.6-125.9)	8.3 (5.5-11.7)	3.0 (1.9-4.4)
North Macedonia	0.744	156.5 (100.6-237.3)	18.7 (12.9-25.6)	3.8 (2.5-5.4)	4.0 (2.7-5.6)
Northern Mariana Islands	0.771	280.4 (183.9-420.1)	88.9 (63.8-122.5)	8.1 (5.3-11.6)	3.0 (1.9-4.4)
Norway	0.913	155.0 (96.3-235.1)	17.0 (11.9-23.5)	4.7 (3.3-6.6)	6.3 (4.3-8.5)
Oman	0.783	524.3 (367.9-737.4)	186.6 (133.4-251.8)	21.9 (14.9-30.7)	17.9 (12.0-25.4)
Pakistan	0.449	589.4 (427.1-802.3)	308.4 (226.0-406.8)	13.4 (9.4-18.6)	11.7 (8.2-16.3)
Palau	0.738	280.8 (184.1-419.3)	90.3 (65.0-122.4)	8.6 (5.7-12.0)	3.0 (1.9-4.3)
Palestine	0.588	363.3 (252.8-515.8)	130.1 (93.5-174.3)	16.5 (11.0-23.0)	9.4 (6.5-13.1)
Panama	0.686	369.5 (253.9-534.5)	93.9 (67.3-125.1)	10.8 (7.3-15.1)	3.7 (2.4-5.3)
Papua New Guinea	0.394	402.6 (277.5-574.8)	185.7 (133.8-247.7)	10.4 (6.9-14.7)	2.5 (1.6-3.6)
Paraguay	0.638	386.8 (252.5-565.6)	65.0 (45.3-87.2)	13.9 (9.6-19.0)	2.9 (1.9-4.1)
Peru	0.648	433.7 (292.3-626.5)	104.3 (73.5-141.4)	15.5 (10.5-21.8)	11.4 (7.8-15.9)
Philippines	0.623	450.5 (295.9-673.5)	122.9 (89.0-165.8)	9.1 (6.3-12.6)	7.1 (4.9-10.0)
Poland	0.802	166.7 (106.6-253.9)	19.1 (13.6-26.5)	3.3 (2.3-4.5)	4.0 (2.7-5.5)
Portugal	0.743	157.6 (102.2-236.3)	19.8 (13.6-27.4)	6.2 (4.2-8.7)	7.2 (4.8-10.0)
Puerto Rico	0.814	246.5 (153.4-374.3)	28.7 (20.2-39.3)	8.3 (5.7-11.6)	1.3 (0.8-1.8)
Qatar	0.83	348.4 (241.7-494.1)	92.1 (65.5-125.0)	24.3 (16.4-34.1)	9.7 (6.6-13.7)
Republic of Korea	0.878	159.3 (101.0-242.8)	18.6 (13.1-25.5)	6.4 (4.4-8.9)	2.2 (1.4-3.1)
Republic of Moldova	0.696	294.9 (200.2-427.8)	60.1 (42.3-82.1)	5.7 (4.0-7.7)	3.1 (2.2-4.3)
Romania	0.76	160.2 (102.9-241.8)	19.4 (13.3-26.9)	3.9 (2.6-5.6)	4.3 (2.9-6.0)
Russian Federation	0.805	345.3 (210.9-542.1)	26.4 (18.6-35.9)	7.5 (5.2-10.1)	1.9 (1.2-2.6)
Rwanda	0.429	253.9 (167.2-375.8)	30.8 (20.9-41.9)	18.1 (12.6-24.7)	7.3 (4.9-10.4)
Saint Kitts and Nevis	0.746	256.6 (164.3-381.0)	33.2 (23.5-45.6)	11.0 (7.3-15.6)	1.5 (1.0-2.1)
Saint Lucia	0.67	256.7 (163.0-387.3)	33.6 (23.6-45.9)	11.3 (7.5-16.0)	1.4 (1.0-2.0)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	0.627	265.7 (171.9-391.1)	36.4 (25.4-49.4)	12.7 (8.4-17.8)	1.5 (1.0-2.1)
Samoa	0.641	298.1 (196.4-440.0)	100.8 (72.8-134.9)	10.0 (6.6-14.3)	3.3 (2.1-4.9)
San Marino	0.884	152.7 (97.5-227.0)	18.9 (13.2-26.2)	5.4 (3.7-7.6)	6.8 (4.5-9.4)
Sao Tome and Principe	0.502	376.8 (258.6-535.5)	96.5 (69.1-131.7)	25.9 (17.3-35.8)	11.0 (7.8-15.4)
Saudi Arabia	0.805	527.0 (378.6-721.3)	182.8 (132.6-245.4)	28.6 (19.1-40.5)	19.2 (13.1-26.8)
Senegal	0.389	408.1 (294.2-575.9)	74.1 (51.5-100.8)	28.9 (19.5-39.4)	10.7 (7.3-15.1)
Serbia	0.767	156.2 (101.1-236.3)	18.6 (12.8-26.0)	3.5 (2.4-4.9)	4.0 (2.6-5.6)
Seychelles	0.724	294.4 (204.0-419.7)	93.4 (66.8-127.2)	6.2 (4.2-8.5)	6.2 (4.2-8.7)
Sierra Leone	0.347	357.4 (247.4-511.6)	57.8 (39.5-78.4)	30.4 (20.5-43.0)	7.3 (5.0-10.3)
Singapore	0.861	182.5 (119.3-270.6)	22.8 (15.9-31.1)	7.8 (5.3-10.9)	2.6 (1.6-3.7)
Slovakia	0.812	141.1 (93.4-207.3)	18.5 (12.8-25.4)	3.5 (2.4-5.0)	4.1 (2.8-5.8)
Slovenia	0.84	163.2 (102.5-250.3)	17.5 (12.6-24.4)	2.9 (2.0-4.1)	3.6 (2.5-5.1)
Solomon Islands	0.407	333.0 (227.8-486.4)	124.9 (91.0-168.0)	13.9 (9.2-19.4)	3.7 (2.4-5.5)
Somalia	0.081	317.5 (220.2-447.1)	89.2 (63.1-119.8)	29.4 (19.7-42.1)	8.0 (5.2-11.8)
South Africa	0.678	500.1 (308.7-778.2)	82.0 (57.9-108.6)	23.6 (16.3-32.7)	3.4 (2.3-4.8)
South Sudan	0.363	395.9 (282.1-554.6)	196.8 (140.3-262.5)	18.8 (12.0-26.9)	5.6 (3.7-8.2)
Spain	0.767	260.2 (181.0-370.6)	43.2 (30.4-59.5)	12.7 (8.7-17.7)	14.8 (10.0-19.9)
Sri Lanka	0.69	315.4 (216.3-457.2)	99.6 (71.2-136.2)	5.1 (3.6-7.1)	5.7 (4.0-7.9)
Sudan	0.515	412.8 (293.4-575.6)	87.1 (61.4-117.8)	28.0 (18.5-38.5)	12.1 (8.1-17.5)
Suriname	0.636	309.9 (210.2-448.2)	60.3 (42.8-79.8)	16.0 (10.9-21.9)	3.0 (2.1-4.2)
Sweden	0.872	118.2 (71.5-187.7)	12.6 (8.8-17.5)	2.7 (1.8-3.8)	3.7 (2.5-5.1)
Switzerland	0.929	149.9 (95.5-226.2)	18.4 (12.7-25.6)	4.8 (3.2-6.8)	6.5 (4.4-8.8)
Syrian Arab Republic	0.619	374.4 (265.2-522.6)	112.7 (79.9-150.4)	24.2 (16.5-33.8)	13.4 (8.9-18.6)
Taiwan (Province of China)	0.868	174.6 (91.8-307.4)	9.6 (5.8-14.7)	0.6 (0.4-0.9)	1.1 (0.6-1.7)
Tajikistan	0.539	314.5 (218.7-454.2)	69.4 (49.3-94.2)	15.1 (10.2-21.3)	4.9 (3.3-6.9)
Thailand	0.687	295.4 (202.5-429.9)	98.5 (68.2-136.8)	4.3 (3.0-6.2)	4.2 (2.7-6.1)
Timor-Leste	0.514	458.1 (330.3-628.7)	102.0 (71.9-135.7)	15.0 (10.1-21.2)	14.8 (10.3-20.4)
Togo	0.417	395.7 (274.6-560.4)	105.6 (74.9-142.0)	27.6 (18.4-38.8)	11.5 (8.0-16.1)
Tokelau	0.626	295.7 (194.1-432.8)	99.6 (71.9-133.8)	9.7 (6.4-14.0)	3.2 (2.1-4.8)
Tonga	0.636	243.3 (152.6-373.4)	59.7 (42.8-80.2)	8.7 (5.7-12.1)	2.9 (1.9-4.1)
Trinidad and Tobago	0.757	246.3 (155.0-376.0)	29.1 (20.3-39.3)	9.7 (6.7-13.6)	1.3 (0.9-1.8)
Tunisia	0.672	331.6 (231.7-474.2)	91.0 (64.9-121.6)	21.2 (14.1-29.8)	11.7 (7.8-16.6)
Turkey	0.748	300.8 (195.8-452.1)	65.4 (46.6-89.8)	13.7 (9.2-19.6)	8.0 (5.4-11.3)
Turkmenistan	0.67	320.2 (220.6-463.0)	110.3 (78.2-152.6)	8.4 (5.7-12.1)	3.5 (2.3-5.0)
Tuvalu	0.589	309.6 (208.8-452.5)	108.1 (77.8-145.9)	11.0 (7.3-15.6)	3.5 (2.3-5.3)
Uganda	0.404	269.1 (181.6-389.7)	50.5 (35.4-68.4)	19.9 (14.0-27.3)	6.0 (4.1-8.5)
Ukraine	0.736	240.8 (161.2-355.0)	35.0 (24.8-47.3)	5.9 (4.0-8.0)	2.1 (1.4-3.0)
United Arab Emirates	0.88	335.5 (234.3-481.8)	88.2 (62.5-120.0)	21.0 (14.5-29.9)	11.6 (7.8-16.6)
United Kingdom	0.847	169.1 (107.9-253.7)	19.6 (13.7-27.0)	5.5 (3.9-7.6)	7.6 (5.2-10.2)
United Republic of Tanzania	0.423	402.2 (289.0-559.8)	94.2 (66.8-127.3)	31.1 (21.3-43.2)	12.7 (8.4-17.9)
United States of America	0.859	135.0 (84.3-208.1)	16.7 (11.8-22.3)	4.6 (3.2-6.3)	2.6 (1.8-3.6)
United States Virgin Islands	0.799	253.8 (159.2-380.4)	31.0 (21.9-42.0)	9.8 (6.5-13.7)	1.4 (0.9-2.0)
Uruguay	0.697	178.1 (110.8-270.7)	12.5 (8.6-17.3)	5.6 (3.8-7.7)	3.0 (1.9-4.2)
Uzbekistan	0.631	298.6 (205.3-436.0)	64.2 (45.2-87.1)	12.4 (8.3-17.7)	4.8 (3.2-6.7)
Vanuatu	0.485	273.4 (175.6-408.9)	87.0 (63.0-118.4)	8.3 (5.5-11.8)	3.1 (2.0-4.6)
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)	0.607	338.7 (227.9-495.1)	49.7 (34.1-67.8)	11.3 (7.8-15.7)	3.3 (2.2-4.6)
Viet Nam	0.617	292.7 (210.5-407.6)	89.3 (64.9-121.1)	6.6 (4.6-9.0)	7.3 (5.1-10.2)
Yemen	0.412	408.9 (291.5-566.1)	120.3 (85.0-161.0)	21.8 (14.8-30.9)	14.1 (9.8-19.8)
Zambia	0.505	298.5 (206.2-428.8)	76.0 (53.5-102.2)	24.4 (16.5-34.1)	6.1 (4.0-8.6)
Zimbabwe	0.476	381.4 (262.9-547.5)	98.1 (68.5-131.3)	20.2 (13.7-27.6)	2.5 (1.7-3.5)

SDI, Socio-Demographic Index; AMD, Age-related macular degeneration; BVI, Blindness and vision loss; ASR, age-standardized; DALY, disability-adjusted life years.

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1、This study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82000901, 82171084).