视神经属于中枢神经的一部分，损伤后难以再生。视神经损伤通常伴随视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells，RGCs)的持续性凋亡及视神经变性坏死，引起视力损害甚至完全失明。目前针对视神经再生的基础研究主要集中于保护和维持视神经损伤后RGCs的存活、促进RGCs轴突再生及重建视神经功能。本文以RGCs保护、轴突再生及视神经功能重建等为关键词，查询国内外最新视神经再生研究类文献，并分析整理，从抗氧化应激、提供外源性细胞因子、炎症刺激、抗胶质瘢痕、基因调控等方面阐述近年的视神经再生研究进展，以期对后续的基础研究开展及临床转化有所帮助。

Optic nerves are a part of the central nervous system, which is difficult to regenerate after injury. Optic nerve injury is usually accompanied by continuous apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and degeneration or necrosis of optic nerves, resulting in visual impairment or even complete blindness. At present, the basic research on optic nerve regeneration mainly focuses on protecting and maintaining the survival of RGCs after optic nerve injury, promoting RGCs axon regeneration, and reconstructing optic nerve function. In this paper, RGCs protection,axon regeneration, and optic nerve function reconstruction are used as key words to collect the latest domestic and foreign literatures on optic nerve regeneration. The research progress of optic nerve regeneration in recent years was reviewed from the aspects of antioxidant stress, provision of exogenous cytokines, inflammatory stimulation, anti-glial scar, gene regulation and so on, in order to help the follow-up basic research and clinical translation.

近年来，眼科人工智能(artificial intelligence，AI)迅猛发展，眼底影像因易获取及其丰富的生物信息成为研究热点，眼底影像的AI分析在眼底影像分析中的应用不断深入、拓展。目前，关于糖尿病性视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy，DR)、年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration，AMD)、青光眼等常见眼底疾病的临床筛查、诊断和预测已有较多AI研究，相关成果已逐步应用于临床实践。除眼科疾病以外，探究眼底特征与全身各种疾病之间的关系并据此研发AI诊断系统已经成为当下的又一热门研究领域。AI应用于眼底影像分析将改善医疗资源紧缺、诊断效率低下的情况，为多种疾病的筛查和诊断开辟“新赛道”。未来眼底影像AI分析的研究应着眼于多种眼底疾病的智能性、全面性诊断，对复杂性疾病进行综合性的辅助诊断；注重整合标准化、高质量的数据资源，提高算法性能、设计贴合临床的研究方案。

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) in ophthalmology has developed rapidly. Fundus image has become a research hotspot due to its easy access and rich biological information. The application of AI analysis in fundus image is under continuous development and exploration. At present, there have been many AI studies on clinical screening, diagnosis and prediction of common fundus diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and glaucoma, and related achievements have been gradually applied in clinical practice. In addition to ophthalmic diseases, exploring the relationship between fundus features and various diseases and developing AI diagnostic systems based on this has become another popular research field. The application of AI in fundus image analysis will improve the shortage of medical resources and low diagnostic efficiency, and open up a “new track” for screening and diagnosis of various diseases. In the future, research on AI analysis of fundus image should focus on the intelligent and comprehensive diagnosis of multiple fundus diseases, and comprehensive auxiliary diagnosis of complex diseases, and lays emphasis on the integration of standardized and high-quality data resources, improve algorithm performance, and design clinically appropriate research program.

青光眼是一组以视盘萎缩凹陷、视野缺损以及视力下降为共同特征的视神经退行性疾病，也是世界首位不可逆性致盲眼病，导致患者生活质量降低、引起极大卫生经济负担。但其发病机制尚不明确，促进房水排出从而降低眼内压仍是目前减缓疾病进展的唯一治疗手段。房水排出的主要途径是经由小梁网进入Schlemm's管最后汇入巩膜外静脉，因此小梁网在调节房水排出以及平衡眼内压方面发挥重要作用。近年来，体内以及体外房水排出测量技术和小梁网成像技术不断突破，众多研究表明小梁网存在压力依赖的节律性搏动，在房水的脉冲式排出中起到关键作用，但在青光眼中这种搏动随疾病的进展减弱甚至消失。文章以小梁网的泵理论为核心，总结青光眼中房水排出的最新研究进展，并从恢复小梁网功能的角度出发探索可能有效的治疗策略，为青光眼的临床诊治提供新的思路。

Glaucoma, a group of optic nerve degenerative diseases, is characterized by papillary atrophy, visual field defects, and decreased vision. It is also the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, significantly reducing patients’ the quality of life of patients and posing considerable health economic burdens. However, the pathogenesis of glaucoma remains unclear, and promoting aqueous humor outflow to reduce intraocular pressure is the only treatment option available to slow disease progression. The main pathway for aqueous humor outflow is through the trabecular meshwork into Schlemm's canal and finally into the episcleral veins, highlighting the crucial role of the trabecular meshwork in regulating aqueous humor outflow and maintaining intraocular pressure balance. In recent years, there have been notable breakthroughs in in vivo and in vitro aqueous humor outflow measurement techniques and trabecular meshwork imaging technologies.Many studies suggest that the trabecular meshwork exhibits pressure-dependent rhythmic pulsation, playing a crucial role in the pulse-like outflow of aqueous humor. Unfortunately, in glaucoma, this pulsation weakens or even disappears as the disease progresses. This article focuses on the trabecular meshwork's pump theory and summarizes the latest research progress in aqueous humor outflow in glaucoma, exploring potential effective therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring trabecular meshwork function. This provides new insights for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma.

青光眼是世界首位不可逆性致盲性眼病，降眼压是唯一被证实有效的干预措施。手术是降低眼压的主要途径，近年来创伤更小、术后炎症反应更轻、并发症更少的微创青光眼手术逐渐在临床得到应用。超声睫状体成形术(ultrasound cycloplasty, UCP)是一种新型微创青光眼治疗技术。本文综述了国内外现有研究，表明UCP在治疗各种类型青光眼中均表现出良好的降眼压效果，但不同类型青光眼疗效存在一定差异。UCP可减少术后局部抗青光眼药物的使用数量，同时显示出较少的并发症和较轻的术后反应。与其他睫状体分泌功能减弱性手术相比，该手术在缓解难治性青光眼患者因高眼压导致的局部疼痛方面尤为有效。青光眼类型、超声探头型号匹配及治疗扇区数量是影响疗效的主要因素，其适应证的准确把握及手术参数设计的优化将进一步提高其治疗效果。本文归纳了UCP治疗青光眼的作用原理、手术操作与术后用药、适应证与禁忌证、有效性、安全性及其疗效的影响因素，以期为其临床应用和研究提供参考依据。

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only proven intervention to effectively prevent visual field deterioration and slow the progression of glaucoma. Surgery plays a critical role in reducing IOP, with traditional glaucoma surgeries focusing primarily on classic filtration procedures. In recent years, minimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS), characterized by less trauma, milder postoperative inflammation, and fewer complications, have been increasingly applied and continuously refined in clinical practice. Ultrasound cycloplasty (UCP) is a novel, minimally invasive technique for glaucoma treatment. This article reviews existing research both domestically and internationally, showing that UCP demonstrates good IOP-lowering effects in various types of glaucoma, though its efficacy varies across different glaucoma types. UCP reduces the need for postoperative anti-glaucoma medications, while also exhibiting fewer complications and milder postoperative reactions. Compared with other ciliary body function-reducing surgeries, UCP is particularly effective in alleviating local pain caused by elevated IOP in patients with refractory glaucoma. The type of Glaucoma, matching of the ultrasound probe model, and the number of treatment sectors are key factors influencing UCP efficacy. Accurate selection of indications and optimization of surgical parameters will further enhance its therapeutic outcomes. This article summarizes the mechanisms, surgical procedures, postoperative medication, indications and contraindications, efficacy, safety, and factors influencing UCP outcomes in glaucoma treatment, aiming to provide a reference for its clinical application and research.

视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病相关视神经炎是一种累及视神经的脱髓鞘性炎症疾病，视力损伤严重，预后差，复发率高。及时控制急性发作和有效预防复发是治疗的关键。目前治疗主要包括糖皮质激素、血浆置换、免疫吸附、免疫抑制剂、靶向单抗类药物。特别是近年来依库丽单抗、萨特利珠单抗、及依那利珠单抗取得重大进展。该文综述视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病相关视神经炎近年治疗研究进展，期望为临床决策提供有益参考。

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is a central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease with involvement of the optic nerve and spinal cord, with poor prognosis and high recurrence rate. Timely control of acute attacks and effective prevention of recurrence are the keys to treatment. This article reviews the recent research progress in the treatment of optic neuritis associated with NMOSD , hoping to provide useful references for clinical decision-making.

近年来随着人口老龄化的发展、人群用眼方式的改变，现有的眼科医疗资源正越来越难以满足日渐增长的医疗需求，亟需新型的诊疗模式予以补足。眼科人工智能作为眼科领域的新兴元素，在眼病的筛查诊断中发展迅速，主要表现为“眼部图像数据+人工智能”的模式。近年来，随着该模式在白内障、青光眼、糖尿病性视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy，DR)等常见病中研究的深入，相关技术日渐成熟，表现出了较大的应用优势与应用前景，部分技术甚至成功转化并被逐渐应用于临床。眼科诊疗向智慧医学模式的过渡，有望缓解日益增长的医疗需求与紧缺的医疗资源之间的矛盾，从而提高整体的医疗服务水平。

The development of population aging and changes in the way people use their eyes over the recent years have increasingly challenged the existing ophthalmic medical resources to meet the growing medical needs, thus urgently calling for a novel diagnostic and treatment mode. Despite its status as an emerging sector in ophthalmology, ophthalmic artificial intelligence has developed rapidly in the screening and diagnosis of eye diseases, as can be seen in practices adopting the “eye imaging data + AI” mode. In recent years, with the intensified research on this mode with respect to common diseases such as cataract, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, relevant technologies have grown increasingly mature, presenting undeniable application superiority and prospects. Some of the relevant technical achievements have also been successfully transformed for practical usage, and are gradually being applied to clinical practices. Ophthalmic diagnosis and treatment are transitioning toward the era of intelligent medical services, which are expected to reduce the contradictions between the growing medical needs and the shortage of medical resources, as well as ultimately improve the overall experience of medical services.

糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetes retinopathy, DR)是糖尿病常见的眼部并发症，其病理过程复杂，涉及多种细胞及炎症因子。Müller细胞作为视网膜主要支持细胞，在DR中不仅产生白介素-17(interleukin-17, IL-17)，还作为其主要靶点发挥作用，通过谷氨酸代谢异常、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)分泌增加及调控参与DR的病理过程，加重炎症反应。IL-17主要由辅助性T细胞17(T helper cell 17, Th17)分泌，通过促进多种炎症介质(如细胞因子、趋化因子和金属蛋白酶)的分泌，增强炎症反应，导致视网膜微血管损害和神经元凋亡，促进DR的发展。高糖环境下，Müller细胞功能受损，IL-17进一步加剧其功能障碍形成恶性循环。研究表明，阻断IL-17及核因子-κB激活剂1(Nuclear factor-kappa B activator 1, Act1)/肿瘤坏死因子受体关联因子6(tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6, TRAF6)/核因子-κB(Nuclear factor-kappa B, NF-κB)信号通路可减轻DR的病理改变，为DR的治疗提供了新的思路。因此，深入研究IL-17与Müller细胞在DR中的相互作用机制，对于研究该疾病的发病机制及开发精准有效的治疗策略具有重要意义。

Diabetes retinopathy (DR) is a common ocular complication of diabetes, characterized by a complex pathological process involving multiple cells and inflammatory factors. Müller cells, as the primary supporting cells of the retina, not only produce interleukin-17 (IL-17) but also serve as a primary target in DR. They participate in the pathological process of DR by contributing to abnormal glutamate metabolism, increased secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and regulatory functions, thereby exacerbating the inflammatory response. IL-17 is primarily secreted by T helper cell 17 (Th17) cells and enhances the inflammatory response by promoting the secretion of various inflammatory mediators (such as cytokines, chemokines, and metalloproteinases), leading to retinal microvascular damage and neuronal apoptosis, which accelerates the progression of DR. In a high-glucose environment, Müller cell function is impaired, and IL-17 further exacerbates this dysfunction, creating a vicious cycle. Studies have shown that blocking the IL-17 and Act1/TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathways can mitigate the pathological changes associated with DR, providing new insights for the treatment of this disease. Therefore, conducting in-depth research on the interaction mechanism between IL-17 and Müller cells in DR is of great significance for exploring the pathogenesis of this disease and developing precise and effective treatment strategies.

Stargardt病(STGD1, OMIM#248200)是最常见的遗传性黄斑营养不良，是由ABCA4基因突变引起的常染色体隐性遗传病。该病通常在儿童晚期或成年早期发病，导致视力进行性、不可逆地损害。近年研究者在STGD1临床和分子特征以及潜在的病理生理学方面取得的重大进展，促成了许多已完成的、正在进行的和计划中的新疗法的人体临床试验。文章聚焦于STGD1的基因治疗研究进展。STGD1基因治疗的主要障碍是ABCA4基因序列过长以及ABCA4基因在光感受器细胞中的特异性转导效率不高。解决这一问题的关键是研究出具有大运载量和能高效将ABCA4基因转导进光感受器细胞的载体。目前STGD1的基因治疗策略主要包括腺相关病毒(adeno-associated viral, AAV)载体、慢病毒载体、纳米颗粒、光遗传学和反义寡核苷酸等。随着研究的深入，未来有望开发出针对STGD1的有效基因治疗方法，为患者带来新的治疗希望。该综述为临床应用和科学研究提供了宝贵的参考和思路。

Stargardt disease (STGD1, OMIM#248200) is the most common hereditary macular dystrophy, caused by mutations in the ABCA4 gene, and is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder. The disease typically manifests in late childhood or early adulthood, leading to progressive and irreversible visual impairment. Significant advances in understanding the clinical and molecular characteristics, as well as the underlying pathophysiology, have ultimately facilitated numerous human clinical trials of new therapies that have been completed, are ongoing, and are planned. This review focuses on the progress in gene therapy research for STGD1. The primary obstacle in STGD1 gene therapy is the lengthy sequence of the ABCA4 gene and the low efficiency of specific transduction of the ABCA4 gene into photoreceptor cells. The key to addressing this issue is to develop a vector with a large carrying capacity that can efficiently transduce the ABCA4 gene into photoreceptor cells. Current gene therapy strategies for STGD1 mainly include adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, lentiviral vectors, nanoparticles, optogenetics, and antisense oligonucleotides(AONs). With the deepening of research, it is hoped that effective gene therapy methods for STGD1 will be developed in the future, bringing new therapeutic hope to patients. This review provides valuable references and ideas for clinical applications and scientific research.

随着人口老龄化、生活方式的改变，眼科疾病患病人数的增加、国家眼病诊疗相关政策的持续推动、居民健康意识的逐渐提升，眼科门急诊患者数量持续增长，亟需构建科学的眼科急诊预检分诊标准，合理配置医疗资源，确保患者得到及时、恰当的治疗。国外已有医院依据患者症状或体征的严重程度对患者进行等级划分，建立起相对成熟的眼科急诊预检分诊模式，我国目前尚没有统一的、权威的眼科急诊预检分诊标准，国内外现行的眼科急诊预检分诊模式的分诊精准度及临床适用性有待进一步探索。该文通过综述国内外眼科急诊分诊标准及应用评价、眼科远程急诊预检分诊方式研究进展，以期为构建符合我国国情的、科学有效的眼科急诊预检分诊标准、提高眼科急诊分诊质量提供参考。

With the aging of population, the changing of lifestyle and the increasing number of ophthalmic emergency patients,Chinese national policies related to ophthalmic diagnosis and treatment are continually promoted, and residents' health awareness are gradually improved, the volume of ophthalmic outpatients and emergency patients continues to increase. It is urgent needed to establish scientific ophthalmic emergency pre-examination and triage criteria, to reasonably allocate medical resources, and to ensure that patients receive timely and appropriate treatment. The relatively mature ophthalmic emergency pre-examination and triage models with the severity of patients' symptoms or physical signs,have been established in foreign hospitals. Currently, there is no unified and authoritative ophthalmic emergency triage criteria in China. The accuracy and clinical applicability of the existing ophthalmic emergency triage models at home and abroad need to be further explored. This article reviewed the ophthalmic emergency triage criteria and application evaluation at home and abroad, and remote emergency triage in ophthalmology, in order to provide a reference for establishing a scientific and effective ophthalmic emergency triage criteria comformed Chinese national conditions, and improving the quality of ophthalmic emergency triage.

眼表菌群是定植于眼表的各种微生物群落，以细菌为主。在正常情况下，眼表菌群与人体眼表组织的细胞和平共生，维持眼表的稳态，共同保证眼表的健康。但在环境改变或免疫力低下的情况下，眼表菌群会发生变化，与眼部疾病的产生与发展关系密切，对人类的健康造成巨大的危害。随着组学研究的不断发展，我们对眼表菌群有了新的认识，为眼表疾病的发病机制、治疗开辟了新的思路，同时也提出了新的挑战。本文对国内外眼表菌群与疾病关系进行综述，为眼表疾病的发生、发展以及治疗提供参考。

The microbiome of the ocular surface consists of various microbial communities that colonize on the eye surface, mainly bacteria. The stabilization of the microbiome and the other ocular surface components plays an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface. However, unpredictable changes of ocular surface microbiome are strongly associated with ocular surface diseases in the situation of environmental changes or destruction of immune system. With the innovation of inspection technology, the current gene sequencing technology is applied to detect the ocular surface microbiome and confirm that the eye microbiome is closely related to ocular surface diseases. This paper investigates the corelation of ocular surface microbiomes and diseases. Moreover, we provide areference for the occurrence and development of ocular surface diseases and their treatment.